LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



gtqt^ 



tx. 



> rf 



Shelf...J:j... 



UNITEB STATES OF AMERICA. 



/ 



COKKLIK'S 

HAHDY MAUUAL 



-OF — 



USEFUL INFORMATION 






WORLD'S ATLAS, 



FOR 



Mechanics, Merchants, Editors, Lawyers, Printers, Doctors, 
Farmers, Lumbermen, Bankers, Bookkeepers, Politicians and 
all classes of workers in every department of human effort; 
also a compilatioxi of facts for ready reference on 2,000 
, subjects, being an epitome of matters Historical 

Statistical, Biographical, Political, Geograph- 
ical, and of general interest. 

A Universal Hand-Book for Ready Reference^ 

Compiled by Prof. Geo. W, Conklin, 
Of the Hamilton University. 



Copyright, 1888, 
By Laird & Lee. 



MAY 2 innq 



V'^^r 



CHICAGO, ILL. : 

LAIRD & LEE, PUBLISHERS, 

Lakeside Building. 



WE WANT /r^" 






A GOOailVLAGENT 




!n every B<^n^^trr-fehe 'tJni.ted States to 

/ok. 

Agents are Selling- from 25 to 75 a JDay. 

We have hundreds of letters from agents in every part 
of the country, testifying to the rapid selling qualities of 
this book, but space will not admit of our printing them 
here. 

Write to us lor our coniidential terms to agents, and 
•we i/viU convince you that you can easily make from 
$5 to $10 a day. 

LAIRD & LEE, Publishers. 

LAKESIDE BUILDING, 

OCR. CLARK AND AD/iMS STS. CHICAGO 



INDEX. 



USEFIIL INFORMATION Index Pagk 16 

MAPS ** " 12 

DESCRIPTION OF MAPS, ETC '* " 13 



INDEX TO USEFUL INFORMATION. 

Page. 
A List of the Principal Officers of the U. S. Government and 

Salaries Paid to Them ... 15 

A Table of Daily Savings at Compound Interest 18 

A Woman's Chances to Marry 166 

Age and Growth of Trees 60 

Air, Composition of 5a 

Air Line Distances from Washington to Various Parts of the 

World. 2a 

Alpine Pass — The 50 

Alpnach — The Slide of 49 

American Coal Fields ^ « . 209 

American Wars *. 97 

Amount of Barbed Wire Required for a Fence 68 

Amount of Paint Required tor a Given Surface 26 

Amount of Oil in Seeds 153 

Andersonville Prison 39 

Animals — Age of . - 50 

Aqueducts, Famous 53 

Atmies and Navies of the Principal Nations 141-142-143 

Army of the United S tates 143 

Ascents of the Alps 49 

Author's Successes 315 

Autograph Album Verses 232, 233, 235, 236, 286 

Average Rainfall in the United State. .* 67 

Average Temperature in the United States 66 

Average Weight of Americans 35 

Babel — The Tower of 53 

Banking Statistics — Aggregate Capital and Deposits 104 

" " — Condition of the New York Banks. .. . 163 

** " — National Banks in the U. S 102 

Barnum's Museums 217 

Baseball 217 

Baseball Record 259 

Battering Rams — Ancient 51 

Bell— The Liberty. . . .^ 78 

Best Records in Sporting Matters 259, 266 

Big Trees •. 316 

Billiards— The Largest Sum Ever Played For 218 

Birds — Ranks of Melody In 50 

Blondin's Great Feat 217 

Board Measurements 246 

Books — Number Published 71 

Bricks and Brick Layers 51 

Bricks in a Cubic Yard — Number of 51 

Bricks in a Rod — Number of 51 

3 



4 

Page. 

Bridge — ^The Largest 74 

Bridges — Notable 38, 39 

Brooklyn Suspension Bridge 217 

Builders' Estimating Tables 23 

Calendar for finding what day any date will fall on 76, 77 

California's Big Trees 73 

Cannon Balls — Speed of. 51 

Capacities, Sizes and Weights of Copper 256 

Carpenters', Plasterers' and Bricklayers' Work — Estimates 25 

Carrying Capacity of Freight Cars 164 

Cavern — The Largest 75 

Center of Population in the U. S 92 

Certificates of Deposit 174 

Charcoal and Charred Timbers 52 

Chinese Palace Library 98 

Cholera 79, 82 

Church Membership 31^ 

Clearing House Clearances 161 

Coal and Iron — When First Used 209 

Coal Mines — The Deepest. 52 

Coal Mines — Temperature in 52 

Coins — Value of Foreign 227, 228 

Coliseum at Rome, The 53 

Colors — Symbolic Meaning of . 63 

Comparative Cost of Freight by Water and Rail 63 

Comparative Light Derived From Gas and Oils 52 

Composition of Solders 35 

Commercial Statistics of New York 160, 164 

Commercial Travelers — ^Tax on 279 

Common Carriers t 177 

Condor — The 51 

Contagious Diseases 87, 88 

Copyright Laws of the United States 215 

Cost of Articles by the Piece from One to One Dozen 226 

Cost of Emancipation 68 

Cost of Pennsylvania Passenger Railroad Car 63 

Cost of Painters' Work. 29 

Cost of Small Quantities of Hay 153 

Cost of Tin Roofing '. 36, 37 

Cotton Crop for Fifty Years 73 

Cotton Exchange Transactions 160 

Crime — Tendency to Outgrow 230 

Currency of the United States ; 102 

Custom House Transactions 161 

Derivation of Our Language 316 

Desert — The Largest 75 

Diameters, Circumference and Areas of Circles 26dK- 

Diamond Cutting . .• 150 

Dietetic Economies — Practical 59 

Digestion — Time Required 89 

Dimensions of an Acre - 26 

riivarces ; 315 



Page. 

Divorce Laws of all the States and Territories 105 

Drafts. 175 

Dredging Machines — Capacity of 51 

Dry Goods Imports 162, 164 

Ducks — Speed Attained by Wild 52 

Due Bills 174 

Durability of Different Woods 279 

Duties — United States 193 

Dynamic Power of Various Foods 58 

Dynamite — Force Exerted By 230 

Empire — The Largest 217 

Engineering Achievements 53, 54 

Equestrians — Laws Governing 182 

Estimates of Materials for Building 29 

Excessive Heat in the Past 298 

Expectation of Life 307 

Facts About the Human Body 270 

Facts for Housekeepers 76 

Facts from the Census 96 

Facts Worth Knowing 167 

Falls of Montmorenci 50 

Falls of Niagara 50, 5^ 

Falls ojf" Yosemite Valley ^ 50 

Falls of Avre in Bavaria V^ 50 

Farmers' Statistics 153, 154, 155 

Fast Milers of 1887 , 151 

Fast Passages of Ocean Steamships 137, 138, 139 

Fastest Railroad Time 18 

Fastest Time on Record 218 

Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of Food 223 

Fictitious Names of States 158 

Fictitious Names of Cities 158, 159 

Fineness of United States Coins 316 

Fire Extinguisher 52 

Fires — Gre^t 188, 205, 249 

Fisk— Date James Fisk Was Shot 188 

Flood — Date of the 95 

Floor, Wall and Roof Measures 29 

Food for Cattle 153 

Foreign Nations and their Rulers 206, 207, 208 

Foreign Coins — Value of 227, 228 

Forts — the Greatest 74 

French Marriages 109 

Friction — The Law of 54 

Frost in Siberia 52 

Gas — Pressure of Natural 52 

Gestation — Period of in Animals 50 

Geological Facts 55 

Gold and Silver Produced in the United States 229, 230 

Gold — Beating 315 

Gold Leaf. , ,^ , 315 

Gold — Value of a Ton 157 

Governors' Salaries. Terms of Office and State Capitals. . . 156-157 



6 

Pack. 

Grain Exports from New York i6o 

Granite Column — The Greatest in History 54 

Great Eastern Steamer 74» i" 

Greek Phalanx — The Ancient 51 

Gun — The Largest in the United States 217 

Health Plints 82, 87, 88, 89, 90 

Heat and Cold 283, 284 

Heat of the Human Body 52 

Heart — The Action of the 52 

Height of Principal Monuments and Towers 39 

Highest Mountains in the World 65 

High Bridge and Obelisk in England 205 

Historical Events, Principal 112-121 

Horses — Durability of 63 

Hot Springs — Origin of 52 

Hotel Guests 177 

Hottest Place on the Globe 53 

How Ancient Rome was Supplied with Water 53 

How to Raise a Drowned Body 61 

How to Get Rid of Rats 61 

How to Conduct a Successful Business 209 

How to Remove Rust 209 

How to Make 32 Kinds of Solder 209 

How Sound Travels 212 

How to Repair Cracked Bells 212 

How to Test the Quality of Steel 212 

How to Destroy the Effect of Acid on Clothes 212 

How to Wash Silverware 212 

How to Cleanse Brushes 213 

How to Keep Meat Fresh in Summer 213 

How to Write Inscriptions on Metal 213 

How to Test the Vitality of Seeds ..;••• 214 

How Confederate Money Dropped in Value *. . . . 305 

How Deep to Plant Corn 69 

How Grain Will Shrink 69 

How to Build Strong Frames 27 

How to Determine Nature of a Suspicious Illness 88 

How to Kill Grease Spots Before Painting 26 

How to Measure Corn in Crib, Hay in Mow, etc 69 

How to Mix Paints for Tints 282 

How to Preserve Eggs 167 

How to Tell Any Person's Age 224 

Immigration ., 315 

Immigration S tatistics from. 1820 to 1885 301 

Important Events of the Late Civil War 40-47 

Imports of Dry Goods at New York 164 

Information for Tanners 51 

Inns and Innkeepers 176 

Interest Laws and Statutes of Limitations in Each State 

and Territory, 191, 19a 

Interest Tables — 5, 6 and 7 per cent 19, 20, 21 



Page. 

Iron Furnaces 29 

Iron — Statistics 209 

Japanese Periodicals .... 159 

Jumbo, the Famous Elephant 217 

Lakes — Sizes of 164 

Language of Flowers 306 

Largest Bell in the World 185 

Largest Cities of the Earth 196, 197, 198 

Largest Electric Lights 316 

Lauterbrunnen 50 

Law — Points of 172 

Laws Governing Articles Found 135 

" " Carriers of Goods 178 

" " Certificates of Deposit 174 

" " Common Carriers 177 

" " Checks 157 

" " Drafts 1 75 

*' " Due Bills ' 174 

" " Equestrians 182 

" " Hotel Guests 177 

" " Hotel Keepers 170 

" " Landlord and Tenant 183, 184, 185 

" " Marriage and Divorce 105 

" " Negotiable Instruments 172 

*• ** Passenger Carriers 177 

" * Pedestrians 183 

" ** Promissory Notes 173 

" " Sleeping Car Companies 179 

" " Sleeping Car Passengers 180 

The Roads 180 

" " Vehicles 181 

" " Warehousemen 179 

" " Warehouse Receipts 1 75 

Length of Navigation of the Mississippi 305 

Library — The Largest 315 

Lightning — Distance Reflected 52 

Marriage and Divorce Laws in all the States in the Union. . 105 

Marriage in France 109 

Mason Work Estimates 28 

Maud S. — Price paid by Robert Bonner to W. H. Vander- 

bilt 218 

Measures — Table of 285 

Measures of Length 57 

" Land 58 

Mercantile Laws 1 72 

Miles of Books 315 

Milk — The Demand for 310 

Mines in Peru 90 

Most Northern Point Reached by Arctic Explc -ers 223 

Molders and Patternmakers' Table 255 

Naturalization Laws of the United States 302, 303 



8 

Page. 

L^egotiable Paper and Instruments 172 

N'ervous Deaths 315 

News — Derivation of the Word 310 

Newspapers' 315 

New York State — Soldiers Furnished by 218 

Notes of Interest , 217, 218 

Notes — Promissory 173 

Number of Nails in Carpenter's Work 28 

Number of Pounds to Bushel in Various States 72 

Number of Shrubs to an Acre of Ground 68 

Number of Yards in Miles of Various Nations 222 

Number of Years Seeds Retain their Vitality 282 

Number of Cubic Feet in a Ton of Various Substances 56 

Occupation of the Inhabitants of the United States 168, 169 

Occupation of Legislators 278 

Ocean — Greatest Depth of 244 

Ocean Steamships ." 136, 140 

Oceans — Sizes of 164 

Our Ancestors' Illiteracy 315 

Oxyhydrogun Lime — Distance Perceptible 52 

Parliamentary Rules and Usages 9 

Passengers Transported 315 

Pedestrians 183 

Pension Statistics 146, 147 

Periodicals in Japan 159 

Perpetual Snow — Limit of , 50 

Pile Driving in Sandy Soil 51 

Pithy Facts 315, 316 

Place of Nativity of Foreign Born Inhabitants of the United 

States 205 

Poetic Selections — 

Bingen on the Rhine 126 

Changes 126 

Hereafter i 124 

Maud MuUer 122 

Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud ? 128 

** 'Ostler Joe" 129 

The Murderer 133 

Twenty Years Ago 134 

We Parted in Silence 121 

Points of Law 172 

Poisons — Antidotes and Treatment 82-86 

Political Information : 

A List of the Principal Officers of the U.S. Government, 

with salaries paid to them . 15 

Results of the Electoral College Proceedings by States 

from 1789 to and including 1885 287 

Votes by States for President from 1824 to date, showing 

which party carried the State, and by what majority. . agr 



9 

Page. 
Popular Vote for Presidential Candidates to and includ- 
ing 1885 296 

Popular Vote for Presidential Candidates to and includ- 
ing 1885. ^ (Condensed) 16 

Appropriations by Congress 299, 300 

Pompey's Pillar — The Size of 53 

Popular and Electoral Votes for Presidents 16 

Population of Every State and Territory 17 

Population of the United States. . . .170-171 

Population of the Cities of the United States in 1870 and 

1880 199-204 

Portraits on Bank Notes and Postage Stamps 66 

Postage — Rates of 281 

Power Required to Start Vessels 51 

Press — Statistics of the American 314 

Prices of Produce for 29 Years in the Chicago Market. 11, 12, 13, 14 

Produce Exchange Transactions 163 

Profits of Telegraph Companies 99 

Principal of the Public Debt 304 

Pulse— The — At Birth 52 

Pyramids — Egyptian 53 

Pyramids — The Largest 1 76 

Quantity of Bricks Required for a Building 31 

Rate of Annual Income on Investments 225 

Railroad Accidents in the United States 151 

Railroad Bridge at Niagara 1 50 

" Comparative Statistics of in the United States. ... 98 

** Earnings, Interest and Dividends of American 97 

** Failures in Ten Years 152 

" Fastest Time on 280 

** Signals 152 

Railroad to the Sun 66 

Railroads, Cost of in the United States 96 

Railroad Mileage of the World 94, 95 

Ready Reckoner Table 253 

Relative Hardness of Woods 49 

Relative Strength of Bodies to Resist Torsion 256 

Religion and Religious Statistics 219, 220, 221 

River Nile — Interesting Facts About the 53 

Rivers — Interesting Matter About 53-54 

Rivers — Solid Matter in 52 

Rivers — The Longest in the World ♦. . 155 

Road — The Law of the i8q 

Roman Legion — The 51 

Roman Money Mentioned in the New Testament Reduced 

to American Value 58 

Roof Elevations 26 

Rowing — The Largest Stake ever Rowed for 218 

Rubble Work 28 

Rules for Accidents on Water 213 

Rules for Spelling 274 

Russian Way of Stopping- Holes in .Ships . . 61 



lO 

Page. 

Safe Business Rules 276 

Salary' List of United States Government Employes 15 

Salaries of State Officers 439-440 

Save a Little 62 

Savings Bank Compound Interest 276 

Savings Banks 104 

Seas — Sizes of < 164 

Seasoning and Preserving Timber 18 

Seed — Quantity Required to Plant an Acre 154, 155 

Shingles Required in a Roof 28 

Ships — The Largest 218 

Silver Mines in Peru 90 

Silver Statistics 48, 229 

Silver — Weight of a Ton 157 

Sizes of Lakes, Seas and Oceans 164 

Size and Strength of Cast Iron Columns 252 

Sleeping Cars 179 

Snow — Limit of Perpetual „ 50 

Soldering Fluid : 210 

Solomon' s Temple — Description of 53 

Speed Attained by Birds ?^d Fowls 52 

Spelling Rules "-274, 275 

Sporting Matters — Best Records, etc ■ 259, 266 

Springs in the Ocean 52 

Springs in California of Note 52 

Standing Army of the United States 143 

Steam Heating 209 

Steamer Great Eastern 74 

Steamer Etruria 137 

Steamship Fast Passages 137 

*' Arrivals from Europe 140 

Steamer Savannah 136 

Some Good Maxims 166 

Stock Brokers' Technicalities 247 

Stock Exchange Transactions 162 

Strength of Ice 241 

Strength of One-Horse Power 298 

vSt. Winfred's Well in England 53 

Surveyors' Measurements 58 

Table Sli^ ,ving the Average Velocity of Various Bodies 214 

Table Showing the Number of Days from any Day in one 

Month to the Sam.e Day in Another 64 

Tables Showing the Requisite Size of Girders and Spans for 

Warehouses 32-33 

Tables for Engineers and Machinists 252 

Tanning 51 

Telegraph Statistic? of the World. 99, 100 

" " ** " United States 100 

" ** *' ** Western Union Company loi 

Temperature of the Ocean 52 

" *' Celestial Space 52 



II 

Page. 

Tempering —• The U. S. Government $10,000 Secret 210 

Temples Various — Description of 53-54 

The Alps 49 

The Highest Mountain m the World 50 

The Loftiest Inhabited Spot on the Globe 50 

Timber for Posts 49 

lumber Line on Various Mountains 50 

Transmission of Power 51 

Trichina — What it is 213 

Type — Various Sizes of 51 

Theatre — The Largest 74 

The Biggest Things 74 

The Eleven Great Wonders of America 132 

The Fastest Locomotive Ever Built 38 

The Largest Telescope 30 

The Liberty Bell 78 

The Nation' s Dead • 145 

The National Government 15 

The Pulse , , - 90 

The Use of Capitals 275 

The Use of the Steel Square 34 

Timber Measurements 243, 245 

Time in Which a Sum of Money will Double 22 

Time at which Money Doubles at Interest 277 

Torpedo Service of the World 314 

Trees — The Larges t 73, 75 

Trinity Church, New York 150 

Tunnel — The Largest 75 

Useful Information for Architects and Builders 23-35 

United States Customs Duties 193-195 

United States Customs Articles Free of Duty 105 

United States Land Measure and Homestead Laws 70-71 

Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen 61 

Value of Diamonds 31 

Value of Different Food for Stock , . 153 

Value of a Ton of Gold or Silver 157 

Value of Foreign Coins in United States Money 227-228 

Vehicles — Laws Governing 181 

Violent Deaths 315 

Volcano — ^The Largest 74 

Vote for President in 1884 192 

Voters and Voting — Qualifications for in Each State in the 

Union 189-190 

Wages Tables 24-25 

War — Men Called by President Lincoln 143 

" Colored Troops in the Late Civil 144 

" Important Events in the Late Ci\il 40-47 

" The Nation's Dead... - 145 

" The United States Pension Statistics 146 

" The Greatest Battles .- 163 

" United States Soldiers in the Late Civil • 144 



12 

Page. 

Wars of the United States 148-150 

Warehouse Men 179 

Warehouse Receipts 175 

Water — Power of '. 54 

Waterfalls — Notable 50 

Waterfalls — Height of 188 

Wealth of New York City in Real Estate 14 

Weather Wisdom 186-188 

Wedding Anniversaries 251 

Weights and Measures for Cooks 222 

Weight of a Cubic Foot of Stone, Metal, Earth, etc 35 

Weight of Cordwood 252 

Weight ol Iron 254, 257, 258, 267, 268, 269 

Weight of Lead Pipe 253 

Weight of Various Metals in lbs. per cubic foot 57 

Weight of a Cubic Inch " " " " " 57 

Weights — Sundry Commercial 57 

Weights of Famous Bells 212 

Wheat Measurement in Europe 51 

Weight of Steel per Foot 267, 268, 269 

Weight Required to Tear Asunder Various Articles 245 

Weight and Measures— Table 284, 285 

Western Union Telegraph Company loi 

What a Deed to a Farm Includes 70 

What a Horse Can Draw 298 

What Royalty Costs England 274 

What Smoking Costs 315 

What the White House Costs 273 

Wire — The Longest Span 74 

Yards of Wire to the Bundle 67 

You Cannot Count a Trillion 315 



INDEX TO ATLAS MAPS. 



Page. 

Alabama 361 

Alaska 359 

Arizona 365 

Arkansas 363 

California 367 

Central America 337 

Colorado 371 

Connecticut 369 

Dakota 373 

Delaware 375 

Florida 377 

Georgia 379 

IdaJho 381 

Illinois 383 

Indiana 385 

Indian Territory 387 

Iowa . . .* 389 

Kansas 391 



Page. 

Kentucky 350 

Louisiana 393 

Maine 395 

Manitoba 341 

Maryland 397 

Massachusetts 399 

Mexico 335 

Michigan 401 

Minnesota 403 

Mississippi 405 

Missouri 407 

Montana 409 

Nebraska 411 

Nevada 413 

New Hampshire 347 

New Jersey 415 

New Mexico 417 

New York 419 



13 



Page. 

North America 329 

North Carolina 353 

Ohio 421 

Ontario 343 

Oregon 423 

Pennsylvania , 425 

Quebec 345 

Rhode Island 427 

South America 329 

South Carolina 352 



Page. 

Tennessee 350 

Texas 429 

Utah 431 

Vermont 347 

Virginia 357 

Washington Territory 433 

West Virginia 357 

Wisconsin 435 

Wyoming 437 



INDEX TO JLTLAS DESCRIPTIVE MATTER, 



Page. 

Abyssinia 326 

Afghanistan 322 

Africa 323 

Alabama 360 

Alaska 358 

Algeria 325 

Andes Republics 339 

Antilles, The Great 336 

'* " Lesser 336 

Arabia 322 

Argentine Republic 340 

Arizona 363 

Arkansas 362 

Asia 318 

Bahama Islands 336 

Barbary States, The 325 

Beloochistan 322 

Bokhara 322 

Brazil 339 

British Columbia 342 

California 366 

Canada, The Dominion of. . 342 

Central Africa 323-327 

Central America 336 

Ceylon 321 

Chili 340 

Chinese Empire, The 320 

Colorado 370 

Congo Free States, The 327 

Connecticut 368 

Cuba 336 

Dakota 372 

Delaware 374 

District of Columbia 438 

Europe 317 

Farther India 321 

Florida 376 



Page. 

Georgia 378 

Guiana 340 

Hay ti 336 

Illinois 382 

Idaho 380 

India 321 

Indiana 384 

Indian Territory 386 

Iowa 388 

Jamaica 336 

Japanese Empire, The 320 

Kansas 390 

Kentucky 349 

Louisiana 392 

Madagascar 328 

Maine 394 

Manitoba 342 

Maryland 396 

Massachusetts 398 

Mexico 334 

Michigan 400 

Minnesota 402 

Mississippi 404 

Missouri 406 

Montana 408 

Morocco 325 

Nebraska 410 

Nevada 412 

New Brunswick 344 

Newfoundland 344 

New Hampshire 346 

New Jersey 414 

New Mexico 416 

New York 418 

Nile Country, The 326 

North America 328 

North Carolina 352 



14 



Page. 

Nova Scotia 344 

Ohio 420 

Ontario 342 

Oregon 422 

Palestine 323 

Paraguay 340 

Pennsylvania 424 

Persia 322 

Porto Rico 336 

Prince Edward Island 344 

Quebec 344 

Rhode Island 426 

Russian Turkestan 320 

Sahara 327 

Senegambia 328 

Siberia 320 

Sierra Leone 328 

Soudan 327 

South America 338 

South Carolina 354 

Southern Africa 324, 327 



Page. 

Tennessee 351 

Texas 428 

Trancaucasia 320 

Tripoli 326 

Tunis 326 

Turkey in Asia 322 

United States, The 332 

Uruguay 340 

Utah 430 

Venezuela 340 

Vermont 348 

Virginia 355 

Washington, D. C 438 

Washington Territory 432 

West Griqualand 327 

West Indies 336 

West Virginia 356 

Wisconsin 434 

Wyoqjing 436 

Zanzibar 327 



BEAR IN MIND 

Agents selling this book are making from 
$5 to $15 pep day. We want Agents 
evepywhene. Wpite to the Publishepfop 
tepms to Agents. 



9 

Parliamentary Rules and Usages. 

Trace each motion to its respective references and you 
master at a glance the intricacies of ParHamentary usages, 
comprising some three hundred points of order. 

Motion to adjourn i a"^B^IIx 

Motion to determine time to which to ad- 
journ *afAaIIx 

Motion to amend 3 a t A <2 II x 

Motion to amend an amendment 3a*A^IIx 

Motion to amend the rules 3 a + A <^ II x 

Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision 

re indecorum latAally 

Motion to appeal from Speaker's decision 

generally 3 a ''*■ A ^ II y 

Call to order ia*A<a^IIIy 

Motion to close debate on question i afA^IIx 

Motion to commit 3 b t A <3j II x 

Motion to extend limits of debate on ques- 
tion la + Aallx 

Leave to continue speaking after indecorum, i a * A ^ II x 

Motion that. , . .do lie on the table i a'^C^IIx 

Motion to limit debate on question i atA<5IIx 

Objection to consideration of question. . . i a * A /^ III y 

Motion for the orders of the day i a*A^ III y 

Motion to postpone to a definite time. . . .4 a t A <2 II x 

Motion to postpone indefinitely 3 b * A « II x 

Motion for previous question I a^A^IIx 

Questions touching priority of business. . . i a f A ^ II x 

Questions of privilege 3 a t A a II x 

Reading papers , i a * A a II x 

Motion to reconsider a debatable question. 3 b * B a II x 
Motion to reconsider an undebatable ques- 
tion ia*B^IIz 

Motion to refer a question 3 b t B dJ II x 

Motion that committee do not rise ia*B<2lIx 

Questionwhethersubjectshallbe discussed. I a * A ^ III y 
Motion to make subject a special order.. . .3 a f A <^ II x 
To substitute in the nature of an amend- 
ment 3 a t A ^ II X 

Motion to suspend the rules 3atB^IIx 

Motion to take from the table i a*C/^IIx 



lO 

To take up a question out of its proper 

order I a * A ^ II x 

Motion to withdraw a motion I a*A^II x 

Questions of precedence of questions 56789 lo 12 

Forms in which questions may be 

put 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 

RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE— 

Condensed. 

1. Question undebatable; sometimes remarks tacitly 
allowed. 

2. Undebatable if another question is before the 
assembly. 

3. Debatable question. 

4. Limited debate only on proprietry of postponement. 

a. Does not allow reference to main question. 

b. Opens the main question to debate. 
*. Cannot be amended. 

+. May be amended. 

A. Can be reconsidered. 

B. Cannot be reconsidered. 

C. An affirmative vote on this question cannot be 
reconsidered. 

b. Requires two-third vote unless special rules have been 
enacted. 

a. Simple majority suffices to determine the question. 

II. Motion must be seconded. 

III. Does not require to be seconded. 

X. Not in order when another has the floor. 

y. Always in order though another may have the floor. 

z. May be moved and entered on the record when an- 
other has the floor, but the business then before the as- 
sembly may not be put aside. The motion must be made 
by one who voted with the prevailing side, and on the 
same day the original vote was taken. 

5. Fixing the time to which an adjournment may be 
made; ranks first. 

6. To adjourn without limitation; second. 

7. Motion for the Orders of the Day; third. 

8. Motion that. . . .do lie on the table; fourth. 

9. Motion for the previous question; fifth. 

10. Motion to postpone definitely; sixth. 



II 

12. Motion to commit; seventh. 

13. Motion to amend; eighth. 

14. Motion to postpone indefinitely; ninth. 

15. On motion to strike out the words, " Shall the words 
stand part of the motion? " unless a majority sustains the 
words they are struck out. 

16. On motion for previous question the form to be 
observed is, " Shall the main question be now put? '^ 
This, if carried, ends debate. 

17. On an appeal from the Chair's decision, " Shall the 
decision he sustained as the ruling of the house? " The 
Chair is generally sustained. 

18. On motion for Orders of the Day, " Will the house 
now proceed to the Orders of the Day? " This, if car- 
ried, supersedes intervening motions. 

19. When an objection is raised to considering ques- 
tion, " Shall the question be considered? " objection may 
be made by any member before debate has commenced, 
but not subsequently. ^ 

[Used by permission from Gaskell's Compend'um of Forms 
Fairbanks & Palmer Publishing Co., publishers.] 

Prices of Produce. 
Record of the Chicago Market for 29 Years. 

No. 2 Spring Wheat. 
Months tkMloivest Range for Months the highest 
J>rices ivere the entire J>rices ivere 

Yrs. reached. year. reach-ed. 

1858. .February $o 53 « o 97 August 

1859. .July and August 50 a i 15 May 

i860. . December 66 0:113 April 

1861. .June and July 55 « i 55 May 

1862. .January 64 a 92 j^ August 

1863.. August 80 ^115 October 

1864 . . March i 07 « 2 26 June 

1865 • • December 85 <z i 25 January 

1866. . February 78 ^z 2 03 Novemi>er 

1867. .August 55 ^285 May 

1868. .November 104^^220 July 

1869. .December 765^0:147 August 

1870.. April ? 73I4: a i 31^^ July 

1871.. August 995^^132 Feb., April and SepL 

1872. .November i 01 a x6x August 

1873. .September 89 0:146 July 

1874. .October 81^0:128 April 

1875 . . February 83^ a i 30^^ August 

1876 . . July 83 ax 26^ December 



1877- 
1878. 
1879. 
i88o. 
1881. 



Vrs. 

1858. 
1859. 
i860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867 
1868, 
1869, 
1870, 
1871, 
1872. 

1873 • 
1874, 

187s. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880, 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 



Vrs. 

1858. 
1859. 
i860, 
1861. 
1862, 



12 

.August -. 1 01}^ a 1 j6}^ 

.December 77 a i 14 

. January 81^^ a 1 32^ 

. August 86j4 <3; I 32 

.January 95^ « i 43/^ 

December 915^ « i 40 

.October 90 a i 13^ 

.December 6g}4 a g6 

.March 73^^ 9xK 

.October 7% ^ 85 

No. 2 Corn. 

Months the lonvest Range for 

J>rices nvere the eiitire 

Teached. year. 

.May $027 a 66 

. December 42 a 81 

. December 27 a 55 

.Sept. and Oct 20 a 45 

.April 22 a 41 

. J anuar^'^ 42 a 98 

. March 76 ^i 40 

.December 38 a 88 

.February 33^^100 

March 56^^ 12 

.December 52 ax 02%, 

.January 44 a g-j^, 

. December 45 a g^% 

.December 39%*^ 5^% 

.October 2g%a 4.8^8 

•June 27 a saU 

. January 49 a 86 . 

.December ASl^a 76% 

• February S^^a 49 

.March 37H^ 58 

.December 2g%a ^2% 

.January... 2g%a 49 

•April 3iK« 43^ 

.February SSH^ 7^H 

.December 49^^ 813^ 

.October 46 a 70 

. December 34K^ 87 

.January 341^^ 49 

• April 33 a 43^ 

Mess Pork. 

Months the loivest Range for 

prices luere the e fit ire 

reached. year. 

.January $1200 ^1750 

. October & November. 14 00 ^^19 00 

. December 13 00 «2:2o 00 

. December 9 00 «2i 00 

.January 800 «i2 25 



May 

April 

December 

January 

October 

April and May 

June 

February 

April 

January 

Months the highest 
prices ivere 
reached. 
August 
October 
April 
May 

December 
November 
November 

January and February 
November 
October 
August 
August 
May 

March and May 
May 

December 
September 
May and July 
May 
April 
March 
October 
November 
October 
July 
January 
September 
April and May 
August 

Months the highest 
prices ivere 
reached. 
April 
May 

September & October 
April 
December 



13 

1863.. February 1000 «i8 50 December 

1864 . January 17 50 «43 00 July and October 

1865. .March and May 2250 ^38 00 October 

1866. .December. 1700 a^i 00 August 

1867. .January 1800 az^ 50 September 

1868. .January o. 1962^(^3000 October 

1869. .January 2700 «2;34 00 June and August 

1870. .December 1800 ^3450 July 

1871.. August 1200 ^23 00 January 

1872.. March 11 05 ^1600 July 

1873. .November 11 00 ai8 00 April and May 

1874. .Jan., Feb. and March. 1375 ^2475 August 

1875. .January 1770 «23 50 October 

X876. .October 1520 0.2275 April 

1877. .December 1240 ^17 95 January 

1878. .December 602^0:1135 January 

1879. .January 7 ^7}4^^3 75 December 

1880.. April 9375^^1900 October 

1881. .January 1240 <3:2o 00 September 

1882 . . March. , 16 00 ^24 75 October 

1883.. Sept. and Oct ... 1020 ^2015 May 

1884. -December 10 55 ^^9 50 May, June and July 

1885. .Oct. and Nov 8 00 a 13 25 February 

1886.. May. 817^^1170 December 

Prime Steamed Lard. 
Months the loivest Range for Months the highest 

j>rices nvere the entire prices ivere 

Yrs. reached. year. reached. 

1858. .January $800 «io 50 May and June 

i85^-.December. 975 a\l $0 October 

.86o..Jan.a„dFeb 9.3 -3 oo| J^' be^afd^tob?; 

1861 .. December 6225^^1150 April and May 

1862 .. February 575 <a: 9 75 October 

1863. .January 725 ^zi2 00 Nov. and Dec. 

1864.. March n 75 ^2350 September 

1865.. April 1600 ^3000 September 

1866. .December 11 25 ^23 00 . May 

1867. .January and July 11 25 ^13 75 August 

1868. .January 11 75 <2;i9 50 May and September 

1869. .Oct. and Nov 1625 a20 75 February 

1870. .December 11 00 ^17 25 January 

1871..N0V. and Dec 8375^(3:1300 February 

1872.. December 700 <zii 00 Jvily 

1873. .November 650 (^ 9 375^ April 

1874. .January 820 (2:1550 October 

1875 . . I^Tovember 11 80 «i5 75 April and May 

1876. .September 955 (3:1385 March and April 

1877. .December 755 an 65 January 

1878. .December 7 32/^« 780 August 

1879.. August 530 ^ 7 75 December 

1880.. June „... 635 a 7 85 November 

1881. .February 920 (3:1300 July 



14 ^11 

i882.. March 1005 ^13 10 October ^^^^m^ 

1883.. October 715 <«i2 10 May ; 

1884. .December 645 «io 00 February 

1885.. November 585 a j 10 February and April 

1886.. October 5 62 J^« 7 52^^ September 

The following table shows the receipts of wheat at the poinCf 
named, from August ist to December i8th, for two years: 

bu. bu, 

Minneapolis. . , . . 17,882,500 16,072,000 

Duluth o <. o. 16,569,000 10,395,500 

Chicago 0.0 10,869,500 7,234,000 

Toledo ....<. 8,232,000 5*043,500 

Detroit. ...c c...o , 5,822,000 5,950,500 

St. Louis 5,406,000 4,845,006 

Milwaukee 4,128,000 3,112,000 

Kansas City , 1,933,500 i,555,SOO 

Peoria c 256,000 173,000 

Totals 71,098,500 54,381,500 

WEALTH OF NEW YORK CITY IN REAL ESTATE. 



Wards. 


Assessed Valuation, 


Assessed Valuation, 


Increase 




1885. 


1886. 




I 


% 76,636,814 


$ 80,024,828 


$ 388,014 


11 


34,202,140 


34,510,945 


308,805 


Ill 


38,294,000 


38,45S979 
13,247,303 


161,979 


IV 


13,151,809 


95,494 


V 


45,539,678 


46,693,532 


553,854 


VI 


23,97i»44i 


24,306,693 


335,252 


VII.. .. 


16,634,659 


16,985,945 


351,286 


VIII. .. 


38,452,209 


39,098,361 


646,65a 


IX 


29,038,766 


29,284,610 


244,844 


X 


17,497,086 


17,916,865 


479,780 


XI 


16,577,370 


16,792,020 


214,650 


XII.... 


. 121,905,680 


133,478,632 


",572,95a 


XIII... 


10,187,345 


10,277,415 


190,070 


XIV.... 


24,312,215 


24,707,219 


435,004 


XV ... . 


55,189,266 


55,877,776 


688,510 


XVI. .. 


37,033,514 


37,127,804 


783,813 


XVII . . 


33,584,931 


33,886,593 


301,662 


XVIII . 


77,690,378 


78,817,327 


437,426 


XIX.... 


198,296,968 


205,713,955 


7,416,986 


XX..;.. 


44,954,495 


45,664,676 


710,181 


XXL .. 


88,341,311 


89,101,173 


756,862 


XXIL. . 


95,178,889 


103,749,757 


8,570,868 


XXIII.. 


18,559,059 


19,638,126 


1,079,067 


XXIV. . 


10,272,115 


11,214,370 


942,255 


Total. 


$1,168,443,137 


$1,206,112,204 


$37,669,267 



15 



Salaries of United States Officers, per annum. 

President, Vice-President and Cabinet. — President, 
150.000; Vice-Pi'esident, $8,000; Cabinet Officers, $8,000 each. 

United States Senators.— f 5,000, witti mileage. 

Congress.— Members of Congress, $5,000, with mileage. 

Supreme Court.— Chief Justice, $10,500; Associate Justices 
$10,000. 

Circuit Courts.— Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000. 

Heads ob* Departments.— Supt. of Bureau of Engraving 
and Printing, $4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt. of Census, 
$5,000; Supt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000; Supt. of the Signal 
Service, $4,000; Director of Geological Surveys, $6,000: Direc- 
tor of the Mint, $4,500; Commissioner of General Land Office, 
$4,000; Commissioner of Pensions, $3,600; Commissioner of 
Agriculture, $3,000; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, $3,000; 
Commissioner of Education, $3,000; Commander of Marine 
Corps, $3,500; Su]»t. of Coast and Geodetic Survey, $6,000. 

United States Treasury.— Treasurer, $6,000; Register of 
Treasury, $4,000; Commissioner of Customs, $4,000. 

Internal Revenue agencies.— Supervising Agents, $12 
per day; 34 other Agents, per day, $6 to $8. 

Post-Opfice Department, Washington.— Three Assistant 
Postmaster-Generals, $3,500; Chief Clerk, $3,200. 

Postmasters.— Postmasters are divided into four classes. 
FirstClass, $3,000 to $4,000, (excepting New York City, which 
is $8,000); second class, $2,000 to $3,000; third class, $1,000 to 
$2,000: fourth class less than $1,000. The first three classes are 
appointed bv the President, and confirmed by the Senate; those 
of fourth class are appointed by the Postmaster -General. 

Diplomatic appointments.— Ministers to Germany, Great 
Britain, France, and Russia, $17,500; Ministers to Brazil, China, 
Austria-Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Japan, and Spain, $12,000; 
Ministers to Chili, Peru, and Central Amer., $10,000; Ministers 
to Argentine Confederation, Hawaiian Islands, Belgium, Havti, 
Columbia, Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, and Venezuela, $7,500; 
JHinisters to Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay, Bolivia, and 
Portugal, $5,000; Minister to Liberia, $4,000. 

Army Officers. —General, $13,500; Lieut. -General, $11,000; 
Major-General, $7,500; Brigadier-General, $5,500; Colonel, 
$3,500; Lieutenant- Colonel, $3,000; Major, »2,500; Captain, 
mounted, $2,000; Captain, not mounted, $1,800; Regimental 
Adjutant, '$1,800; Regimental Quartmaster, $1,800; 1st Lieu- 
tenant, mounted, $1,600; 1st Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,500; 
2d Lieutenant, mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted, 
$1,400; Chaplain. ^1,500. 

Navy Officers.— Admiral, $13,000; Vice-Admlral. $9,000; 
Bear-Admirals, $6,000; Commodores, ffS.OOO: Captains, $4,500; 
Commanders, $3,500; Lieut. -Commanders, $2,800; Lieutenants, 
$2,400; Masters, $1,800; Ensigns, $1,200; Midshipmen, $1,000; 
Cadet Midshipmen, $500; Mates, $900; Medical and Pay Direc- 
ters and Medical and Pay Inspectors and Chief Engineers, 
$4,400; Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet Engineers, 
$4,400; Surgeons and Paymasters, $2,800; Chaplains, $2,500. 



- 736,656 
1,128.702 



16 



Popular and Electoral Votes for Presidents. 

Popular Elecl 
Tear. CANDIDATES. PARTT. Vote. Veto. 

1824.... Andrew Jackson Democrat 153,872 99 

1824....JohnQ. Adams Federal 105,321 84 

1824....W. H.Crawford Republican 44,282 41 

1824.... Henry Clay Republican 46,587 37 

1828 Andrew JacKson Democrat 647,231 178 

1828....JohnQ. Adams Federal 509,097 83 

1832.. ..Andrew Jackson Democrat 687,502 219 

1832. .. . Henry Clay Nat. Republican. 530. 189 49 

1832.... John Floyd Whig..:. H 

1832.. ..William Wirt Whig 7 

1 836.... Martin Van Buren. . Democrat 761.549 170 

1836.... W. H. Harrison Whig 

1836. ...Hugh L.White Whig. 

1836.... Daniel Webster Whig... .... 

1836. ...W. P. Mangum W^hig 

1840.... Mar tin Van Buren... Democrat... 

1840.... W.H. Harrison Whig.... 1,275,017 

1840... J.G. Birney Liberty 7,059 

1844....James K.Polk Democrat 1,337,243 lYii 

1844. - . .Henry Clay Whig 1,299,068 105 

1844. .. .James G. Birney Liberty 62,300 

1848.... Zachary Taylor Whig 1.360,101 163 

1848....LewisCass Democrat 1,220,544 127 

1 848.... Martin Van Buren... Fr^e Soil 291,263 

1852. ...Franklin Pierce Democrat........ 1,601,474 254 

1 852. »-»*Winfield Scott. Whig 1,386,578 42 

1852..^.JohnP. Hale Free Soil 156,149 

1856.... James Buchanan Democrat 1,838,169 

1856....John C.Fremont Republican 1,341,262 

1856.... Millard Fillmore American 874,534 

I860.... Abraham Lincoln Republican 1,866,352 

1860....Stephen A. Douglas.. Democrat 1,375,157 

1860....JohnC.Breckenridge Democrat, 845,763 

I860.. ..John Bell Union 589.581 

1864.... Abraham Lincoln.... Republican 2,216,067 

1864.. ..Geo. B. McClellan.... Democrat 1,808,725 

1868.... U.S.Grant Republican 3.015,071 

1868. ...Horatio Seymour.... Democrat 2,709,613 

1872....U. S.Grant Republican 3,597,070 

1872.... Horace Greeley Liberal & Dem.. 2,834,079 

1872.... Charles O'Conor Democrat 29,408 

1872. ...James Black Temperance 5,608 

1 876 .... R. B. Hayes Republican 4,033,950 

1876....Samuel J. Tilden Democrat 4,284,885 

1876. ...Peter Cooper Greenback 81,740 

1876....G. C.Smith Prohibition 9.522 

1876.. ..Scattering 2,636 

1880....James A. Garfield.... Republican 4,449,053 

1880. . . . Winfield S. Hancock. Democrat. ...... 4,442,035 

1880... .James B. Weaver.... Greenback 307,306 

1 884.... Grover Cleveland.... Democrat 4,911,017 

1884. ...James G Blaine Republican 4.848,334 

1884....Benj. F.Butler Greenback 133,825 

1884. ...John P. St. John .... Prohibition...., 151.809 



17 



Population of Every State and Territory, Etc. 

UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1880. 

STATES. Population. 

Alabama 1,262,794 

Arkansas 802,564 

California 864,686 

Colorado 194,649 

Connecticut 622,683 

Delaware 146,654 

Florida 267,351 

Georgia 1,539,048 

Illinois 3,078,769 

Indiana 1,978.362 

Iowa 1.624,620 

Kansas 995,966 

Kentucky 1,648.708 

Louisiana 940,103 

Maine 648,945 

Maryland 934,632 

Massachusetts 1. 783,012 

Michigan 1,636,331 

Minnesota , 780,806 

Mississippi 1,131,592 

Missouri , 2,168,804 

Nebraska 452,433 

Nevada 62, 265 

New Hampshire 346,984 

New Jersey 1,130,983 

New York 5.083,810 

North Carolina 1,400,047 

Ohio 3,198,239 

Oregon 174,767 

Pennsylvania 4,282,786 

Rhode Island 276,528 

South Carolina 995,622 

Tennessee 1,542,463 

Texas 1,592,574 

Vermont 332,286 

Virginia 1,512,806 

West Virginia 618,443 

Wisconsin 1.315,480 

Total of States 49,369,595 

District of Columbia 177 638 

TERRITORIES. 

Arizona 40,441 

Dakota 135,180 

Idaho 32,611 

Montana 39,157 

New Mexico. -... 118,430 

Utah 143,906 

Washington 75,120 

Wyoming 20,788 

TotalUnitiid States 50,152,866 



Area in 


Electora 


Sq. Miles. 


Vote. 


50,722 


10 


52.198 


7 


188,981 




104,500 


3 


4,674 


6 


2,120 


3 


59.268 


4 


58,000 


12 


55,410 


22 


33.809 


15 


55,045 


13 


81,313 


9 


37.600 


13 


41,346 


8 


31,776 


6 


11,184 


8 


7,800 


14 


56,451 


13 


83,531 


7 


47,156 


9 


65,350 


16 


75,995 


5 


112,090 


3 


9,289 


4 


8,320 


9 


47,000 


36 


50,704 


11 


39,964 


23 


95,244 


3 


46,000 


30 


1,306 


4 


29,385 


9 


45,600 


12 


237,504 


13 


10.212 


4 


40.904 


12 


23,000 


6 


53,924 


11 


2,054.666 


401 


113{91B 
147.49b 






90.932 




143.77.6 




121,201 




80.05.6 




69,9*44 




93.107 




2.915.048 





18 
A Table of Daily Savings at Compound interest. I 



Cents a day. 


Per Year. 


In 10 Years. 


Fifty Yean 


$ .02^ 


$ 10.00 


« 130 


9 2,900 


.053i 


20.00 


260 


5,800 


.11 


40.00 


520 


11.60* 


.27J^ 


100.00 


1,300 


29,O0t 


.55 


200.00 


2.600 


58,00d 


1.10 


400.00 


5,200 


ii6,oee 


1.37 


500.00 


6,5§0 


145,999 



Seasoning and Preserving Timber. * 



eh 



For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled uniler 
shelter, where it may be kept dry, but not exposed to a streng 
current of air. At tlae same time there should be a free circula- 
tion of air about the timber, with which view slats or blocks 
of wood should be placed between the pieces that lie over each 
other, near enough to prevent the timber from bending. 

In the sheds, the pieces of timber should be piled in this way, 
or in square piles, and classed according to age and kind. Eacn 
pile should be distinctly marked with the number and Itiad ' 
pieces, and the age, or the date of rec^ving them. 

The piles should be taken down and made over again 
intervals, varying with the length of time which the timber hi 
been cut. 

The seasoning of timber requires from two to four years, ac- 
cording to its size. 

Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner is considered 
the most favorable to the durability and strength of timber, but 
various methods have been prepared for hastening the process. 
For this purpose, steaming and boiling timber has been applied 
with success; kiln-drying is serviceable only for boards and 
pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to cause cra«ks, and to 
impair the strength of wood, unless performed very slowly. 

Timber of large dimensions is improved by immersion in 
water for some weeks, according to its size, after which, it is less 
subject to warp and crack in steaming. 

Oak timber loses about one-fifth of its weight in seasoning, 
and about one-third of its weight in becoming dry. 

Fastest Bailroad Time. 

1 mile— 50)^s., 3 miles in 2 m. 363^s., and 5 miles in 4m. 50s. 
train which left West Philadelphia for Jersey City (P. R. R.) at 
7:35 a. m. (Edward Osmond, engineer) Sept. 4, 1879. 

10 miles— 8 rain., Hamburg to Buffalo, N. Y., Lake Shore and 
Michigan Southern R. R. ; in 9 min., Hudson River road, loco- 
motive and platform car, with steam fire-engine, Peekskill 
to Sing Sing, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1874. 

14 miles— 11 min., locomotive Hamilton Davis and six cars, 
New York Central R. R.. 1855. 

18 miles— 15 min,, special train conveying the Duke of Wel- 
lington, Paddington to Slough, Eng. 

Ill miles~98 min., no stop, new Fontaine engine and two 
coaches, carrying W. H. Vanderbilt and party— Amherstburg to 
St. Thomas, Canada Southern Railway, May 5, 1881.... 109 mm., 
special train, consisting of locomotive, baggage car, one coach 
and one Pullman palace-car. Engineer McComber, carrying 
Bishop of Detroit and a number of the clergy ; the time includes 
4 min., stoopage at Charing Cross— St. Thomas to Amherstburg 
Sept. 13, 1877. 



11^ 



§ 

o 

r-T 


rt«C00««OC»COt'r-(»OOSCOQ0b-t-O>iOe« 


t-TO.<2)l>-TOOt-TOOt-TOO 
rHTOiOCOQOqr-JCOJOCOOOO 

Tj5 00 oi CO o io OS CO t^ t-5 »o o 

rt r-« (N OKNTOTO-^ ■'t «ft 


(» 


O Tl* T-H 00 »0 C^ Oi «) CC OJ Tji O; Tt* 00 Oi C30 CO 

»-« C* 04 TO rj* Tf »r3 CD CO O CO t> O W CO '^ 

i-JrHr-icic»-«dJcO 


OOt-inTO(7JOOOt-U!5TO(NO 
O --• (MTO-"* iOtOCOt-OOOS O 

wM5c6o66(N"^c6o6dwkO 

»-Hi— it-d-Hr-tOiOi©* 


1 


TOcOQOrH ■*a't-O50J»O00S^-Xi(JSCO'-i OQO 
r^ ,_ r-l T-IW iN (M -* »0 CO 00 OS b- »0 


TOt-OTOt-OTOt-OTOt-O 
OOCO »0 CO rH OQOCO lO COrH O 

r-Joico-^oincot^ooosc) 

r-« 


o 
o 

T-l 


!-< CO rti as C- 00 O rH CO Tj< r-H 00 jO (M CO t- OS 
rH f-t rH r-i OiOi CO Tji ^ 00©^ 


0?TO»Oi>QOOClTO«Ot>-000 

rj< 00 JN CO O iO OS TO t- r-iic O 

1-^ i-i ci (N ©i CO CO '«!j5 -^ »6 


1 


rHTO^iO CO OOOSOrH COOS »nnH 00 (N OS t- 
1-1 rH rH rH (M CO CO -Ct^ C- r-< 


QOiOTOOOOOTOOQCiOTOO 
TOJr-tHiOOOOJCOOCOt-rHO 

t-ii-5f-i©io4coooc6'^'# 


g 

«» 


i-t(MOOr}<C©i>OOOSOi-it-WOOX)CDOCO 
r-(rHrHCQCf«0000i>O 


TOt-OTOt-OTOt-OTOi>0 

TOCOOTOCOOTOCOOCOCOq 

tH r4 iH ©i (N (N CO CO CO Tf 


g 


rH C^ TO ^ iO CO t- 00 OS O U3 OS "^ OS ©} r-1 1-H 
r-tr-lr-t(M0lTOCOOS 


OSODOO t-CO »C TT TOTO 05 r-1 q 
04 iO 00 rH Tji C- O TO CO OS (N »n 

f~i r^ 1-H 04 04 OJ 04 CO CO 


1 


i-i(?«TOTO-«*»OCOi>0000TOt'.-tkO00TO0D 


»00»OOiOO»00»nOiOO 

O40t-O04»0t-O04i0t:-0 

r^i-;.-^,-^ 04 0404 04 CO 




t-H 1-H W CO TO rj< *» CO C© t^ O rt< t- r-i TO Tt< lO 
i-tr-<i-l(M0lTl<CO 


r-1 04 TOTO Tj^ lO CO t-OOOO OS q 

04'*CO00O04'* •^0000410 

«Mr-<rHrHrH04040i 


o 


r- 1-t (M 04 TO TO rl< Tj< O CO 00 .-H rJ' t- OS iO Ui 
fSr-trHT-lTOiO 


l>TOOI>TOOt-TOOt-TOO 

i-iTO»r3cooooTHcoiocoooq 

rMi-Jf-JrHrHrHoi 


1 


Or-cr-tG^(MTOTOTO'^T}'-X>GOOTO'*COOS 
l-Hr-tf-H(MTO 


TOiOOOOTOiOQOOTOiOOOO 
r-t04TOOCOt-OOqrH04CO»0 


i 

^ 


Oi-H-(i-Hr-<©iCM!MTOTO^COt-aOOSODy3 


00«>»OTO0400Dt>»OTO©40 
f-H CM TO '^ iffl »0 CO t- 00 OS q 


o 


O O O r-t •-• .-t rH F-l t-< f-H W TO TO TT -^ 00 TO 


T}* OOTOt-rH 4OOSTO00 04 coo 
r-i r-i 04 04 04 TO TO "^ ''l^ O 


»o 


OOOOOOOF-<rHrHT-lrHC<l(MO<TtCO 


04 •^ CO 00 O TO iO t- OS f-t TO O 
rH.-lrHrHrie4040« 


^ 1 COOOOOOOr1r-l.-<T-(^(n(NCOlO 

^ 1 


04TOiOJ>00004TO»ni>000 
t-lf-(r-li-4i-Hr-l»J 


5^ OOOOOOOOOOrlr-ii-ti-tr-.COJ* 


i-i TO rr *C CO 00 OS O rH TO ■'3' »r5 
r-tf-f»Hi-HrH 


(J, 1 OOOOOOOOOOOr-irlrlr^CiCO 
^ 1 


i-KMrOTO-^ O :Ct-OOOOOsO 


^ 0©0000000000000f-«T-i 


C r-i 1-1 04 04 TO TO TO ■* rj* O »0 




T-tCMTOTr»0C0t-Q00SO»0O»0OTOTOTO 


f-4 04 TO rj< O U5 1- 00 OS 1-1 04 



20 












X 



r4 


r-»C0O«CX)Or-tC0»0®»0e0i-jO»0«0»0 


oooooooooooo 
oooooooooooo 
oc5»od»«d»o6odur5o 

rtiMOl WCO00"«a< ■'T iO*0«0 


O 


f-t WCO Tj' »0 iO « C- 00 ©4 -^ O »« i> G« «> 


oooooooooooo 
»r5000»n)Oioo«r50oo 


o 


C0t-OC0i>OC0'^O'WOt-'WOOOO 
rSi-4i-tOi(M5lCOCCiOtOOOOr-l«-t»-J 


§§sg§§ss§§§§ 

r4 (71 CO Tf »f5 «© t- 00 05 d r4 ci 


1 


c<ooot-oooo?coir5i>»osoc«o»oo»o 

,,-, r-l r-l i-l C^ 00 TJ- iO O O O 

1-5 1-J 


*r:o»ooi00u50»ooir50 

r-< i-H Oi Oi CO CO ■^ ^ JO oxo 


O 

SI 


©«COiO»QDO>»-«(M-^»ncOOGO.nQ4nO 
rH rt tH r1 (M CO CO '^^ iO OS •^ 


»r5oooiOO»oo»oo»oo 

Tt3iCO00©lt-f^- JOOOS^ 
r4 r-i ©» 5J CO CO *!** n? rP »d 


o 


r-t CO Tf »0 t-GO 05 i-H C^ CO O t- CC O -^ ^ -* 
r-1 ,-< r-J (M OJ CO TJ* TcJi 00 2* 


oooooooooooo 
^ao(MOOTfa07<«50Ti;c» 

r-< t-i 34 C4 ©i CO so «# ■^ ^ 




r-<{M-^»0«3i>OOOS.-.CQC3DCOO>005'*Oi 
r-.,^r-lC^(MeOlCi>C 


»r;oinoino»ootco»oo 

CO 0- o '*' t- Ti -^ 00 rH o CO e« 

1-J 1-5 r^cioi oicocc corj5 


g 


rH (MCOtP »Q i© t-QD050 lO O iO O CO CO 50 

i-ti-i(M©icoco;oa> 


r4 r-5 t-H (?i ci ©i eo CO o<5 




f-1 54 CO CO ^ *0 « t- QO 00 eo t- ^ lO 00 CO 00 


0000»00«00»f50«00 

2* m t-o M »ft t- o ©J iO t- o 
r4,-;r4i-^©i©5©i©ic6 




f-ir-i54C000'<a<*C»O;©l>CC0C-OW?*(M 


oooooooooooo 
©iTr;oooo©<rf-^ooo©i'* 




r-" n cTJ, i CO CO •'t ">* U3 iO 00 O CO iO t> c>i r- 
t-l>-lr-ti-lCO'<3» 


tOOiTJOOOOOirtOOO 

.-. co^ xit-ojq wco»ccooo 


o 


1-f •-< r-l d (M Ol CO CO CO »0 1- 00 O r-l rH t-l 
i-<r-lOiCO 


»-• ©4 CO "<3' o Jo t-ooosq T-jM 


o 


O O »-• r-i t-i i-t rH r-t (N (N CO CO •^ O to r-i !;0 


»00«r50»f30»f30iOOiOO 
r-1 .-< ©l©l coco rj< rj< O »0» 




OOOCOr-<.-<i-i.-«.-ii-«(M5iC0C0»000 


COiCOOOCOlOOOOCOOOOO 
r-i,-.T-<rS©l©i©l©lCO 


«* 
^ 


0000000'-"-ir-<r-.r-.:vi(MOl^«0 1 ©lTj<«OQOOOlT*«cOOOOO«rJ« 


s 


OOCiOCOOOO«-«r-if-ii-tOl5JcOin l OlCOOcOOOOSi-itMrJ'OC-QO 


0? 


OOOOOOOOOO'-"-l'-«r-lrH(>tC0 1 r-<!?lS0rj'»ftOt-000SO»-"i5« 

1 ^r.^ 


^ 


OOOOOOOOOOOOOi->^i-i!M 1 —r-iTiQiTOeOrr'^tOtOiOiO 




r-ie«oo'«i»«o;ot-ooc?50oooojococo 

rH,-l5tC?*COCO-^OS 


r-i ©« CO ^ «0 » fr-OOOS O t-i ©» 

SHXKOK 



21 



s. 


o>osoo<»i>t-cD«o»orj<»?o>?©eOiHioe» 

rHC0*0t-0arH00Ot-O105Q00000T*<0JO 
r4 rH rH t4 t-< 0* CO Ti< O «0 si 00 


COt-OCOb-OCOt-OCOt^O 
00 CO lO CO r-l O 00 CO in 50 f-l O 

iO rH £«1 CO C^ »rj d CO ©i 00 '«!j5 d 
t-< rH ©> ©» CO T^ TJ' iO ip CO t- 


o 


O CD OS 05 0> X) OD OO GO t- CO Tf CO G<? i-H OJ rt< 
rH rH OJ CO -"^ iO CO t-00O5Tr OS-* Oi(M »-; O 

i-Jr-ioioicocooi 


©iCOiCt-000©iOOiOt-000 
O500 J> CO in «0 'Ct* CO ©S rH o o 

©i »rf 00 rH* '^ t^dooc6d©iiLO 

rH,-.,HS^ ©}©?©< CO CO 


«»> 


T}< 00 <N X> C3i CO t- rH iO 05 CX) oo l> O Oi iO W 

t-li-(rH(M;©4C0C0C0OC«05r-l(Mriic0 

fir-HOicO 


c-cooocoot- coot- coo 

rHcoOCOQOOrHCOlOcOQOO 
r4 ©j CO rt »0 1^ 00 d d rH ©i tJ^ 


o 


W Tf CO C» O 0? ■<* CO 00 Oi C5 Oi OO OO ■* CO 1-1 
rl tl r-t T-4 fH r-1 W 00 ■«;*< iO CO OJ 00 


OOt- iO CO ©J O QO I> iO CO ©} O 

lO r-i C- CO a- »0 O CO ©J QO TJH O 

rH rH ©i ©i CO "* rh JO O CO ti 


o 


C^r^»r2t-05rHOir}'COOOCOiOTt<COOOOCO 
rH r-< T-t rl r-( (M 00 T** iO iO r-J CO 


C0O00OC0»O00O00l000O 

lOOiO rH CO rH CO ©it- ©It- so 

r4 rH ©i ©i CO 00 •vP Tj^ iO »ft CD 


o 
oo 


C^ CO »0 CO 00 OS r- ^ Tt* CO CO r-( 03 1~ (>i 00 »0 
r-4 i-l r-l ,H (M SO CO 'CMO OJ '^l; 

t-5 


{-coot- coot- coot- COO 
•* OS >«a< 00 CO 00 ©« t-Ol CO rH CO 

rH rH ©i ©i CO CO -"d^ «d5 »0 lO 


^ 

«» 


r-. C^O •«*< lO t- oo O r-4 ©J rt O t- rji ,-H O CO I- 
t-H rH r-4 1-1 ©I CM CO -* rjt 00 G^ 


r-.©^C0C0"<tOc0t-Q00D0>O 

rt<00©«C0OTj^Q0©*C0O'*0> 

rH rH ©J ©i©i CO CO rj? Tf TjJ 


o 
to 


r-t ©« Tji «0 CO t- 00 OS r-1 Oi 00 CO Ol lO 05 Tf Oi 
r-4 1- : r-t W N CO CO i> O 


»noiOO»oo400iOOiOO 

COt-O "<*' t-rH TT COrH 100D©1 
i-HrHrH©$©i©ic6c6c6'^ 


o 


— •CMCOrrOCOt-OOOSOlOOS'^OSS^t-lr^ 
r-<rHr-4C4(MOOCOOS 


OS 00 00 1- CO lO Tfi CO 00 ©? rH O 

©iiOoorH •* t-ocococys©iiO 

rHrHrH©ici©i©jc6oO 


o 


.-•5iC400"^»O»OCOC-Q0CMCOOS00»OO5«M 


cot-oeot-ocot-ocot-o 

©i ■<*< t- C» rH T}* CO 00 rH CO »0 00 
rHrHr4rH©i©J©J©i 


c^ 


r-l tH ©i (M CO ■^ Tf lO IC CO OS C<? O X O l> JO 
r-lr-<T-<CqC0ia 


OOiO COOOOOCO OOOiOCOO 
t-HOOAOt-OOOW-^ljOt-OlrH 

rHTHrHrHr^r-i©j 




O rl rH Oi ©i W CO CO Tji '^ CO 00 O O? CO ^ to 
-<r-lrH©lCO 


©lCOiOt-000©?C>30t-000 
rH©4COTj*iOt-OOOiOrH©Jrl« 




O 1-1 1-1 r-t t-< f-t ©} ©i ©t CO ''i* O » J> CO C» 


CO ©J 00 00 OS lO rH t- CO 00 Tt O 
rH rH ©i 54 00 ^J* ^ iO »0 CO fc" 




OOOOOTH.-lr-irHr-tnH©i©JCOCOCOOS 


COCO OS©? ifflooo oocods -Si o 

rH rH TH ©4 WW 04 CO CO 


"«** 
^ 


O O © O O O T-i rH ri f-1 ^ ©4 ©J ©i ©llO t-^ 


©4»Ot-OS©?TjHCOOSrHCOCOQO 
rHrHrHriWWN©! 


IS 


OOOOOOOOr-l,-lr-tr-l,-<©i©iTriO 


©i rf iO C- OS rH ©I -.^ CO 00 OS rH 
.rHrHrHt-lrHrH©* 


w 
^ 


OOOOOOOOOOir^rH.-.r-lr-t©!'^ 


rH ©1 rji »0 CO t- 00 OS rH ©} C0 1* 


^ 


000000000©0O0r-lr-ir-l©l 


rH r-t ©i ©4 CO rr TJ< »0 lO CO CO t~ 




rHCJCO-^lOCOt-OOOSOlOOtOOCOOOCO 
i-rrH©JC«eOcO»OS 


rH ©I CO Tt»0'X)t- 00 OSOrH©« 

•SHXXOM 



22 



Time in Which a Sum Will Double. 

Rate per cent. Simple Interest. Compound Interest. 

50years 35 years, 1 day. 



4 .. 

r-: 

6 .. 

7 .. 

8 .. 

9 .. 
10 .. 



40 
33 ' 

28 ' 
25 • 
22 
20 

16 ' 
14 ' 

n^: 

10 ' 



28 

4 months 23 

208 days 20 

17 

81 days 15 

15 

8 months 14 

104 days 10 

9 

40 days 8 

7 



Air-Line Distances from Washington to 
Parts of the World. 



26 days, ] 

164 " ' 

54 " 

246 •• 

273 " 

75 " 

327 " 

8^ " 

2 " 

16 " 

100 •• 

Various 



Alexandria, Egypt 5,275 

Amsterdam, Holland 3,555 

Athens, CJ-reece 5,005 

Aukland, N. Z 8,290 

Algiers, Algeria 3,425 

Berlin, Prussia 3,847 

Berne, Switzerland 3.730 

Brussels, Belgium.... ...3,515 

Batavia, Java 11,118 

Bombay, Hindostan 8,548 

Buenos Ayres, A. C 5.013 

Bremen, Pr 3,500 

Constantinople, Turkey. . 4,880 
Copenhagen, Denmark... 3. 895 

Calcutta, Hindostan 9,348 

Canton, China 9.000 

Cairo, Egypt 5,848 

Cape Town, Cape Colony.. 6,684 

Cape of Good Hope 7,380 

Caraccas, Venezuela 1,058 

Charlotte Town, P, E. 1 820 

Dublin, Ireland 3.076 

Delhi, Hindostan 8,868 

Edinburgh, Scotland 3,275 

Frederickton, N. B 670 

Gibralter, Spain 3,150 

Glasgow, Scotland 3,215 

Halifax, N. S 780 

Hamburg, Germany 3,570 

Havana, Cuba 1,139 

Honolulu. S.I 4.513 

Jerusalem, Palestine 5,495 

Jamestown. St. Helena... 7, 150 

Lima, Peru.. 3,515 

Lisbon, Portugal 3,190 

Liverpool, England 3 228 

London, England 3,315 

City of Mexico, Mex 1,867 

Montevideo, Uruguay, c. 5, 00 3 

Montreal, Canada 47l 

Madrid, Spain 8,485 

Moscow. Kussla... •4.466 



Manilla, Phil. Islands.. ..9,360 

Mecca, A-rabia 6,598 

Muscat Arabia. 7,600 

Monrovia, Liberia 3, 645 

Morocco, Morocco 3,305 

Mourzouk, Fezzan 5.525 

Mozambique, Moz 7.348 

Ottawa, Canada 462 

Panama, New Gran 1,825 

Parana, A. C 4,733 

Port au P;;ince, Hayti 1,425 

Paris, France 3,485 

Pekin, China 8,783 

Quebec, Canada 601 

Quito Ecuador 2,531 

Rio Janeiro, Brazil 4,280 

Rome, Italy 4,365 

St. Petersburg, Russia. . .4,296 

Stockholm, Sweden 4,055 

Shanghai. China .8,600 

Singapore, Malay 11,300 

St. John-sN. F 1,340 

SanD0mingo,S. D ..4,30« 

San Juan, Nicaragua.... 1,740 

San Salvador, A. C 1,650 

Santiago. Chill 4,970 

Spanish Town, Jamaica. .1,446 

Sidney, C.B.I 975 

Sydney, Australia 8,963 

St. Paul de Loanda 5,578 

TimbuGtoo, Soudan 3.395 

Tripoli, Tripoli, 4,425 

Tunis, Tunis 4,240 

Toronto, Canada. . , - 343 

Venice, Italy 3,835 

Vienna, Austria 4,115 

Valparaiso, Chili 4,934 

Vera Cruz. Mexico 1,68© 

Warsaw, Poland 4,010 

Yeddo, Japan 7,630 

Zanzibar, Zanzibar. ...... 7,078 



23 

Builders' Estimating Tables. 

Table showing quantity of material in every four lineal feet of 
exterior wall in a balloon frame building, height of wall being 
given : 











^.r 


1 


fl 


w* 






0^ 






o 





Size of Studs, Braces, etc. 


>.6 
.ti 3 


^1 










^ 








8 


,6x 6 


2x4 studs. 


42 


36 


40 


74 


lO 


6x 8 


4x4 braces. 


52 


44 


50 


80 


12 


6x10 


4x4 plates. 


62 


s^ 


60 


96 


^4 


6x10 


1x6 ribbons. 


6q 


62 


70 


11? 


i6 


8x10 




82 


71 


80 


I2R 


iS 


8xio 


studs 


87 


80 


90 


144 


20 


8x12 


16 incnes from 


q8 


88 


100 


160 


22 


9x12 


centers. 


109 


97 


no 


176 


24 


10x12 




119 


106 


420 


192 


i8 


10x10 


2x6 studs. 


122 


80 


Qo 


144 


20 


10x12 


6x6 braces. 


i?7 


88 


100 


160 


22 


10x12 


4x6 plates. 


145 


97 


no 


176 


24 


12x12 


1x6 ribbons. 


162 


106 


120 


192 


26 


10x14 




i6q 


114 


130 


208 


28 


10x14 


studs 16 inch centers. 


^76 


123 


140 


224 


30 


12x14 




198 


132 


150 


240 



Table showing amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and 
boarding, and number of shingles to four lineal feet of roof, meas- 
ured from eave to eave over ridge. Rafters 16-inch centers : 



Width 

of 
House. 
Feet. 


Size of 
Rafters. 


Size of 
Collar- 
piece. 


Quantity of Lumber 
in Rafter and 
Collar-piece. 


Quant'y 

of 

Board'g 

Feet. 


No. of 
Shingl's 


34 


2x4 


2x4 


39 


91 


560 


16 


2x4 


2x4 


45 


70 


640 


18 


2x4 


2x4 


50 


79 


720 


20 


2x4 


2x4 


56 


88 


800 


22 


2x4 


2x4 


62 


97 


880 


24 


2x4 


2x4 


67 


106 


960 


20 


2x6 


2x6 


84 


88 


800 


22 


2x6 


2x6 


92 


97 


880 


24 


2x6 


2x6 


lOI 


100 


960 


26 


2x6 


2x6 


109 


IIS 


1040 


28 


2x6 


2x6 


117 


124 


1 120 


30 


2x6 


2x6 


126 


133 


1200 



24 

Wages Table —Yearly, Monthly, Weekly 
Daily and Hourly. 

TEN HOURS TO THE DAY. 



sg 




(U V 




S§ 


S 1 






^> 


rt li 


^^ 


»fi 


^> 






^Q 


^^ 


^t 


^fe 


^SJ 


^fe 


^% 


^S3 


^« 


PM 


cs: 


(i| 


^ 


P^ 


P4 


(2 


^ 


5i,ooo is 


$83 33 


$19 23 


$2 74 


$295 is 


$24 58 


$5 67 


81C. 


975 


Si 25 


18 75 


2 67 


290 


24 17 


5 58 


79 


950 


79 17 


18 27 


2 60 


285 


23 75 


5 48 


78 


925 


77 08 


17 79 


2 53 


280 


23 33 


538 


77 


900 


75 00 


17 31 


2 47 


275 


22 92 


5 29 


75 


875 


72 92 


16 83 


2 40 


270 


22 50 


5 19 


74 


850 


70 83 


16 35 


2 33 


260 


21 67 


5 00 


71 


825 


68 75 


15 87 


2 26 


250 


20 83 


4 81 


69 


800 


66 67 


15 38 


2 19 


240 


20 00 


4 62 


66 


775 


64 58 


14 90 


2 12 


235 


19 58 


4 52 


64 


750 


62 50 


14 42 


2 05 


230 


19 17 


4 42 


63 


725 


60 42 


13 94 


I 99 


225 


18 75 


4 33 


62 


700 


58 33 


13 46 


I 92 


220 


18 33 


4 23 


60 


675 


56 25 


12 99 


I 8s 


215 


17 92 


4 13 


59 


650 


54 17 


12 50 


I 78 


210 


17 50 


4 04 


58 


625 


52 08 


12 02 


I 71 


205 


17 08 


3 94 


56 


600 


50 00 


II 54 


I 64 


200 


16 67 


385 


55 


575 


47 92 


II 06 


I 58 


195 


16 25 


3 75 


53 


550 


45 83 


10 58 


I 51 


190 


15 83 


364 


52 


52s 


43 75 


10 10 


I 44 


185 


15 42 


356 


51 


500 


41 67 


9 62 


I 37 


180 


15 00 


346 


49 


475 


39 58 


9 13 


I 30 


175 


14 58 


3 37 


48 


450 


37 50 


8 66 


I 23 


170 


14 17 


3 27 


47 


425 


35 42 


8 17 


I 16 


165 


^3 75 


3 17 


45 


400 


33 33 


7 69 


I 10 


160 


13 33 


308 


44 


390 


32 50 


7 50 


I 07 


155 


12 92 


2 98 


42 


380 


31 67 


7 31 


I 04 


150 


12 50 


2 88 


41 


375 


31 25 


7 21 


I 03 


145 


12 08 


2 79 


40 


370 


30 83 


7 12 


I 01 


140 


II 67 


2 69 


38 


360 


30 00 


6 92 


99 


'35 


II 25 


2 60 


37 


350 


29 17 


673 


96 


130 


10 83 


2 50 


36 


340 


28 33 


6 54 


93 


125 


10 42 


2 40 


34 


330 


27 50 


6 35 


90 


120 


10 00 


2 31 


33 


325 


27 08 


6 25 


89 


1x5 


9 58 


2 21 


32 


320 


26 67 


6 15 


88 


no 


9 17 


2 II 


30 


310 


25 83 


5 96 


85 


105 


8 75 


2 02 


29 


300 


25 00 


5 77 


82 


100 


8 33 


1 92 


27 



25 



Six Days' 


One 


Eight 


Six 


Five 


Four 


Two 


One 


Wages. 


Day. 


Hours. 


Hours 


Hours. 


Hours. 


Hours 


Hour. 


$2 


33>S 


26% 


20 


16% 


13M 


6% 


3^3 


3 


50 


40 


30 


25 , 


20 


10 


5 


4 


66% 


53M 


40 


33M 


26% 


13% 


6% 


5 


. ^3^3 


66% 


50 


41% 


33M 


16% 


8H 


6 


$1 00 


80 


60 


50 


40 


20 


10 


7 


I 16% 


93% 


70 


58% 


46% 


23% 


11^ 


8 


I 33>^ 


$1 06% 


80 


66% 


53>^ 


26% 


i3>i 


9 


I 50 


I 20 


90 


75 


60 


30 


15 


lO 


I (>6% 


I 33>^ 


$1 00 


83>^ 


66% 


33M 


16% 


It 


I 83>^ 


X 46% 


I 10 


91^/^ 


nV^ 


36% 


18% 


12 


2 00 


I 60 


I 20 


$1 00 


80 


40 


20 


13 


2 16% 


X 73M 


X30 


I 08% 


86% 


43% 


21% 


14 


2 33^3 


I 86% 


I 40 


I 16% 


93% 


46% 


23>i 


15 


2 50 


2 00 


I t^O 


I 25 


$1 00 


50 


25 


16 


2 66% 


2 13% 


I 60 


I 33K 


106% 


ssVz 


261^ 


n 


2 83/3 


2 26% 


I 70 


I 41% 


I 13/3 


56% 


28% 


18 


3 CX) 


2 40 


I 80 


I 50 


I 20 


60 


30 


19 


3 16% 


2 53M 


I 90 


I 58% 


I 26% 


63M 


31?^ 


20 


3 3^y3 


2 66% 


2 00 


1 66% 


I 33>S 


66% 


33% 



Carpenters', Plasteners' and Bnicklayeps' 
Work. 

To find how many square yards in a floor or wall: muLtt^ly tki 
iength by the nvidtk or height, and divide the product by g. 



How many square yards in a floor 18 ft. 
long and 14 ft. wide; and how many yards 
of carpet ^ yd. wide, will it take? 

To divide by a fraction, multiply the 
number by the denominator, and divide 
the product by the numerator. 

To multiply by a fraction, multiply by 
the numerator and divide by the denom- 
inator. 



14X18=252 sq feet, 
9)252(28 sq. yds. 



3)112(37% yds. carpet 
I 37% yds. carpet. 



Find how many square yards in'76X 11=836 sq. ft. in four walls 



[8X20=360 



ceiling. 



the four walls and ceiling of a ] 
room 18 by 20, 11 ft, high; and the 
cost of plastering the same at 15 
cts. per sq yd 

The length of i^cfour walls is 
(twice 20 and twice 18) 76 feet, 
which multiplied by the height gives the sq. ft. in the walls Thf 
length multiplied by the width gives the sq. ft. tr: the ceiling. 



9(1196(133 sq. yds. nearly, 
Ans. $19.95 for plastering. 



26 



To measure square timbers : niultij>ly tke lengthy width and 
thickness together, and divide the product by 12. 
How many square feet in a ioist 2 by 8, 18 ft. long? 

2 X 8 X 18=288-1-12=24 ft. Ans 
Sill 8 by 8, 22 ft. long? 8X8X22=i4o8-|-i2=ii7>^ ft. Ans. 

Amount of Paint Required for a Given 
Surface. 

It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the 
amouut varies with the kind and thickness of the paint, the kind 
of wood or other material to which it is applied, the age of the 
surface, etc. The following is an approximate rule : Divide the 
number of square feet of surface by 200. The result will be the 
number of gallons of liquid paint required to give two coats ; or, 
divide by 18 and the result will be the number of pounds of pure 
ground white lead required to give three coats. 

How to Kill Grease Spots before Painting. 

^ Wash over smoky or greasy parts with saltpetre, or very thin 
lime white-wash. If soap-suds are used, they must be washed off 
thoroughly, as they prevent the paint from drying hard. 

Dimensions of One Acre. 

A square, whose sides are 12,649 rods, or 69.57 yards or 208.71 
feet long, contains one acre. Table of dimensions of rectangle 
containing one acre : 

RODS. 



X160 
X 32 

X 22 6-7 

X 17 7-9 

X 14 6-II 



iKXio6% 
SKX 45 5-7 
SKX 29 i-ii 
7KX 2i>£ 
9%X 16 16-19 
11^ X 13 21-33 



2 


X 


80 


2KX 64 




4 


X 


40 


4KX 


35 


5-9 


6 


X 


26K 


65^ X 


24 


8-13 


8 


X 


20 


8KX 


18 


14-17 


[Q 


X 


16 


lo^X 


15 


5-21 


C2 


X 


I3K2 


12KX 


12 


4-5 








12 13-20X 


12 


13-20 



Roof Elevations, 

By the * pitch " of a roof is meant the relation which the height 
of the ridge above the level of the roof-plates bears to the span, or 
the distance between the studs on which the roof rests. 

The length of rafters for the most common pitches can be found 
as follows from any given span : 

If J^ pitch, multiply span by 559, or 7-12 nearly. 



If full 



6 , or s-5 
625, or ^ 
.71 , or 7-10 
,8 , or 4-5 
1.12, or i^ 



^7 , 

To lengths tnus obtained must be added amount of projection ol 
rafters at the caves. 

As rafters must be purchased of even lengths, a few inches niore 
or less on their lengths will make a difference to the pitch so slight 
that it cannot be detected by the eye. 

Example. — To determine the length of rafters for a"' rc>of con- 
structed one-half pitch, with a span of 24 feet — 24X. 71=17.04; or, 
practically, just 17 feet. A projection of one foot for eaves makes 
the length to be purchased 18 feet. 

How To Build Strong Frames. 

Sheathing put on diagonally acts as a brace over the whole sur* 
face, and requires no more lumber than if put on horizontally. It 
is well to run the sheathing from each side up parallel 'with the 
rafters, if at the gable ends, and at similar angles at the sides. 
Rooting boards can be put on in the same manner. Studs can be 
allowed to project above the plates and the rafters spiked to the 
sides of studs. Partitions should be braced with Avaste stuff, and 
in such ways a building can be strengthened that it can be rolled 
over and over without coming to pieces, and the extra cost wilT 
simply consist in a few hours extra labor. 

In some parts of the West, and especially in Nebraska, a framed 
sill is in use, which combines qualities that will make it of service 
to builders in many localities. A piece of 2x6 or 2x8 is laid upon 
the wall, and flush with one side of this a 2-inch piece of the same 
width as the joists is placed on edge and securely spiked on, thus 
making the bottom and one side of a trough. These can be fast- 
ened before being put in place. The joists are placed with their 
ends upon the bed of the sill and against the side, and spiked to 
both. The studs are halved down, in this case 8 inches, and 
nailed to side of sill and joists. The sides of the sill, running 
parallel with the joists, are formed by two of the joists them- 
selves, either set flush with the face of the wall and the studs let 
down back, or set back two inches and the studs let. down in 
front. 

When the frame is finished, and before the floor is laid, the wall 
is built up behind and over the sill; thus holding all in place, 
guarding against wind, as the wall must be torn up before the 
building will go; and also, incidentally, against rats and other 
vermin. It will be found fully as strong and much cheaper than 
timber. 

If posts are used for the foundation a modification of this arrange- 
ment will prove equally serviceable. The principal on which it 
depends is explained at length farther on. It is well known that a 
thin piece of timber put on edge, as in joists, etc., will support a 
much greater weight than if laid on its side. The strength of a 
piece is in direct proportion to the square of its depth and nearly 
inversely as its length. Thus it will be found that simply the 2x12, 
8 feet long, without considering the support afforded to it by the 
walls, would have a strength equal to four 2x4s 16 feet long. It might 
be objected that the joists would not rest on the 2x12, but on the 
2x6. This is partly true, but the joists are spiked to the 2x12, an^j 



28 

are nailed to the studs, which rest on the sill, thus binding the 
whole together. Particular care must be taken to spike the 2x12 
side of the sill to the 2x4 or 2x6 base at short intervals. All the 
parts must be well nailed together, and especially the studs to the 
joists, and the sills to the posts. This form will have abundant 
strength and stiffness if the posts are not over 8 feet apart. A sill 
constructed in this way, of these dimensions, contains the same 
number of feet as a 6x6 sill, but will sustain a weight a third 
greater than the latter, if the weights are placed at the centers, but 
as the studs are fastened together by the sheathing, the weight 
will be partly transferred from the sills to the p>osts. It can also 
be made of any lengths that will reach from post to post, and the 
cost can thus be made less. 

Shingles Required in a Roof. 

To the square foot it takes 9 if exposed four inches; 8 if exposed 
4j^ inches, and 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather. 

Find the number of shingles required to cover a roof 38 ft. long, 
and the rafters on each side 14 ft. Shingles exposed j^% inches. 

28 X 38 = 1064 (sq. ft.) X 8 = 8512 shingles. Ans. 

To find the length of rafters, giving the roof one-third pitch : 
take titree-ji/ths of the width of the building. If the building is 
30 feet wide, they must be 18 feet long, exclusive of projection. 

The following very useful and practical calculations will be found 
exceedingly handy, as guides to the builder, in making up his 
figures when he is called upon to estimate for all portions of a job, 
many of which are not entirely in his own particular line: 

MASON WORK — BRICK. 

xYz barrels lime and Yz yard sand will lay 1,000 brick. 

One man with x% tenders will lay 1,800 to 2,000 brick per day. 

RUBBLE. 

\% barrels lime and i yard of sand will lay 100 feet of stone. 
One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one tender. 

CEMENT. 

ij^ barrels cement and ^ yard sand will lay 100 feet rubble stone 
Same time as to mason and tender as rubble. 

NUMBER OF NAILS REQUIRED IN CARPENTER 
WORK. 

To case and hang one door, i lb. 

To case and hang one window, ^ lb. 

Base, 100 lineal feet, i lb. 

To put on rafters, joists, etc., 3 lbs. to 1,000 feet. 

To put up studding, same. 

To lay a 6-inch pine floor, 15 lbs. to 1,000 feet 



29 

LABOR. 

To place joists, etc., on wall, $4 per 1,000. 

Put up jambs and case a door, $1.50. 

Hanging door and locking, 50c. to 75c. 

Fitting sash, 50c. to 75c. 

Casing window, stool and apron, $1.00. 

Hang outside blinds, 500. 

Hang inside blinds, 75c. ; if boxed, $1.00. 

Lay pine floor, 6 in., 30c. per square. 

Lay pine floor, 4 in., 40c. per square. 

Lay walnut floor, 3 in., $1 per square. 

Roof and sheathing, 25c. per square. 

To lay shingles, per 1,000, 75c. per square. 

COST OF PAINTERS' WORK. 

I coat shellac, 50c. per square. 

1 coat lead and oil, 75c. per square. 

2 coats lead and oil, $1.50 per square. 

3 coats lead and oil, $2.50 per square. 
Sanding, i coat, 75c. per square. 
Grain oak, 2 coats, $2.50 per square. 
Grain walnut, 2 coats, $3.00 per square. 
To set glass, 10 per cent, of cost, 
Calciniining, 6oc. to 75c. per square. 

1 coat varnish, 50c. per square. 

Floon, Wall and Roof Measure. 

To find the number of square yards In a floor or wall : RuLK — 
Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet) and divide th* 
product by 9; tha result will be square yards. 

ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS. 

3^ barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, two coats.. 

2 " " " " 100 " " " onecoaL 
1% bushels of hair " 100 « « « 

ij^ yards good sand " 100 ' " " 

^ barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish 100 square yards 
plastering. 

1 barrel Df lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to d& 

2 barrels of lime will lay i cord rubble stone. 

]4. barrel of lime will lay i perch rubble stone. (Estimating % 
cord to perch.) 

To every barrel of liixe estimate about % yards of good sand foi 
plastering and brick vv^rk. 

IRON FURNACES.— There are about 690 iron furnaces in 
the United States. These turned out, in 1882, over 5,ooo,ocvc^ tons 
of pig iron. . * 



30 

THE LARGEST TELESCOPE in the world is the Lord 
Rosse, which has an aperture of seventy-two inches . The larg- 
est in this country is at San Jose, Cal., having an aperture of 
twenty-eight inches . 

Useful Information for Architects and 
Builders. 

NUMBER OF NAILS AND TACKS PER POUND 



NAILS. 

Size. 
6 penny, fence 2 






fine 



.. i3X 

.. 2 ' 

.. 2^/ 

.. 2K 

.. 2^ 

::% 

■ h' 



No 
per lb. 
1 80 nails 

' 50 " 

' 34 " 

' 39 " 
' 760 

' 480 " 

' 300 " 

' 200 " 

' 160 " 

' 128 " 

' 92 " 

' 72 " 

' 60 " 

' 44 " 

' 32 " 

'« 24 ' 



I 


oz. 


x54 


" . 


2 

2>^ 


" : 


3 


" . 


4 
6 


" ; 


8 


" 


10 


" . 


12 


'* . 


14 
16 


1 ; 


18 
20 


« ; 


22 


'* 


24 





TACKS. 
Length. 
. . y^ inch . 

,..3-16 " 

... 3^ " . 

...5-16 . 

... H ' 

....7-16 " . 

. ...Q-16 " 

... H " . 

...11-16 « . 

... K « . 

...13-16 

... Vs « . 

...15-16 " . 

...I " . 

. . .1 1-16 " . 



No. 
per lb. 
. .16,000 
. .10,666 
. . 8,000 
.. 6,400 

...5,333 
. . 4,000 
.. 2,666 
.. 2,000 
.. 1,600 
.• 1,333 
.. 1,143 
.. 1,000 
. . 888 
.. 800 
. . 727 
.. 666 



I 000 shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square 
feet of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. 

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of 
square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the sid- 
ing and matching. 

1,000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 11 lbs. of lathe 
nails will nail them on ; 8 bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, 
and I bushel of hair, will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 
Square yards. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, 
will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

Five courses of brick will lay i foot in height on a chimney; 16 
bricks in a course will make a flue 4 ins. wide and 12 ins. long, and 
8 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 ins. wide and 16 ins. long. 

Cement i bush, and sand 2 bush, will cover 3% sq. yds. i inch 
thick, 4^ sq. yds. ^ inch thick, and 6^ sq. yds. % inch thick; i 
bush, cement and i of sand will cover 2]{ sq yds, i m. thick, 3 
SQuare yards % inch thick, and 4H square yards J^ inch thick. 



31 



Quantity of Bricks Required to Con^ 
struct a Building. 



Swperficial 
Feet of 
Wall 



Number of Bricks to Thickness of 



inch 



30 • 
40. 
SO. 
60. 
70. 
80., 
90., 

TOO , 
200. , 
300.. 
400. , 



7 
15 
23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

150 

225 

30c 

375 

450 

525 

600 

675 

750 

1,500 

2,250 

3,000 



8 inch. 12 inch 16 inch [20 inch 24 inch 



15 
30 
45 
60 

75 
90 

105 
120 

135 
150 
300 
450 
600 

750 
900 
1,050 
1,200 
1,350 
1,500 
3,000 
4,500 
6,000 



45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

158 

180 

203 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1,125 

1,350 

1,575 

1,800 

2,025 

2,250 

4,500 

6,750 

9,000 



29 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

210 

240 

270 

300 

600 

900 

1,200 

1,500 

1,800 

2,100 

2,400 

2,700 

3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

12,000 



37 

75 
113 
150 
188 
225 
263 
300 
338 
375 
750 
1,125 
1,500 

1,875 
2,250 
2,625 
3,000 
3,375 
3,750 
7,500 
11,250 
15,000 



45 
90 

135 
180 
225 
270 

315 

360 

405 

45c 

90c 

1,350 

1,800 

2,25c 

2, 70c 

3,15c 

3,60c 

4,05c 

4,500 

9,000 

13,500 

18.000 



VALUE OF DIAMONDS. 

Diamonds averagmg one-half carat each, $60 per carat 

Diamonds averaging three-quarters carat each, $80 per' carat 

Diamonds averaging one carat each, $100 per carat 

caraf^'^'' averaging one and one-quarter carats each, $110 pei 

camt^"''''''^^ averaging one and one-half carats each, $120 per 

pe^carar"^^ averaging one and three-quarters carats each, $145 

Diamonds averaging two carats each, $175 per carat 
r.Hn oV>='^°''^?'/^^r^'^^^"!.°^*^^ gem increases in the geometrical 
^XnrllV^'^^u . Four diamonds weighing together^two carats 
lU Si ^'^'''' ^"l- "^ diamond weighing just as much is worth 
IP350. btones weighing over two carats are about the same price 
per carat as two-carat stones- they should be dearer, but they are 
not sxmply because the demand for them is limited. If the demand 
lor diamonds were as imperative as the demand for flour or beef, 
the geometrical ratio would again come into play, and five-carat 
•tones would ne valued in the thousands. 



< bA 





< 


OS 

bo . 

■u 

l.i 
-^ 

(A '^ 

11 


Joists. 


«' S 2 M 
^xxx 


CO 

HJ 
Sc3 
Q 

o 

O 

< 

Du, 




r^ X X • 


4) 
O 




Inches. 

I2Xl6 
12Xl8 

14x18 


y 

00 


Inches. 
12x13 
12x14 
12x15 




Inches. 
8x12 
9x12 
10x12 


*1 

3DU 


h;sici 


aj « 't- 

D M W H 



^ .. 

O t3 

«.3 



H ii 





-^00 N w tr» ON ■♦ 
fO CO ro ■<*■ '^ w» u> lO'O 


X 

0) 

§ 


f«vO 0\ w tooo w -♦ 


d 


P.- 


00 o» »-" «' tn "♦ »ovo 







33 



v2 



o 






in 


'O 


O; 


V 


U 




Q 


rt 


O 


V 


Cc 


u 


o 



j^- CX3 C:^ Ch O ONC^MMCjCNNrOfOM-^ 



^ "O tvOO >0 00 00 

'5 ><><>< X >< X 






1) ;^ J^ J^'O VO t>.0O OO OO 00 



^mShSJS!'*'^^'*"'^ ^^ ^ t^OO °0 



'Sv^vi^.^ '^ ^ ^ X >< X >< ^ ^ 



M o o o o'* 



34 
The Use of the Steel Square. 

The standard steel square hasablade24incheslon^ and 2 Inches 
wide, and a tongue from 14 to 18 inches long and i^inches wide. 
The blade is exactly at right angles with the tongue, and the angle 
formed by them an exact right angle, or square corner, A. proper 
square should have the ordinary divisions of inches, half inches, 
quarters and eighths, and often sixteenths and thirty-seconds. 
Another portion of the square is divided into twelfths of an inch; 
this portion is simply a scale of 12 feet to an inch, used for any pur- 
pose, as measuring scale drawings, etc The diagonal scale on the 
tongue near the blade, often found on squares, is thus termed from 
its diagonal lines However, the proper term is centesimal scale, 
for the reason that by it a unit may be divided into 100 equal parts, 
and therefore any number to the looth part of a unit may be 
expressed In this scale A B is one inch; then, if it be required to 
take off 73-100 inches, set one foot of the compasses in the third 
parallel under i at E, extend the other foot to the seventh diagonal 
in that parallel at G, and the distance between E G is that required, 
for E F is one inch and F G 73 parts of an inch. 

Upon one side of the blade of the square, running parallel with 
the length, will be found nine lines, divided at intervals of one inch 
into sections or spaces by cross lines This is the plank, board and 
scantling measure. On each side of the cross lines referred to are 
figures, sometimes on one side of the cross line and often spread 
over the line, thus, i | 4 — 9 j — We will suppose we have a board 
12 feet long and 6 inches wide. Looking on the outer edge of the 
blade we find 12; between the fifth and sixth lines, under 12, will 
be found 12 again; this is the length of the board. Now follow the 
space along toward the tongue till we come to the cross line under 
6 (on the edge of the blade), this being the width of the board; in 
this space will be lound the figure 6 again, which is the answer in 
board measure, viz., six feet 

On some squares will be found on one side of the blade 9 lines, 
and crossing these lines diagonally to the right are rows of figures, 
as seven is, seven 2s, seven 3s, etc. This is another style of board 
measure and gives the feet in a board according to its length and 
width. 

In the center of the tongue will generally be found two parallel 
lines, half an inch apart, with figures between them ; this is termed 
the Brace Rule. Near the extreme end of the tongue will be found 
24-24 and to the right of these 33.95. The 24-24 indicate the two 
sides of a right- angle-triangle, while the length of the brace is indi- 
cated by 33 . 95 . This will explain the use of any of the figures in 
the brace rule. On the opposite side of the tongue from the brace 
rule will generally be found the octagon scale, situated between 
>wo central parallel lines This space is divided into intervals and 
slumbered thus; 10, 20, 30, 40. 50, 60. Suppose it becomes neces- 
sary to describe an octagon ten inches square ; draw a square ten 
inches each way and bisect the square with a horizontal and per- 
pendicular center line- To find the length of the octagon line, 
place one point of the compasses on any of the main divisions of the 
scale and the other leg or point on the tenth subdivision . This 



35 

length being m«asured off on each side of center lines, touching 
the line of the octagon, will give the points from which to draw the 
octagonal lines^. The size of the octagon must equal the number of 
spaces taken off from the tongue by the compasses. 

Weight of a Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone, 
Metal, &.C. 



Article. 



Lbs. \ Article. 



Alcohol 49 

Ash Wood 53 

Bay Wood 51 

Brass, gun metal 543 

Brandy 58 

Beer. 65 

Blood 66 

Brick, common 102 

Cork... IS 

Cedar 35 

Copper, cast 547 

Copper, plates 543 

Clay 120 

Coal, Lehigh 56 

Coal, Lackawanna 50 

Cider 64 

Chestnut 38 

Ebony 83 

Earth, loose 94 

Glass, Window 165 

Gold 1,203^ 

Hickory, pig nut - 49 

Hickory, shell-bark 43 

Hay, bale 9 

Hay, pressed 25 

Honey 90 

Iron, cast 450 

Iron, plates 481 

Iron, wrought bars 486 

Ice 571^ 

Lignum Vitae Wood 83 

Logwood 57 



Lbs. 



Lead, cast 709 

Lead, rolled 711 

Milk 64 

Maple 47 

Mortar no 

Mud 102 

Marble, Italian 169 

Marble, Vermont 165 

Mahogany 66 

Oak, Canadian 54 

Oak, live, seasoned 67 

Oak, white, dry 54 

Oil, linseed 59 

Pine, yellow 34 

Pine, white 34 

Pine, red 37 

Pine, well seasoned 30 

Platina 1,219 

Red Hickory 52 

Silver 625^ 

Steel, plates A^iYa 

Steel, soft 489 

Stone, common, a'bout 158 

Sand, wet, about 128 

Spruce 3^ 

Tin 455 

Tar 63 

Vinegar 67 

Water, salt 64 

Water, rain 62 

Willow 36 

Zinc, cast 428 



Gomposition of Solders. 

Fine Solder is an alloy of two parts of Block Tin and one part of 
Lead. Glazing Solder is equal parts of Block Tin and Lead. 
Plumbing Solder, one part Block Tin, two parts Lead . 

AVERAGE WEIGHT of an American man is 1413^ pounds; 
of a woman, 124^ pounds. 



36 

oost of Tin Roofing per Square and pen 
Square Foot. 

The following table shows the cost per square and per square 
foot of tin roofing, laid with 14x20 tin, with tin at any price from 
$4 to $10 per box. The first column contains the price per box of 
tin; the second column shows the cost of tin per square (100 square 
jfeet) of surface, and the third column shows the cost of tin per 
square foot of surface : 

FLAT SEAM ROOFING-- COST WITH 14x20 TIN. 





Cost per 






Cost per 




Price of 


square of 




Price of 


square of 




Tin per 


flat roof 


Cost per 


Tin per 


fiat roof 


Cost per 


box. 


14x20 Tin. 


sq. foot. 


box. 


14x20 Tin. 


sq. foot 


$4-25 


..$2.21 


... .0221 


$8.25.... 


.. .$4.29 


. . . .0420 


4-50 


.. 2.34.... 


... .0234 


8.50.... 


... 4.42.... 


... .0442 


4.75 


.. 2.47 


. . . .0247 


8.75.... 


.- 4.5s.-. 


... 0455 


5 00 


. . 2.60 


. . .0260 


9.00 


... 4.68... 


. . .0468 


5-25 


• 2-73-.-. 


. . . .0273 


9.25... 


. . 4-8i.... 


. . .0481 


5-50 


.. 286.... 


. .. 0286 


9.50... 


... 4.94. .. 


. . .0494 


5-75 


.. 2.99.... 


... .0299 


9-75--. 


... 5.07.... 


.,. 0507 


6 00 ,.c . 


.. 3.12.... 


. . .^312 


10.00 . 


..,5.20.... 


. . . 0520 


6.25..... 


.. 3-25---- 


... .0325 


10 25... 


. 5.33- • 


•0533 


6.50. ,. . . 


.. 3.38.... 


.. .0338 


10.50. . . 


.. . S.46 .. 


. .0546 


6.75. ... 


-. 351.... 


. •• -0351 


10.75... 


.. 5.59- • '• 


... 0559 


7.00 


.. 3-64. ... 


. . .0364 


11.00-. . 


.... 5.72.-.. 


. 0572 


7-25 


. 377.... 


' • .0377 


12.25.., 


... 5.85-- • 


... .0585 


7-50 ...' 


.. 3.90.,.. 


.. .0390 


11.50 . . 


.- 5.98.. 


... .0598 


7.75..... 


.. 4.03-... 


... .0403 


11 75. . 


. . 611 ... 


.. .0611 


8.00 


. 4.16.... 


. . . .0416 


12.00 . . 


. 6.24... 


. . .0624 


STAND n 


^G SEAM 


ROOFIN 


G — COS 


r WITH 14x20 TIN. 




Cost per 






Cost per 






Square of 






square ot 




Price of s 


>tand'g seam 




Price of 


stand' g seam 


Tin per 


roof with 


Cost pel 


Tin per 


roof with 


Cost per 


box. 


14x20 Tin. 


sq. foot 


box. 


14x20 Tin. 


sq. foot 


$4 25 


...$2.37.-.. 


0237 


$ 725 - 


.4403 . 


. . .0403 


4,50. . 


.. 2.51..-. 


0251 


7.50..^ 


. :. 4.17 -• 


... .0417 


4. 75 


.. 2.65 

.. 2,79. ... 


0265 

0279 


7 7"? - . 


... a. "il ... 


0431 


5.00 


8 00. , 


• • • f D'- 

.. 4-45 ■•• 


.0445 


5.25.... » 


... 2.93.,.. 


0293 


825... 


.... 4.59 •• 


. .0459 


5.50. ... 


... 3.06... 
. .. 5.20.... 


0306 

0320 


8.50... 
8.75... 


4 73 • • . 


. . .0473 


5-75 


... 4 87.... 


. . . 0487 


6.00 


... 3.34.... 
... 3.48... 


0334 

0348 


9 00 . . 
9 25... 


... 5 01. ... 


... .0501 


6.25 


... 5 15. •• 


... .0515 


6.50. . . . 


.. 3.62. ... 


0362 

. . . .0376 


9.50... 
0-75. •• 


... •> 20. , . . 


. . . .0529 


6.75 


... 3.76. .. . 


... J ^y . , . . 

.... 5 43 ••• 


.. .0543 


7.00 . . 


. ., 3.90.... 


.. .0390 


10 00 . . , 


e ^7 . . 


,0557 




- . 5 / ... 





37 

Cost of Tin Roofing pen Square — con^ 
tinued. 

FLAT SEAM ROOFING— COST WITH 20x28 TIN. 





Cost per 




Cost per 




Price of 


square of 


Price of 


square of 




Tin per 


flat roof Cost per 


Tin per 


flat roof 


Cost per 


box 


20x28 Ti 


n. sq. foot. 


box. 


20x28 Tin. 


sq. foot. 


$8.00 


..$2.0T 


0201 


$16.00... 


....$4.01.... 


. . . .0401 


8.50 


• 2.13 


0213 


16.50... 


4.13. .. 


. . .0413 


9.00 


. . 2.26 


0226 


17.Q0... 


. . . . 4.26. .. . 


. . . .0426 


9-50 


.. 2.38 


0238 


17.50... 


.... 4.38.... 


... .0438 


10.00 


.. 2.51 


0251 


18.00... 


.... 4.51.... 


... .0451 


10.50 


.. 2.63 


0263 


18.50... 


.... 4.63.... 


. . .0463 


II ,00 


. . 2.76 


0276 


19.00, . . 


.... 4.76.... 


... .0476 


II 50 


.. 2.83 


0288 


19.50... 


.. . 4.88.... 


... .0488 


12 00 .... 


.. 3.00 


0300 


20.00. . . 


. ... 5.01.... 


. . . .0501 


12.50 .... 


•' 3-13 


0313 


20 50. . . 


•••• 5-13 


• . • .0513 


13 . 00 


•• 3-25 


... .. .0325 


21.00. .. 


.... 5.26.... 


. . . .0526 


13 so 


... 3.38 


0338 


21 50... 


.... 5.38 ... 


... .0538 


14.00 


• 3-50 


0350 


22 00. . 


.... 5 5x.. 


■ . .0551 


14.50 


. 3 63 


0363 


22 50 . . . 


.... 5 63.... 


.-. .0563 


15.00 


• 3-75 


0375 


23.00. .. 


. .. 5.76.... 


. . .0576 


15 50. .. 


... 3.88 


0388 









STANDING SEAM ROOFING— COST WITH 20x28 TIN. 



Price of 
Tin per 

box. 
2p8.oo. , . 


Cost per 
square of 
standi'g seam 
roof with C 
20x28 Tin . sc 


ost per 

, foot. 

.0215 

.0228 

0241 
.0255 
.0268 

0282 
■0295 
.0309 
.0321 

0335 
.0348 
=0362 
.0375 
.0389 
.0402 

0415 
.0429 


Price of 
Tin per 

box. 

$16.50.. 
17.00 . 
17.50.. 
18.00.. 
18.50.. 
19.00 . 
:9 50-. 


Cost per 

square of 

standi'g seam 

roof with 

20x28 Tin. 

• • $4.42 

••• 4 56 

. .. 4.69... . 

4 82 

. .» 4.96 

•••• 5.09 

•• • 5.23 

K •36 


Cost per 
sq. foot. 
.. .0442 
. .0456 
.. .0469 
. . .0482 
.. .0496 
.. .0509 
.. .0523 
.. .0536 
. . .0549 
. .0563 
.. .0576 
.. .0590 
. .0603 
. . .0617 
. . 0630 
.. .0643 


8 50... 
9.00. . 

9 50 .. 

TO 00. . . 
10 50 . . . 


. . . 2.28 . 
2.41 

• • - 2-55 

2.68 

2 82 . . . 


11. 00 . 
11.5c. . 


2.95 

.GO 


12 00. . 


•• • 3 21 

.-^ 3-35... .. 

3 ^8 






12 50. . 

13 00. . . 


21.00. 
21.50 . 
22.00 . 
22 50 . 


■ • «> jy 

. . 5-63 .... 

5.76 

• 590 

. - 6 03 

.... 6 17.... 


13 50 . . . 


:? 62 


14.00 . . 
14.50. . 


. ... 3 75 .... 

• . • • 3 89 

402.- , . 

4 15 •• 

.. . 4.29 . .. , 


15.00. ... 
15 50.. 
16.00 . 


23.50 . 
24.00 


... 6 30 
.643 



38 
The Fastest Locomotive Ever Built. 

The largest and fastest passenger engine ever built was by the 
Rhode Island Locomotive Works, for the New York, Providence 
and Boston Railroad Company The main driving wheels are 
six feet in diameter and set but seven feet six inches apart. This 
arrangement makes her run easily on curves. The cylinders are 
eighteen inches in diameter, with twenty-four-inch stroke,. The 
boiler is fifty-four inches m diameter at the smoke-stack, with a 
wagon top. It extends to the very end of the cab, and necessitates 
the elevation of the engineer's seat to a height far above the fire- 
door. The fire required three tons of coal before the engine pulled 
out of the round-house to make her trips, and four tons will be 
carried on the tender. The tank of the latter will hold 4,000 gallons 
of water, and the total weight of the engine proper is 93,000 to 
95,000 pounds. The weight on the driving wheel will be 66,000 
pounds, or 4,800 more than the Connecticut 

She looks to be enormously high as sh-e sets up well in the air, 
and her short smoke-stack adds to her apparent height. Every 
thing about her is steel. There is not a particle of brass or bright 
work about her. She will make the run from Providence to 
Oroton, Conn., a distance of 62.5 miles, including a dead stop at 
Mystic drawbridge, as required by the statutes of Connecticut, in 
just 62.5 minutes, pulling at the same time eight cars *"our of which 
are Pullmans • 

Notable Bridges of the World. 

Sublician bridge, at Rome, oldest wooden bridge; seventh 
century. Twice rebuilt, but ruins only remain. 

The bridge at Burton, over the Trent; once the longest bridge 
in England; 1,545 feet. 

The old London bridge was the first stone bridge. Commenced 
tn 1x76, completed in 1209. 

The bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, built in 1569; marble; 
322 feet long 

The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice, over which condemned prisoners 
passed to execution, was built in 1589. 

The Rialto, at Venice, a single marble arch, built from designs 
of Michael Angelo, 98^ feet long; completed 1591. 

Coalbrookdale bridge, Eagland, was the first cast-iron bridge. 
Built over the Severn in 1779. 

New London Dridge, granite, from designs by L. Rennler. 
Commenced in 1824, completed in about seven years; cost 
$7,291,000. 

The Britannia bridge, over the Menai Strait, Wales, 103 feet 
above high water. Wrought iron, r.,511. feet long, finished in 1850. 
Cost, $3,008,000. 

The Niagara Suspension bridge was built by Roebling, in 1852- 
55. Cost, $400,000; 245 feet above water, 1,268 feet long, esti- 
tnated 1,200 tons. 

Havre de Grace, over the Susquehanna, 3,271 feet long. 

Brooklyn Bridge was commenced under the direction of J. 



39 

Roebling In 1870, an completed in about thirteen years; 3,475 feet 
long, 135 feet high. Cost nearly $15,000,000. 

The Canti-Lever bridge, 1884, over the Niagara, steel. Length 
010 feet; total weight, 3,000 tons; cost was $222,000. 

Rush street bridge, Chicago, 111., 1884, cost $132,000; the larg- 
est general traffic drawbridge in the world. Will accommodate 
four teams abreast, and its foot passages are seven feet wide in 
the clear. Swung by steam power and lighted by electric light. 

Cincinnati, over Ohio river (suspension), 2,220 feet long. 

Trajans, over Danube river (stone), 4,770 feet long. 

Highbridge, Harlem (stone), 1,460 feet long. 

Victoria, Montreal (tubular), 9,144 feet long. 

Louisville, over Ohio river (truss), 5,218 feet long. 

St. Louis, over the Mississippi (steel), 2,045 feet long. 

Height of Principal Monumen-ts and 
Towers. 

Places. Names. Feet° 

EgyiDt Pyramid of Cheops 48" • 

Belgium..... Antwerp Cathedral 476 

France Strasburg Cathedral 474 

Egypt Pyramid of Cephrenes 456 

Rome St. Peter's Church 448 

Germany St. Martin's Church at Landshut... 411 

England St. Paul's Church, London 365 

England Salisbury Cathedral 400 

Italy Cathedral at Florence .^ 38^ 

Lombardy Cathedral at Cremona 397 

Germany Church at Fribourg 386 

Spain Cathedral of Seville 360 

Lombardy. .., Cathedral of Milan 355 

Holland Cathedral of Utrecht 356 

Egypt Pyramid of Sakkarah 356 

Bavaria Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich . 348 

Venice St. Mark's Church 328 

Italy... Assinelli Tower, Bologna 272 

New York Trinity Church 284 

Hindostan Column at Delhi 262 

China Porcelain Tower, Nankin 260 

Paris Church of Notre Dame 224 

Massachusetts Bunker Hill Monument 221 

Italy Leaning Tower of Pisa 179 

Baltimore. Washington Monument 175 

Paris Monument, Place Vendome 153 

Italy Trajan's Pillar, Rome 151 

Pans Obelisk of Luxor no 

ANDERSONVILLE. — The total number of deaths in Ander- 
•onvllle prison was 12,462, about one-third of which took place in 
the stockade and two-thirds In the hospital. The greatest number 
imprisoned at any one time was 33,006. Number of escapes, 3280 



40 



Important Events of the Late CiviS War. 

A CORRECT AND CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE VICTORIES AND DE- 
FEATS AND IMPORTANT BATTLES. 

NOVEMBER, i860. 

loth — Bill to equip and raise 10,000 volunteers introduced in 
South Carolina Legislature. 

i8th — Georgia Legislature voted $1,000,000 to arm the State. 

2oth-23d — Specie payment suspended by banks in Richmond, 
Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia and Trenton, also generally 
through the South. 

DECEMBER, i860. 

3d — A John Brown anniversary meeting in Boston broken up by 
riot. 

loth — Louisiana Legislature voted $500,000 to arm the State. 
24th — Election in Alabama — 60,000 majority for secession. 
27th — Troops ordered out in Charleston 

JANUARY, 1861. 

5th — Steamer Star of the West sailed from N. Y with supplies 
and reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston on 9th, 
was fired upon and driven back to sea; returned to N. Y. on 12th 
with two shot holes in her hull. 

7th — Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a secession speech in 
U. S. Senate. 

i8th — Virginia Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 for the de- 
fense of the State. 

2ist — Jefferson Davis withdrew from U. S. Senate. 

31st — U. S. mint at New Orleans seized by State authorities. 

FEBRUARY, 1861. 

9th — Jefferson Davis elected President of C. S. A. 

gth — U. S. $25,000,000 loan bill signed by the President. 

MARCH, 1861. 

4th — Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President. 
26th — Sam Houston, Governor of Texas, deposed for refusal to 
take an oath of allegiance to the C. S. A. 

MAY, 1861. 

2d — N, Y. 69th Rej^iment arrived in Washington. 
5th — General Butler took possession of Relay House, 
nth — Charleston blockade established. 

17th — C. S. Congress authorized issue of $50,000,000 8 % zo-yeai 
bonds. 

29th — President Davis reached Richmond. 
31st — Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax C. H., Va. 



41 
JUNE, 1861. 

*d— Battle of Philllppo, Va. ; Confederates routed. 

loth — Battle of Big Bethel, Va. ; Union forces repulsed. 

nth — Col. Wallace routed Confederate force of 800 at Romney, 
Va. 

14th — Confederates evacuated and burned Harper's Ferry, Va. 

38th — Battle of Booneville, Mo.; Confederates routed by Gen. 
I.yon. 

23d — Forty-eight B. & O. R. R. locomotives, valued at $400,000,^ 
destroyed by Confederates. 

29th — General Council of War held at Washington. 

JULY, 1861. 

5th — President Lincoln called for 400,000 men and $400,000,000 
to put down the rebellion. 

5th— Battle of Carthage, Mo. 

10th— Battle of Laurel Hill. 

nth — Battle at Rich Mountain. 

i8th--First Battle of Bull Run. 

2ist — Second Battle of Bull Run. Conflict lasted ten hours, 
when panic seized Union forces and they fled in disorder to Wash- 
ington. The loss was : 

Confederate, 630 killed; 2,235 wounded; 150 missing — 3,015. 

Union, 481 " 1,011 " 1,216 " — 2,698. 

The number engaged were : Union 40,000 vs. Confederate 47,000^ 
which were reinforced during the battle by 20,000 or 25,000. 

AUGUST, 1861. 

2d— Battle of Dug Spring, Mo. 

4th — Battle of Athens, Mo. 

7th — Hampton, Va., burned by Confederates. 

8th — Battle of Lovettsville, Va. ; Confederates routed. 

loth — Battle of Wilson Creek, Mo. Union force, 5,200; Con- 
federate force, 15,000. After six hours fighting, Confederates 
repulsed. 

14th — Martial law declared in St. Louis. 

15th — President Davis ordered all Northern men to leave the 
Confederacy within forty days. 

20th — Skirmish of Hawk's Nest, Va. ; 4,000 Confederates 
attacked nth Ohio Regt. ; driven back with 50 killed. 

28th — Bombardment and capture of Forts Clark and Hatteras. 
Confederate loss, 765 prisoners and 1,000 stand of arms. 

29th — Lexington, Mo., attacked. 

SEPTEMBER, 1861. 

6th — Paducah, Ky., occupied by United States forces. 

10th — Battle of Carnifex Ferry, Va. 

18th — Banks at New Orleans suspended specie payment. 

20th — Col. Mulligan surrendered at Lexington, Mo., with 2,500 
men, to the Confederates. 

24th — Romney, Va., stormed and captured by United States 
troops. 



42 

OCTOBER, x86i. 
3d — Battle at Greenbrier, Va. 
7th — Gen. W. T. Sherman relieved. 
i6th— Battle near Pilot Knob, Mo. 
2ist— Battle of Balls Bluff. 
2ist— Battle of Wild Cat, Ky. 
28th— Battle of Cromwell, Ky. 

NOVEMBER, 1861. 

ist — Winfield Scott, Commander of the United States army, 
retired, and Maj.-Gen. Geo. B. McClellan was appointed in his 
place. 

7th — Great naval fight off Hilton Head. 

8th— Battle of Belmont, Mo. 

nth— Battle of Piketon, Ky. 

19th — English packet Trent boarded by Capt. Wilkes, and 
Mason and Slidell captured. On the 24th inst. they were placed 
in Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, from which they were released on 
January i, 1862, on a demand of the British government. 

DECEMBER, 1861. 
2d — Naval engagement at Newport News. 
9th — Congress passed bill authorizing exchange of prisoners, 
loth — Shelling of Free Stone Point by Union gunboats. 
20th — Battle of Drainsville, Mo. 

30th — Banks of New York, Philadelphia, Albany and Boston 
suspended specie payment. 

JANUARY, 1862. 
2d— Battle on Point Royal Island, S. C. 
loth— Battle of Middle Creek, Ky. 

19th — Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. Confederate loss, 192 killed, 
68 wounded, 89 prisoners ; Union loss, 39 killed, 207 wounded. 

FEBRUARY, 1862. 

6th — Fort Henry captured by Union soldiers. 

7th and 8th — Battle of Roanoke Island. Union loss, 50 killed, 
222 wounded; Confederate loss, 13 killed, 39 wounded, 2,527 pris- 
oners. 

13th — Battle of Fort Donelson, which was kept up incessantly 
till the 1 6th, when the fort was surrendered to the Union forces. 
Union loss, 446 killed, 1,735 wounded, 150 prisoners; Confederate 
loss, 237 killed, 1,007 wounded, 13,300 prisoners. 

2ist — Battle near Fort Craig, N. M. Union loss, 162 killed, 40 
wounded. 

MARCH, 1862. 

6th to 8th — Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. Union loss, 203 
killed, 972 wounded, 176 missing; Confederate loss, 1,100 killed, 
2,400 wounded, 1,600 prisoners. 
^ 9th — First encounter of iron clad vessels, " Monitor " and ** Mer- 
rimac," in which th^ Merrimac was defsated. 

10th — Manassas, Va., evacuated by rebels. 



43 

i4th~Battle of Newbern, N. C. 
23d— Battle of Winchester, Va. 
28th— Battle of Valies Ranch, N. M. 

31st — B. & O. R. R. reopened, after having been closed nearly 
a year, 

APRIL, 1862. 

6th and 7th — Battle of Pittsburg Landing. Union los^ : 1,735 
killed, 7,822 wounded, 4,044 missing. Over 3,000 Confederates 
were buried on the field- 

7th — Island No. 10, Mississippi River, surrendered after a 23 
days' bombardment. Confederate loss : 125 guns, 13 steamersj 
10,000 small arms, 2,000 horses, 1,000 wagons, and over 6,000 pris- 
oners. 

9th — " Shiloh," the famous battle, fought. 

nth — Pulaski surrendered after a thirty-hour bombardment 

i6th— Battle of Lee's Mills. 

19th — Battle of Camden, North Carolina. 

26th — Commodore Farragut demanded the surrender of New 
Orleans. 

MAY, 1862. 

ist — New Orleans captured by Union forces. 

5th — Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia. 

8th— Battle of West Point, Virginia. 

loth — Surrender of Norfolk, Virginia. 

loth — General Butler captured $800,000 in gold at New Orleans, 

23d — Battle of Front Royal, Virginia. 

2Sth — Battle of Winchester, Virginia. 

27th — Battle of Corinth. 

31st— Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia. 

31st — ^Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia. 

JUNE, 1862. 

4th — Battle of Tranter's Creek, North Carolina. 
6th — Great gun-boat fight before Memphis, at the close of which 
Memphis surrendered unconditionally. 
8th — Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia. 
9th — Battle of Pt. Republic, Virginia. 
26th — Battle at Mechanicsville, Virginia. 
27th — Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi. 
30th — Battle of White Oak Swamp. 

JULY, 1862. 

ist — Battle of Maivern Hill, the last of the seven days* fight 
before Richmond. Total Union loss was 15,224, of which 1,565 
were killed. 

1st — President Lincoln called for 600,000 men. 

5th — Bombardment of Vicksburg. 

17th — Postage stamps made a legal tender. 

2oth — Morgan's Guerillas overtaken and scattered. 



44 

AUGUST, 1862. 

4th — President Lincoln ordered 300,00c men to be drafted 

5th — Battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 

5th — Attack on Fort Donelson, Tennessee. 

9th — Battle of Cedar Mountain. 

2ist — Five Confederate regiments crossed the Rappahannock and 
almost walked into the masked batteries of General Sigel, which 
opened lire on them with grape and canister, mowing them down 
by scores, 700 being killed and 2,000 captured. 

AUGUST, 1862. 
•28th — Battle near Centre ville, Mo. 
28th — Union forces evacuated Fredricksburg, Va. 
29th — Battle at Groveton, near Bull Run, Va. 
30th — Groveton battle renewed. Gen. Pope defeated. 
30th — Battle near Richmond, Ky. Union forces defeated; 200 
killed, 700 wounded and 2,000 prisoners taken. 

SEPTEMBER, 1862. 

ist — Battle near Chantilly, Va. 

1st — Battle at Briton's Lane, Tenn. 

12th — Harper's Ferry invested by Confederates. 

14th — Battle of South Mountain, Md. Union loss, 2,325. 

15th — Harper's Ferry surrendered; 11,500 Federals surren- 
dered. 

17th — Battle of Anttetam. Each army numbered about 100,000 — 
Union loss, 12,469; Confederate loss, 25,542. 

17th — Munfords ville, Ky., surrendered to the Confederates; 
4,600 Unionists captured. 

20th — Battle of Inka, Miss 

•22d — Emancipation proclamation issued. 

OCTOBER, 1862. 

3d and 4th — Battle of Corinth, Miss. Union loss, 2,359; Confed- 
erate loss, 9,363. 

8th and 9th— Batde of Perryville, Mo. 

15th — Heavy fight between Lexington and Richmond, Ky. 

18th — Morgan, the raider, dashed into Lexington and captured 
125 prison e-rs 

22d — Battle of Maysville, Ark, 

NOVEMBER, 1862. 

IS \rtillery fight at Philmont, Va. 

3d — Reconnoisance at the base of Blue Ridge Mountain — 
Confederates literally'- driven into the river and drowned by scores. 

4th — Galveston, Tex., surrendered. 

16th — Capt. Dahlgren, with 54 men, dashed into Fredricksburg, 
Va., and routed 500 Confederates. 

2ist — Gen. Sumner demanded the surrender of FredricksbuTg, 
Va. 

27th — Battle near Frankfort, Va. 

28th— Battle of Cane Hill, Ark. 



45 

DECEMBER, 1862. 

4th — Winchester, Va., captured by Union soldiers. 

5th — Battle near Coffeeville, Miss. 

7th — Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark. 

nth — Fredricksburg, Va., shelled by Federalists 

i2th — Fredricksburg captured. 

13th — Battle of Fredricksburg, Va. 

29th — Gen. Sherman repulsed by the Confederates, 

31st — Battle of Murfreesboro, 

JANUARY, 1863. 

ist — Battle of Galveston. 

ist — Battle of Murfreesboro renewed, with fearful results to the 
Federals. Union loss was 1,500 killed, 6,000 wounded and 4,00c 
prisoners taken, 

7th— Battle of Springfield, Mo 

MARCH, 1863. 

2ist — Battle of Cottage Grove, Tenn. 

28th — Battle of Somerville, Ky. 

MAY, 1863. 

2d — Battles of Fort Gibson, Miss., and Chancelorville, Va. 

12th — Battle of Raymond, Miss. 

i6th — Battle of Champion Hill, Miss 

17th — Battle of Big Black River, Miss. 

19th — Repulse of the first Vicksburg assault 

JUNE, 1863. 
15th — Battle of Winchester, Va. 

25th — Chambersburg, Pa , captured by Confederates* 
30th — Battle of Hanover Junction, Va. 

JULY, 1863. 
2d — Battle of Gettysburg. 
4th — Gen. Grant captured Vicksburg. 
9th — Surrender of Point Hudson, 
loift — Repulse of the assault on Fort Wagner 
13th — Commencement of the New York draft riots 

AUGUST, 1863. 
20th — Lawrence, Kansas, was burned. 

OCTOBER, 1863 
17th — President Lincoln called 300,000 more men. 

NOVEMBER, 1863. 
15th — Battle of Campbell's Station. 

24th — Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge were 
fought at Chattanooga, Tenn. 

''^ MARCH, 1864. 

17th— General Grant assumed command of all the armies of the 
United States. 



46 

MAY, 1864. 

4th — The army of tne Potomac crossed the RapidAH, an^ 
encamped in the "Wilderness." 

5th and 6th — Battles of the Wilderness, Virginia. 

6th — General Sherman began his Atlanta campaign. 

9th — Battle of Spottsylvania, Virginia. 

14th — Battle of Recasa, Georgia. 

25th — Battle of New Hope Church Station, Georgia 

26th — The Confederates were repulsed in an attack on City 
Point, Virginia 

JUNE, 1864. 

ist — Battle of Cold Harbor, Virgmia. 

3d— A battle was fought near Cold Harbor, Virginia. 

i6th — Federals were defeated in an attack on Petersburg, Va. 

19th — The investment of Petersburg, Virginia, was begur 

19th — The Alabama was sunk off Cherbourg, France, >- the 
Kearsarge 

2ist and 22d — The Federals were repulsed in attacks upor he 
Weldon railroad, Virginia 

27th — Battle of Kenesaw Mountain 

28th — The Confederates moved on Washington by way of the 
Shenandoah Valley, Virgmia 

JULY, 1864. 

9th— Battle of Monocacy River, Maryland. 

20th — Battle of Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, 

22d— Battle of Decatur, Georgia. 

30th— Another unsuccessful assault was made by the Federals 
upon Petersburg. Virginia 

AUGUST, 1864 

6th — Fort Gaines, in Mobile Bay, surrendered to Admiral 
barragut. 

2ist — The Weldon railroad captured. 

31st — ^The battle of Jonesborough. 

SEPTEMBER, 1864, 

2d— The Federals entered Atlanta. 
19th — The battle of Winchester, Virginia, 
22d — ^The battle of Fisher's Creek, Virginia. 
30th — Battle at Peebles' Farm, Virginia. 
OCTOBER, i864> 
2d — Battle of Holston River, Virginia. 
6th — Battle of Allatoona Pass, Georgia. 
19th — Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia. 
27th — ^The Federals were repulse-d at Hatcher's Run, Virginia, 

NOVEMBER, 1864. 
s6th — General Sherman began his march to the sea. 

> DECEMBER, 1864. 

13th — Fort McAllister was captured by the Federals. 
iSth — ^The battle of Nashville, Tennessee. 



47 

2Sth — The Federals were repulsed in an attack upon Fort 
Fisher, North Carolina. 

JANUARY, 1865 
T5th — Fort Fisher, N. C, was captured by the Federals. 

FEBRUARY, 1865. 
5th — The Federals were repulsed at Hatcher's Run, Virginia, 

MARCH, 1865. 
i6th — Battle of Averysborough, North Carolina 
i&th — Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina 

25th — Fort Steadman, near Petersburg, was captured by the 
Confederates, and recaptured by the Federals 
31st — ^The battle of Five Forks, Virginia 

APRIL, 1865. 
26. — Richmond was evacuated by the Coniederates 
9te — Lee surrendered with 26,115 men. 
6th — Battle of Farmville, Virginia. 

9th — General Lee with his army surrender to General Grant at 
Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 

13th — Mobile surrendered to a combined army and naval 
attack. 

14th — The flag General Anderson had lowered at Fort Sumter 
was restored to its position. 

14th — President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington. He 
was shot in the back of the head at Ford's Theater by Wilkes 
Booth, and died next morning. 

15th — Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, took the oath of office as 
President. 

25th — Wilkes Booth shot in a barn in Virginia and died in 
wenty-four hours 

26th — General Johnson surrendered to General Sherman in 
North Carolina. 

MAY, 1865. 
5th — Galveston, Texas, surrendered to the Federals, 
loth — Jeff. Davis captured in Georgia. 

13th — A skirmish took place near Brazos, in Eastern Texas. 
26th — ^The Confederates in Texas, under General Kirby Smith, 
surrendered. 

The armies of the East and West were disbanded and returned 
home, after a review at Washington. 

JUNE, 1865. 
6th — An order was issued for the release of all prisoners or war 
{n the depots of the North. 

JULY, 1865. 
7th — Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne and Azertoth hanged at 
Washington for conspiracy in the murder of Lincoln. 
DECEMBER, 1865. 
i8th — Secretary Seward officially declared slavery abolished. 



48 



O 

w 

o> 

Pi 
> 

03 



cj !_ >H c^ .3 o 

I'd S oo5 

y; OJ o 9 '^ SI! 

^ S ^ cut:5 tJ3 

rj rt }_ r-H C rj 

T -t-' <U '^ rt OS 

'U^B ^ > ^ ^ ^ 



O to ^^ 






cJ <D 1^ 0)*+:; 



r»-< rs ^ -UJ '^ t/3 ti 

f/3 ti rS , •-'^ "TJ 

_«^ ^ o 'Tz; 1:5 c/5 c 



c .:5 rt ^ c ^• 



o ^' 






^ •j=! "" :>. ^ y 

.a ^ w PJ ;3 -K ., 



03 ^H ,*-v f- I— I <U 



-s 


. t \ 


cS 


-^ ' ^ .^ 


TJ 


fl c^ c ci -5 1 


g 


^•a ^ij'^ 


in 
1 


K-i ^ p^ cff ^ > ;d 




0) 


> 


p^ 


u 


(U 


O 

a; 
g 


.a c3 d 


Q 


< PQUUfeOffi 




.6 • '^ 




rt g.a ..S'o 




^§.£2^3 


1 


£AS^«H 


-S 




1 

in 


§ 1 




.rt 1— 1 


> 


. 6.g.-g>, 


^ 






^ o ^ o o o . ^ 




'IS 




C! 




cS 




i=! -d 




'S s 




^ _ c3 








'jH T^ "^ . ^ 




«g.2N^g=gf^ 


1 


2^H-i:2 iJ o o ^ S 
O H^i :z; Iz; pL^ c/3 H 


C^ 


a ^ 


S 


J 'S 2 




lit 








3 2-c^-cSg2S 




<«« mawo 



49 

Relative Hardness of Woods. — Taking shell bark hickory 
as the highest standard of our forest trees, and calling that loo, 
other trees will compare with it for hardness as follows ; 

Shell bark Hickory . , . . . loo Yellow Oak 60 

Pignut Hickory 96 Hard Maple 56 

White Oak 84 White Elm 58 

White Ash 77 Red Cedar 56 

Dogwood 75 Wild Cherry 55 

Scrub Oak 73 Yellow Pine 54 

White Hazel 72 Chestnut 52 

Apple Tree 70 Yellow Poplar 51 

Red Oak 69 Butternut 43 

White Beech 65 White Birch 43 

Black Walnut 65 White Pine , 30 

Black Birch 62 

Timber intended for posts, is rendered almost proof against rot 
by thorough seasoning, charring, and immersion in hot coal tar. 

The slide of Alpnach, extending from Mount Pilatus to Lake 
Lucerne, a distance of 3 miles, is composed of 25,000 trees, 
stripped of their bark, and laid at an inclination of 10 to 18 
degrees. Trees placed in the slide rush from the mountain into 
the lake in 6 minutes. 

The Alps comprise about 180 mountains, from 4,000 to 15,732 
feet high, the latter being the height of Mont Blanc, the highest 
spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp ridge, like the roof of a 
house, consisting of nearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent 
requires 2 days, 6 or 8 guides are required, and each guide is paid 
100 francs ($20.00) . It was ascended by 2 natives, Jacques Bel- 
mat and Dr. Packard, Aug. 8, 1786, at 6 a. m. They staid up 30 
minutes, with the thermometer at 14 degrees below the freezing 
point. The provisions froze in their pockets; their faces were 
frost-bitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weakened, but they 
soon recovered on their descent. De Saussure records in his 
ascent August 2, 1760, that the color of the sky was deep blue; 
the stars were visible in the shade; the barometer sunk to 16.08 
inches (being 27.08 in Geneva) ; the thermometer was 1^]/^ degrees, 
in the sun 29 degrees (being 87 degrees at Geneva). The thin air 
works the blood into a high fever, you feel as if you hardly touched 
the ground, and you scarcely make yourself heard. A French 
woman. Mademoiselle d'Angevillc, ascended in September, 1840, 
being dragged up the last 1,200 feet by guides, and crying out: 
**If I die, carry me to the top." When there, she made them lift 
her up, that she might boast she had been higher than any man in 
Europe. The ascent of these awful solitudes is most perilous, 
owing to the narrow paths, tremendous ravines, icy barriers, 
precipices, etc. In many places every step has to be cut in the 
ice, the party being tied to each other by ropes, so that if one slips 
he may be held up by the rest, and silence is enforced, lest the 
noise of talking should dislodge the avalanches of the Aiguille 
du Midi. The view from the mountain is inexpressibly grand. 
On the Alps, the limit of the vine is an elevation of 1,600 feet; 



50 

below i,ooo feet, figs, oranges and olives pre produced. The 
limit of the oak is 3,800 ft., of the chestnut 2,800 ft., of the pine 
6,500 ft., of heaths and furze to 8,700 and 9,700 ft. ; and perpetual 
snow exists at an elevation of 8,200 feet. 

On the Andes, in lat. 2 degrees, the limit of perpetual snow is 
14,760 ft.; in Mexico, lat. 19 degrees, the limit is 13,800ft.; on 
the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 ft.; on Mount Etna, 9,000ft.; on 
the Caucasus, 9,900 ft.; the Pyrenees, 8,400 ft; in Lapland, 
3,100 ft.; in Iceland, 2.890 ft. The walnut ceases to grow at an 
elevation of 3,600 ft.; the yellow pine at 6,200 ft.; the Ash at 
4,800 ft., and the Fir at 6,700 ft. The loftiest inhabited spot on 
the globe is the Port House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, in Per*, 
16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 14th peak of the Him 
alayas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the 
world. 

Lauterbrunnen is a deep part of an Alpine pass, where the sun 
hardly shines in winter. It abounds with falls, the most remark- 
able of which is the Staubbach, which falls over the Balm preci- 
pice in a drizzling spray from a height of 925 feet; best viewed in 
the morning sun or by moonlight. In general, it is like a gauze 
veil, with rainbows dancing up and down it, and when clouds 
hide the top of the mountain, it seems as poured out of the sky. 

In Canada, the falls of Montmorenci are 250 feet high, the falls 
of Niagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet high and 2,000 feet 
wide, the American Falls are 164 feet high and 900 feet wide. 
The Yosemite Valley Falls are 2,600 feet high, and the Ribbon 
Falls of the Yosemite are 3,300 feet high. The water-fall of the 
Arve, in Bavaria, is 2,000 feet. 

The Periods of Gestation are the same in the horse and ass, 
or II months each, camel 12 months, elephant 2 years, lion 5 months, 
buftalo 12 months, in the human female 9 months, cow 9 months, 
sheep 5 months, dog 9 weeks, cat 8 weeks, sow 16 weeks, she wolf 
from 90 to 95 days. The goose sits 30 days, swans 42, hens 21, 
ducks 30, peahens and turkeys 28, canariss 14, pigeons 14, par- 
rots 40. 

Ages of Animals, &c. — Elephant 100 years and upward, 
Rhinoceros 20, Camel 100, Lion 25 to 70, Tigers, Leopards, 
Jaguars and Hyenas (in confinement) about 25 years, Beaver 50 
years. Deer 20, Wolf 20, Fox 14 to 16, Llamas 15, Chamois 25, 
Monkeys and Baboons 16 to 18 years. Hare 8, Squirrel 7, Rab- 
bit 7, Swine 25, Stag under 50, Horse 30, Ass 30, Sheep under 10, 
Cow 20, Ox 30, Swans, Parrots and Ravens 200, Eagle 100, 
Geese 80, Hens and Pigeons 10 to 16, Hawks 36 to 40, Cranes 24, 
Blackbird 10 to 12, Peacock 20, Pelican 40 to 50, Thrush 8 to 10, 
Wren 2 to 3, Nightingale 15, Blackcap 15, Linnet 14 to 23, Gold- 
finch 20 to 24, Redbreast 10 to 12, Skylark 10 to 30, Titlark 5 to 6, 
Chaffinch 20 to 24, Starling 10 to 12, Carp 70 to 150, Pike 30 to 40, 
Salmon 16, Codfish 14 to 17, Eel 10, Crocodile 100, Tortoise 100 to 
200, Whale estimated 1,000, Queen Bees live 4 years. Drones 4 
months. Working Bees 6 months. 

The melody of singing birds ranks as follows : The nightin- 
gale first, then the linnet, titlark, sky lark and wood lark. The 



51 

mocking bird has the greatest powers of imitation, the robin and 
goldfinch are superior in vigorous notes. 

The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, feathers 20 feet, 
quills 8 inches round. 

In England, a quarter of wheat, comprising 8 bushels, yield 
14 bushels 2^ pecks, divided into seven distinct kinds af flour, as 
follows: Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks; bran, 3 bushels; twenty- 
penny, 3 bushels; seconds, 2 pecks; pollard, 2 bushels; fine mid 
diings, I peck; coarse ditto, i peck. 

The ancient Greek phalanx comprised 8,000 men, forming a 
square battalion, with spears crossing each other, and shields 
united. 

The Roman legion' was composed of 6,000 men, comprising 10 
cohorts of 600 men each, with 300 horsemen. 

The ancient battering ram was of massive timber, 60 to 100 feet 
long, fitted with an iron head. It was erected under shelter to 
protejct the 60 or 100 men required to work it. The largest was 
equal in force to a 36-lb. shot from a cannon. 

PiLK Driving on Sandy Soils. — The greatest force will not 
effect a penetration exceeding 15 feet. 

Various Sizes of Type. — It requires 205 lines of Diamond type 
to make 12 inches, of Pearl 178, of Ruby 166, of Nonpareil 143, 
of Minion 128, of Brevier 112^, of Bourgeois 102^^, of Long 
Primer 89, of Small Pica 83, of PicayiJ/^, of English 64. 

Wire ropes for the transmission of power vary in size from ^ to 
% inch diam. for from 3 to 300 horse power; to promote flexibility, 
the rope, made of iron, steel, or copper wire, as may be preferred, 
is provided with a core of hemp, and the speed is i mile per minute, 
more or less, as desired. The rope should run on a well-balanced, 
grooved, cast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as 
the transmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse; the groove 
should be well cushioned with soft material, as leather or rubber, 
for the formation of a durable bed for the rope. With good care 
the rope will last from 3 to 5 years. 

Cannon balls go furthest at an elevation of 30 degrees, and less 
as the balls are less; the range is furthest when fired from west to 
east in the direction of the earth's motion, which for the diurnal 
rotation on its axis, is at the rate of 1,037 miles per hour, and in 
its orbit, 66,092 miles. 

The air's resistance is such, that a cannon ball of 3 lbs. weight, 
diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of 1,800 ft. per second, 
is resisted by a force equal to 156 lbs. 

Brick-layers ascend ladders with loads of 90 lbs., i foot per 
second. There are 484 bricks in a cubic yard, and 4,356 in a rod. 

A power of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weighing 3,000 
tons over greased slides on a marine railway, when in motion, 150 
tons only is required. 

A modern dredging machine, 123 ft- long, beam 26 ft., breadth 
overall, 11 ft., will raise 180 tons of mud and clay per hour, 11 
feet from water-line. 

In tanning, 4 lbs. of oak bark make i lb. of leather. 



Flame is quenched in air containing 3 per cent, of carbonic acid; 
the same percentage is fatal to animal life. 

100 parts of oak make nearly 23 of charcoal; beech 21, deal 19, 
apple 23.7, elm 23, ash 25, birch 24, maple 22.8, willow 18, popular 
20, red pine 22.10, white pine 23. The charcoal used in gun- 
powder is made from willow, alder, and a few other woods. The 
charred timber found in the ruins of Herculaneum has undergone 
no change in 1,800 years. 

Four volumes of nitrogen, and one of oxygen compose atmos- 
pheric air in all localities on the globe. 

Air extracted from pure water, under an air pump, contains 34.8 
per cent, of oxygen. Fish breathe this air, respiring about 35 times 
per minute. The oxyhydrogen lime light may be seen from mount- 
ains at the distance of 200 miles round. 

Lightning is reflected 150 to 200 miles. 

1,000 cubic feet of 13 candle gas is equivalent to over 7 gals, of 
sperm oil, 52.9 lbs, of tallow candles, and over 44 lbs. of sperm 
candles. 

The time occupied by gas in traveling from a gas well (In Penn- 
sylvania) through 32 miles of pipe was 22 minutes, pressure at the 
well was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at discharge 49 lbs. 

The flight of wild ducks is estimated at 90 miles per hour, that 
of the swift at 200 miles, carrier pigeons 38 miles, swallows 60 
miles, migratory birds have crossed the Mediterranean at a speed 
of 120 miles per hour. 

At birth, the beats of the pulse are from 165 to 104, and the in- 
spirations of breath from 70 to 23. From 15 to 20, the pulsations 
are from 90 to 57, the inspirations, from 24 to 16; from 29 to 50, the 
pulsations are 112 to 56, the inspirations, 23 to 11. In usual states 
it is 4 to I. The action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from 
70 to 80 times in a minute. 

The mean heat of the human body is 98 degs. and of the skin 
90 degs. Tea and coffee are usually drank at no degs. 

The deepest coal mine in England is at Killingworth, near 
Newcastle, and the mean annual temperature at 400 yards below 
the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300 yards 70 degrees, while at the 
surface it is but 48 degrees, being i degree ot increase for every 15 
yards. This explains the origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards 
the heat would be equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a 
degree. The heat of the Bathwaters is 116 degrees, hence they 
would appear to rise 1,320 yards. 

Peron relates that at the depth of 2,144 feet in the sea the ther- 
mometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees at the surface. 

Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the celestial 
spaces at 50 degrees centigrade below freezing. 

In Northern Siberia the ground is frozen permanently to the 
depth of 660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 3 or 4 feet in 
summer. Below 660 feet internal heat begins. 

River water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in every cubic 
foot. Fresh water springs of great size abound under the sea. 
Perhaps the most remarkable springs exist in California, where 



53 

they are noted for producing sulphuric acid, ink, and other 
remarkable products. 

St, Winifred's Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of water per 
minute, fnrnishing abundant water power to drive 11 mills within 
little more than a mile. 

The Nile has a fall of 6 ins. in 1,000 miles. The rise of the river 
commences in June, continuing until the middle of August, attain- 
ing an elevation of from 24 to 26 feet, and flowing the valley of 
Egypt 12 miles wide. In 1829 it rose to 26 cubits, by which ^0,000 
persons were drowned. It is a terrible climate to live in, owing to 
the festering heat and detestable exhalations from the mud, etc., 
left on the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to the 
soil in a century, and encroaches on the sea 16 feet every year. 
Bricks have been found at the depth of 60 feet, showing the vast 
antiquity of the country. In productiveness of soil it is excelled 
by no other in the world. 

Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second cata- 
ract of the Nile as the hottest on the globe, owing to there being 
no rain. The natives do not credit the phenomenon of water fall- 
ing from above. Hence it is that all monuments are so nicely pre- 
served. Buckingham found a building left unfinished about 4,000 
years ago, and the chalk marks on the stones were still perfect, 

Pompey's Pillar is 92 feet high, and 27^ round at the base. 

The French removed a red granite column 95 feet high, v/eighing 
210 tons, from Thebes, and carried it to Paris. The display of 
costly architectural ruins at Thebes is one of the most astonishing 
to be seen anywhere in the world. The ruins and costly buildings 
in old Eastern countries, are so vast in their proportions and so 
many in number that it would require volumes to describe them. 

Babel, now called Birs Nimroud, built at Babylon by Belus, 
was used as an observatory and as a temple of the Sun. It was 
composed of 8 square towers,- one over the other, in all 670 feet 
high, and the same dimensions on each side on the ground. 

The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000 spectators, 
was in its longest diameter 615.5 feet, and in the shortest 510, 
embraced 5j4 acres, and was 120 feet high. 

Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Rome with water, delivering 
40 millions of cubic feet daily. That of Claudia was 47 miles long 
and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the hills. Martia was 41 miles, 
of which 37 were on 7,000 aches 70 feet high. These vast erections 
would never have been built had the Romans known that water 
always rises to its own level. 

The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long and 225 
feet broad, with 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support the roof It 
was 220 years in building. 

Solomon's Temple, built B. C. 1014, was 60 cubits or 107 feet in 
length, the breadth 20 cubits or 36 feet, and the height 30 cubits or 
54 feet. The porch was 36 feet long and 18 feet wide. 

The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet high, 693 
feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres. The layers of stones 
are 208 in number. Many stones are over 30 feet long, 4 broad 
and 3 thick. 



54 

The Temple of Ypsambul, in Nubia, is enormously massive and 
cut out of the solid rock. Belzoni found in it 4 immense figures, 
65 feet high, 25 feet over the shoulders, with a face of 7 feet and 
the ears over 3 feet. 

Sesostris erected in the temple in Memphis immense statues oi 
himself and his wife, 50 feet high, and of his children, 28 feet. 

In the Temple of the Sun, at Baalbec, are stones more than 60 
feet long, 24 feet thick and 16 broad, each embracing 23,000 cubic 
feet, cut, squalred, sculptured and transported from neighboring 
quarries. Six enormous columns are each 72 feet high, composed 
of 3 stones 7 feet in diameter. Sesostris is credited with having 
transported from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet wide and 
240 feet long. 

The engineering appliances used by the ancients in the move* 
ment of these immense masses are but imperfectly understood at 
the present day. 

During modern times, a block of granite weighing 1,217 tons, 
now used as the pedestal of the equestrian statue of Peter the 
Great, at St. Petersburg, was transported 4 miles by land over a 
railway and 13 miles in a vast caisson by water. The railway con- 
sisted of two lines of timber furnished with hard metal grooves; 
between these grooves were placed spheres of hard brass about 6 
inches in diameter. On these spheres the frame with its massive 
load was easily moved by 60 men, working at capstans with treble 
purchase blocks. 

In 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling machines 
of his own invention) over valleys and mountains, 2 galleys, 5 
large boats and i sloop, from Stromstadt to Iderfjol (which divides 
Sweden from Norway on the South), a distance of 14 miles, by 
which means Charles XII. was able to carry on his plans, and 
under cover of the galleys and boats to transport on pontoons his 
heavy artillery to the very walls of Frederickshall. 

As an exponent of the laws of friction, it may be stated that a 
square stone weighing 1,080 lbs. which required a force of 758 lbs. 
to drag it along the floor of a quarry, roughly chiseled, required 
only a force of 22 lbs. to move it when mounted on a platform and 
rollers over a plank floor. 

Water is the absolute master, former and secondary agent of the 
power of motion in everything terrestrial. It is the irresistible 
power which elaborates everything, and the waters contain more 
organized beings than the land. 

Rivers hold in suspension looth of their volume (more or less) 
of mud, so that if 36 cubic miles of water (the estimated quantity) 
flow daily into the sea, 0.36 cubic miles of soil are daily displaced. 
The Rhine carries to the sea every day 145,980 cubic feet of mud. 
The Po carries out the land 228 feet per annum, consequently 
Adria which 2,500 years ago was on the sea, is now over 20 miles 
from it. 

The' enormous amount of alluvium deposited by the Mississippi 
is almost incalculable, and constantly renders necessary extensive 
engineering operations in order to remove the impediments tc 
navigation. 



55 

The Geolo^cal Society of London has a slab 2 ft. square in which 
is embedded 250 fishes. Fossil sea turtles have shells 8 ft. long. 
There are beds of sea shells 2,000 ft. high on Mount Etna, and 
strata of gray clay, filled with shells, much higher. Shells and 
organic remains abound in Chili, from 9 to 1,400 ft. above the sea 
level. Workmen near Eureka, Nevada, while blasting in the solid 
rock, 40 ft below the surface, found imbedded in a piece of it a 
petrified wasp's nest, the textura of which, though turned to stone, 
was plainly visible. On breaking it open, some cells, larva, and 
two perfectly formed wasps were found, also petrified. The rock 
is of a granite sandstone of sedimentary formation. The Atlan- 
tosaurus, an enormous monster from Colorado, is, per Prof. Marsh, 
the largest land animal as yet discovered. It was some 50 or 60 
ft. in length, and, when erect, at least 30 ft. high. It doubtless 
browsed upon the foliage of the mountain forests, portions of 
which are preserved with its remains. 

The islands of the Icy Sea, per Pallas, are full of elephants and 
rhinoceros' bones, and the islands opposite the Lena are almost 
composed of them and fossil wood. A mammoth, a carnivorous 
animal, much larger than an elephant, was found in Siberia in the 
ice, perfect in its eyes, flesh, hair, skin, etc., with long mane and 
tail of stout, black bristles; many others, together with elephants, 
have been found in Siberia and Hudson's Bay, a positive proof 
that the temperature of the Tr'^ics existed at one time in these 
ragions. The bones of the Mastodon of North America, as 
arranged in Peale's Museum, form a skeleton 18 ft. long, 11 ft. 
5 ins. high, with tusks, 10 ft. 7 ins. The Iguamadon, an enormous 
herbivorous reptile, discovered by Man tell, is 70 ft. long, the 
body is 4 ft. 9 ins. in diam., with a horn of bone, and a tail 52^ ft. 
The bones of the Mammoth are quite numerous in the United 
States; the molar tooth weighs 8 lbs., and the joint of the bone of 
the leg is a foot in diam. 

During the glacial period, in which the climate of Greenland ex- 
tended as far south as New York, the world was covered with 
immense moving masses of ice, which in their progress from north 
to south moved rocks hundreds of miles and remodelled the 
topography of various countries. The effects of these glacial 
movements were the pulverization of the various rocks, thus form- 
ing sand from sandstone, calcareous soil from limestone, and clay 
from granite and gneiss, transforming barren rock into fertile soil. 

The alluvial deposits contain remains which indicate a vast 
antiquity. The skeleton of a whale was dug up in the vicinity of 
Niagara a few years ago, a sure indication that that region formed 
at one time the bed of an ocean. All the land about the Clyde rests 
upon the beds of shells, bones of stags, elephants, etc., and at 
Yealm Bridge, and Ketley, near Plymouth, there are caves con- 
taining bones of rhinoceroses, elephants, hyenas, bears, foxes, 
wolves, dogs, horses, oxen, sheep, etc. Agassiz describes 300 new 
species of fossil fish found in England, of which 50 exists in Lon- 
don clay. A bed of oyster shells 9 miles long and 18 feet thick 
exists in the interior of Norfolk; a pair of stags' horns have been 
found on the shores of the Mersey, near Liverpool, at 30 feet, and 



56 

pieces of timber at 40 feet. Palms and cocoa nuts have been found 
imbedded in the London clay, clearly indicating the existence at 
one time of a tropical climate in what is now the temperate zone. 
An old Roman port off Romney marsh is now several miles out at 
sea, and proofs are abundant that Great Britain was at one time 
united to the continent. 

No doubt exists that the Falls of Niagara were at one time 
precipitated into an ocean over Queenston Heights, and Sir 
Charles Lyell computes that a period of at least 30,000 to 35,000 
years have elapsed while the falls have been cutting their way 
through seven miles of rock to their present position; the retro- 
grade movement is still going on, slowly but surely, every day. 

A volcano now extinct, near Mount D'Orr in the interior of 
France, emitted a flow of lava at a comparatively recent period, 
which filled up the channel of a river in its course. The water 
rose, passing over the impediment in its course, and has up to 
this time cut a channel 50 feet deep through the lava bed. From 
the remains of an old Roman bridge known to have been constructed 
about 2,000 years ago, it appears that the erosion of the water into 
the lava has been considerably less than six inches during that' 
period, which would indicate that it has required over 200,000 
years to cut the channel to its present depth of 50 feet. 

Myriads of ages have elapsed while the rushing waters have 
been cutting out those tremendous ravines in the hard rock, known 
as the Canyons of Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and the Rocky 
Mountains. The great Canyon of the Colorado river is 298 miles 
long and the sides rise perpendicularly above the water to a height 
of 5,000 or 6,000 feet. 

On Oak Orchard creek and the Genesee river, between Rochester 
and Lake Ontario, are enormous chasms, worn by the water, 7 miles 
long. On the Genesee, south of Rochester, a cut exists from 
Mount Morris to Portage, sometimes 400 feet deep. In the Rocky 
Mountains, near the source of the Missouri river, there is a gorge 
6 miles long and 1,200 feet deep. In the Mississippi, at St. 
Anthony's Falls, the river has eroded a passage through limestone 
rock 7 miles long, to which distance the cataract has receded. In 
the passage of the Connecticut river at Brattleboro and Bellows 
Falls, it can be proved that the river was once at least 700 feet 
above its present level. 

Number of Cubic Feet in a Ton (Avoirdupois) of Dif- 
ferent Materials. — Cast Iron 4.98, Wrought Iron 4.59, Bar 
Iron 4.69, Steel (soft) 4.57, Steel (h2rd) 4.59, Copper (sheet) 4.62, 
Copper (cast) 4.04, Brass 4.17, Lead 3.15, Tin (cast) 4.91, Zinc 
(cast) 4.98, Granite 13.514, Marble 13.343, Paving Stone 14.83, 
Millstone 14.42, Grindstone 17, Common Stone 14.22, Fire Brick 
16.284, Brick (mean) 21.961, Anthracite Coal 21.284 and 24.958, 
Cannel Coal 23,609, Cotton Bale (mean) 154.48, Pressed (ditto) 
from 89.6 to 1. 14, Hay (bale) 23.517, Bale (mean) 154.48, Hay 
(pressed) 89.6, Clay 158.69, Common Soil 16.335, Mud 21.987, 
Loose Sand 23.893, Earth with Gravel 16,742, India Rubber 39.69, 
Plaster of Paris 21.3, Glass 12.44, Ice 38.58, Chalk (British) 17.92, 
Tallow 38, Oil 39, Fresh Water 35.%, Salt Water 34.931. 



57 

Weight of Various Materials in Lbs. (Avoirdupois) per 
Cubic FooT.—Pure Gold 1,203.6, Standard Gold 1,102.9, Hammered 
Gold 1,210.11, Pure Silver 654.6, Hammered Silver 656.9, Standard 
Silver 658.4, Cast Brass 524,8, Brass Wire 534, Bismuth (Cast) 
613.9, Antimony 418.9, Bronze 513.4, Cobalt (Cast) 488.2, Copper 
(Cast) 459.3, Copper (Sheet) 557.2, Copper (Wire) 554.9, Wrought 
Iron 486.75, Iron Plates 481.5, Cast Iron 450.4, Gun Metal 543.75? 
Cast Lead 709.5, Rolled do. 7^^-75, Red Lead 55^-75> Tin 455-7» 
Platinum (Pure) 1,218, Hammered do. 1,271, Mercury 60 deg.. 
Fluid 848, Mercury (Solid) 977, Nickel (Cast) 487.9, Steel (Plates) 
480.75, Steel (Soft) 489.6, Type Metal 653.1, Zinc (Cast) 439, 
Granite 1.65,75, Millstone 155.3, Marble (Mean, of nineteen kinds) 
180, Grindstones 133.9, Firebrick 137.5, Tile 114.44, Brick (Mean) 
102, Clay 102, Limestone (Mean, of seven sorts) 184.1, Loose Earth 
or Sand 95, Coarse Sand 112. 5, Ordinary Soil 124, Mud 102, Clay 
and Stones 160, Slate 167 to 181.25, Plaster Paris 73.5, Plumbagcy 
131.35, Anthracite Coal from 89.75 to 102.5, Cannel Coal from 77.33 
to 82.33, Charcoal from Hard Wood 18.5, ditto from Soft Wood 18, 
Port Wine 62.31, Fresh Water 62.5, Se.a Water 64.3, Dead Sea 
Water 77.5, Vinegar 67.5, Alum 107.10, Asbestos (Starry) 192.1, Ice 
at 32 degs. 57.5, Sulphur 127.1, Peat 375 to 83.1, Marl (Mean) 
109.33, Hydraulic Lime 171.60, Quartz 166.25, Rock Crystal 170.^4, 
Salt (Common) 133.12, Lard 59.20, Whale Oil 57.70, Olive 
Oil 57.19. 

Weight of a Cubic Inch of Various Metals in Pounds. — 
Hammered Gold .701 lbs.. Cast do (pure) .698, 20 Carats Fine do. 
.567, Hammered Silver .382, Pure do. .378, Cast Steel .287, Cast 
Iron .263, Sheet Iron .279, Rolled Platinum .797, wire do .762, 
Hammered do .735, Sheet Copper .323, Sheet Brass .304, I^ead 
.410, Cast Tin .264, Cast Zinc .245. 

Sundry Commercial Weights. — A ton of wood is 2 stones of 
14 lbs. each. A pack of wool is 240 lbs. A sack of wool is 22 
stones of 14 lbs., or 308 lbs. In Scotland, it is 24 of 16 lbs. A 
keel of 8 Newcastle chaldrons is 15^^ London chaldrons. 56 or 
60 lbs. is a truss of hay, 40 lbs. a truss of straw; 36 trusses a load. 
A bushel of rock salt is 65 lbs., of crushed salt 56 lbs., of foreign 
salt, 84 lbs. A tierce of beef, in Ireland, is 304 lbs., and of pork 
320 lbs. A 'fodder of lead is 19^^ cwt. in London and 21 cwt. in 
the North. A man's load is 5 bushels, a market load 40 (or 5 quar- 
ters). A last is 10 quarters of corn, or 2 cartloads, 12 sacks of 
wool, 24 barrels of gunpowder, 12 barrels of ashes, herring, soap, 
&c.. and 18 barrels of salt. A hundred of of salt 126 barrels. 

Sundry Measures of Length. — The hair's breadth is the 
smallest, of which 48 are an inch. Four barley-corns laid breadth- 
ways are ^ of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns length- 
ways are an inch. An inch is divided into 12 lines and by 
mechanics into 8ths. A nail used in cloth measure is 2^ ins. or 
the 16th of a yard. A palm is 3 ins, and a span 9 ins. An English 
Statute mile is 1,760 yds. or 5,280 ft., an Irish mile 2,240 yds., a 
Scotch mile 1,984 yds., 80 Scotch miles being equivalent to 93 
English, and 11 Irish to 14 English. 



Roman money mentioned in the New Testament reduced to 
English and American standard : 

£, s. d. far. $ cts. 

A Mite o o o 0.75 000.343 

A Farthing, about. .. . 000 1.50 000.687 

A Penny, or Denarius 0072. o 13,75 

A Pound, or Mina 3260. 13 75- 

Note. — The above determinations of Scripture measures, 
weights, &c., are principally by the Rt. Rev. Richard, Bishop of 
Peterborough. 

Gunter's Chain, Land Measurement, &c. — 7.92 inches con- 
stitute I link; 100 links i chain, 4 rods or poles, or 66 feet, and 80 
chains i mile. A square chain is 16 square poles, and 10 square 
chains are i acre. Four roods are an acre, each containing 1,210 
square yards, or 34,785 yards, or 94 yards 28 inches each side. 

Forty poles of 30.25 square yards each is a rood, and a pole is 
SM yards each way. 

An acre is 4,840 square yards, or 69 yards i foot 2,% inches each 
way; and 2 acres, or 9,680 square yds. are 98 yds. i ft. 2 ins. each 
way; and 3 acres are 120^^ yards each way. A square mile, or a 
U. S. section of land, is 640 acres, being 1,060 yards each way; 
half a mile, or 880 yds. each way, is 160 acres; a quarter of a mile, 
or 440 yds. each way, is a park or farm of 40 acres; and a furlong, 
or 220 yds. each way, is 10 acres. 

Any length or breadth in yards which multiplied make 4,840 is 
an acre; any which makes 12.10 is a rood, and 30.25 is a pole. 

An English acre is a square of nearly 70 yds. each way ; a Scotch 
of 77^ yds., and an Irish of 88^ yds. 

Dynamic Power of Various Kinds of Food. — One lb. of oat- 
meal will furnish as much power as 2 lbs. of bread and more than 
3 lbs. of lean veal. One lb. butter gives a wor'ing force equal to 
that of gibs, of potatoes, 12 lbs. of milk and more than 5 lbs. of 
lean beef. One lb. of lump sugar is equal in force to 2 lbs. of ham, 
or 8 lbs. of cabbage. The habitual use of spirituous liquors is inimi- 
cal to health, and inevitably tenps to shorten life. A mechanic or 
laboring man of average size requires, according to Moieschott, 
23 ozs. of dry, solid matter daily, one-fifth nitrogenous. Food, as 
usually prepared, contains 50 per cent, of water, which would 
increase the quantity to 46 ozs., or 3 lbs. 14 ozs., with at least an 
equal weight of water in addition daily. The same authority indi- 
cates as healthy proportions, of albuminous matter 4,587 ozs., 
fatty matter 2.964, carbo-hydrate 14.250, salts 1.058, total 22.859 
ozs., for daily use. This quantity of food will vary greatly in the 
requirements of individuals engaged in sedentary employments, 
or of persons with weak constitutions or impaired digestion, as 
also whether employed in the open air or within doors, much also 
depending on the temperature. Preference should be given to the 
food which most readily yields the materials required by nature 
in the formation of the human frame. Beef contains about 4 lbs. 
of such minerals in every 100 lbs. Dried extract of beef contains 
21 lbs, in each 100 lbs. Bread made from unbolted wheat flour is 
also very rich in such elements, much more so than superfine flours 



59 

hence the common use of Graham bread for dyspepsia and other 
ailments. The analysis of Liebig, Johnston, and others give in 
loo parts, the following proportions of nutritious elements, viz. : 
Indian corn 12.30, barley 14.00, wheat 14.06, oats 19.91. A fish 
diet is well adapted to sustain intellectual, or brain labor. What 
is required may be best known from the fact that a human body 
weighing 154 lbs. contains, on a rough estimate, of water 14 gals, 
(consisting of oxygen iii lbs., ®f hydrogen 14 lbs.), carbon 21 lbs., 
nitrogen 3 lbs., 8 ozs., calcicum 2 lbs., sodium 2% ozs., phosphorus 
1% lbs., potassium %' oz,, sulphur 2 ozs. 219 grs., fluorine 2 ozs., 
chlorine 2 oz. 47 grs., iron 100 grs., magnesium 12 grs., silicon 2 grs. 
After death, the human body is by gradual decay slowly resolved 
into these its component parts, which elements are again used in 
the complex and wonderful laboratory of nature, to vivify the 
countless forms of vegetable life. These in their turn fulfill their 
appointed law by yielding up their substance for the formation of 
other bodies. What a suggestive comment on mortal ambition to 
witness the present inhabitants of Egypt engaged in what they 
consider the lucrative commerce of quarrying out the bones of the 
ancient inhabitants from the catacombs where they have been 
entombed for thousands of years and transporting them by the 
ship-load to England in order to fertilize the crops which are 
destined to assist in forming the bone and sinew of the British 
nation ! 

Practical Dietetic Economies. — The following table, com- 
piled from various authorities, is eminently and practically useful, 
presenting as it does at a glance the available percentage of nutri- 
tive elements contained in the leading staples used as human* 
food. 
Raw Cucumbers 2 Raw Beef . 26 

" Melons 3 '' Grapes 27 

Boiled Turnips ^% ' Plums ^29 

Milk 7 Broiled Mutton 30 

Cabbage 7^^ Oatmeal Porridge 75 

Currants to Rye Bread 79 

Whipped Eggs 13 Boiled Beans 87 

Beets 14 Boiled Rice 88 

Apples 16 Barley Bread 88 

Peaches 20 Wheat Bread 90 

Boiled Codfish 21 Baked Corn Bread 91 

Broiled Venison 22 Boiled Barley 92 

Potatoes 11% Butter 92 

Fried Veal 24 Boiled Peas 93 

Roast Pork 24 Raw Oils 95 

Roast Poultry 26 

The figures present a diversity, but the general results are fixed 
and invariable, presenting to the economist the relative amount of 
nutriment supplied by each kind of food. It will be seen that the most 
wholesome and nutritious articles, as oatmeal, flour, peas, beans, 
rice, crushed wheat, corn bread, etc., are vastly superior to Ifieef in 
supplying effective ability to labor, besides being obtainable at about 
one-third the price of the latter. It will be seen that the nutriment 



6o 

supplied by beef is 26 per cent, while the cereals yield from 75 ta 
9^ per cent. ; while there is no room for dispute as to the compara- 
tive healthiness of the different kinds of diet. The bounding cir- 
culation, good digestion and mental activity enjoyed by day, 
together with the sound sleep accorded by night, to the man who 
prefers plain to luxurious living, and vegetable to animal food, are 
certainly well worth striving for. If a fair percentage Jof whole- 
some ripe fruit be used with the above noted diet, its value and the 
enjoyment of using it will be greatly enhanced. After all that can 
be said, pro and con, touching a vegetable diet, certain are we that 
the average-»3Ji who limits himself to a well-selected regimen of 
vegetable food will, accidents aside, go through life with a clear 
mind in a healthy body, will sleep sounder, and come nearer the 
-"Jloted age of three-score and ten, have a better digestion, and 
iiave fewer headaches than the man who indulges in roast beef with 
Jie usual variations. 

Age and Growth of Trees. — An oak tree in 3 years grows 
2 ft. lo^^ ins. A larch 3 ft. jj/^ ins., at 70 years it is full grown, 
and a tree of 79 years was 102 ft. high and 12 ft. girth, containing 
253 cubic ft. Another of 80 years was 90 ft and 17 ft, and 300 
cubic teet. An elm tree in 3 years grows 8 ft. 3 in. A beech, i ft. 
Sin. A poplar, 6 ft. A willow, 9 ft. 3 in. An elm is full grown 
In 150 years and it lives 500 or 600, Ash is full grown in 100 and 
oak in 200. The mahogany is full grown in 200 years to a vast 
size. A Polish oak 40 ft. round had 600 circles. An oak in 
Dorsetshire in 1755 was 68 ft round, 2 near Cranborne Lodge are 
^8 ft. and 36 ft. There are yews from 10 to 20 ft. diam., whose age 
is from 1,000 to 2,000 years. A lime in the Crisons is 51 ft. round 
and about 600 years old. An elm in the Pays^ de Vaud is 18 ft. 
diam. and 360 years old. The African baobab is the patriarch of 
living organizations, one specimen by its circles is estimated at- 
5/700 years old by Adamson and Humboldt. The trunk is but 12 
or 15 ft. to the branches, and often 75 ft. round. A cypress in 
Mexico is 120 ft. round and is estimated by De Candolle to be 
older than Adamson' s baobab. The cypress of Montezuma is 41 
feet round. Strabo wrote of a cypress in Persia as being 2,50c 
years old. The largest tree in Mexico is 127 ft. round and t20 
high, with branches of 30 ft, A chestnut tree on Mount Etna is 
196 ft. round close to the ground and 5 of its branches resemble 
great trees. De Candolle says there are oaks in France 1,500 
years old. The Wallace oak near Paisley is nearly 800 years old. 
The yew trees at Fountain's Abbey are about 1,200 years old. 
That at Crowhurst, 1,500. That at Fortingal, above 2,000. That 
at Braburn, 2,500 to 3,000, Ivys reach 500 or 600 years. The 
larch the same. The lime 600 or 700 years. The trunk of a wal- 
nut tree 12 ft. in diam,, hollowed out, and furnished as a sUting- 
roem, was imported from America and exhibited in London. The 
trunk was 80 ft. high, without a branch, and the entire height^ 150 
ft, the bark 12 ins. thick and the branches from 3 to 4 ft. in diam. 
The California pine is from 150 to 200 ft high and from 20 to 60 ft. 
in diam. '^The forests in watered, tropical countries are formed of 
trees from 100 to 200 ft high, which grow to the water's edge of 



6i 

rivers, presenting a solid and impenetrable barrier of trunks lo or 
12 ft. in diam. The dragon tree is in girth from 40 to 100 ft. and 
50 or 60 feet high, and a misosa in South America is described 
whose head is 600 ft . round . 

The duration of well seasoned wood, when kept dry, is very- 
great, as beams still exist which are known to be nearly 1,100 
years old. Piles driven by the Romans, and used in the formation 
of bridges prior to the Christian era, have been examined of late, 
and found to be perfectly sound after an immersion of nearly 2,000 
years. 

Russian Way of Stopping Holes in Ships. — In that country 
there has lately been invented and successfully applied, a ready 
means for stopping holes made in ships by collision or otherwise. 
It consists of a plaster made of two rectangular sheets of canvas 
sewed together, bordered with a rope, and containing a water- 
proof material . A sounding-line has to be passed under the keel, 
and brought up on the other side, then the plaster can be lowered 
to the hole and made fast. Several cases are cited in which this 
invention has been employed with advantage, and a large number 
of Russian ships are now furnished with such plasters. It is pro- 
posed that men be specially trained and ready for the maneuvring 
of the apparatus. 

How TO Raise the Body of a Drowned Person. — In a recent 
failure to recover the body of a drowned person in New Jersey, a 
French-Canadian undertook the job, and proceeded as follows: 
Having supplied himself with some glass gallon-jars and a quan- 
tity of unslaked lime he went in a boat to the place where the man 
was seen to go down. One of the jars was filled half full of lime, 
then filled up with water and tightly corked. It was then dropped 
into the water and soon after exploded at the bottom of the niver 
with a loud report. After the third trial, each time at a different 
place, the body rose to the surface and was secured. 

How to Get Rid of Rats. — Get a piece of lead pipe and use it 
as a funnel to introduce about i^ ozjs. of sulphide of potassium 
into any outside holes tenanted by rats, not to be used in dwell- 
ings. To get rid of mice use tartar emetic mingled with any favor- 
ite food, they will eat, sicken, and take their leave. 

Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen. — Never 
consider time wasted that is spent in learning rudiments. In 
acquiring a knowledge of any art or handicraft the greatest dif- 
ficulty is experienced at the beginning, because our work then 
possesses little or nothing of interest. Our first lessons in drawing 
or music, or with tools, are very simple; indeed so simple are they 
that we are disposed to undervalue their importance. .The tempta- 
tion is to skip a few pages and begin further on in the book. But 
such a course is fatal to success. To learn principles thoroughly 
is to succeed. Be content to learn one thing at a time, whether it 
be to push a plane square and true, or draw a straight line.. What- 
ever you learn, learn it absolutely, without possible question. 
This will enable you to advance steadily, step by step, year after 
year, and some day you will wonder why you have been enabled 



62 

to distance the geniuses who once seemed so far in advance of 
you. 

Set your heart upon what you have in hand. Valuable knowl- 
edge is acquired only by intense devotion. You must give your 
entire mind to whatever you undertake, otherwise you fail, or suc- 
ceed indifferently, which is but little better than failure. 

Learn, therefore, to estimate properly the value of what is called 
leisure time. There is entirely too much of this in the world. Do 
not mistake our meaning. Rest is necessary and play is well in 
its place, but young men who hope to do something in life must 
not expect to play one-third of tneir time. 

While you resolve to acquire a thorough knowledge of your art, 
be equally as anxious to know something beyond it. A craftsman 
ought to be ashamed of himself who knows nothing but the use of 
his tools. Having the time to acquire it, be careful to properly 
estimate the value of knowledge. Remember ©f what use it will 
be to you in ten thousand instances as 3^ou go along in life, and be 
as conscientious in learning rudiments here as elsewhere. Learn 
to spell correctly, to write a good plain hand, and to punctuate 
your sentences. 

Do not dress beyond your means; never spend your last dollar, 
unless for food to keep yourself or some one else from starving. 
You will always feel better to keep a little money in your pocket. 
At the earliest possible opportunity save up a few dollars and 
place the amount in a savings bank. It will serve as a magnet to 
attract other money that might be foolishly spent. 

Just as soon as you can command the means, buy a piece of 
ground. Do not wait until you have saved enough to pay all 
down, but begin by paying one-third or one-quarter. Do not be 
afraid to go in debt for land, for it increases in value. 

.Save a Little. — Every man who is obliged to work for his liv- 
ing should make a point to lay up a little money for that "rainy 
day" which we are all liable to encounter when least expected. 
The best way to do this is to open an account with a savings bank. 
Accumulated money is always safe; it is always ready to use when 
needed. Scrape together five dollars, make your deposit, receive 
your bank book, and then resolve to deposit a given sum, small 
though it be, once a month, or once a week, according to circum- 
stances. Nobody knows without trying it, how easy a thing it is 
to save money when an account with a bank has been opened. 
With such an account a man feels a desire to enlarge his deposit. 
I^ gives him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him from 
habits of extravagance, and is the very best guard in the world 
against intemperance, dissipation and vice. Refer to page 277 for 
a table showing the time required by money to double itself when 
loaned at interest. 

Symbolic Meaning of Colors. — White was the emblem of 
light, religious purity, innocence, faith, joy and life. In the judge, 
it indicates integrity; in the sick, humility; in the woman, chastity. 

Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat of the creative 
power, and royalty. White and red roses express love and wis- 
dom. The red color of the blood has its origin in the action of the 
heart, which corresponds to, or symbolizes love. In a bad sense, 
red corresponds to the infernal love of evil, hatred, etc. 



63 

Blue, or the sapphire, expresses heaven, the firmament, truth 
from a celestial origin, constancy and fidelity. 

Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of the goodness of 
God, of marriage and faithfulness. In a bad sense yellow signi- 
fies inconstancy, jealousy and deceit. 

Green, the emerald, is the color of the sprmg, of hope, particu- 
larly of the hope of immortality and of victory, as the color of the 
laurel and palm. 

Violet, the amethyst, signifies love and truth, or passion and 
suffering. Purple and scarlet signify things good and true from a 
celestial origin. 

Black corresponds to despair, darkness, earthliness, mourning, 
negation, wickedness and death. 

Durability of a Horse. — A horse will travel 400 yards in 4% 
minutes at a walk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. in 
X minute at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at 
22,500 lbs. raised i foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse 
will carry 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An average 
draught-horse > \11 draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a level road, 
weight of wagv>s inch'^ded. The average weignt of a horse is 
1,000 lbs. ; his si»«.iigth is equal to that of 5 men. In a horse mill 
moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with 
the machine the power of 4^^ horses. The greatest amount a horse 
can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs. ; but he can only do this 
momentarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is the 
limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 25, average 16 
years. A horse will live 25 days on water, without solid food, 17 _ 
days without eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, 
without drinking. 

A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel i.i miles 
per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haul from 25 to 36 cubic feet 
of lime stone at each load. The time expended in loading, unload- 
ing, etc., including delays, averages 35 minutes per trip. The cost 
of loading and unloading a cart, using a horse cram at tke quarry, 
and unloading by hand, when labor is $1.25 per day, and a horse 
75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=:24. 75 cubic feet. The work done 
by an animal is greatest when the velocity with which he moves is 
% of the greatest with whict he can move when not impeded, and 
the force then exerted .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert 
at a dead pull. 

Comparative Cost of Freight by Water and Rail. — It 
has been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat can trans- 
port at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of coal, 
loaded in barges. Estimating in this way che boat and its tow, 
worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destination as 
3,000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could trans- 
port. 

Cost of a Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Car. — De- 
tailed cost of constructing one first-class Standard Passenger Car, 
at the Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R. R., the total cost 
being $4,423.75. The principal items are as follows : 



64 



Labor $ 


1,263 94 


Proportion of Fuel and 


Stores 


28 61 


2,480 feet Poplar 


86 80 


■3 4.0A feet Ash 


127 08 
20 90 


1,100 feet Pine 


2,350 feet Yellow Pine. 


70 50 


500 feet Oak 


10 00 


450 feet Hickory 


13 50 


700 feet Mich. Pine. . 


49 00 


400 feet Cherry 


16 00 


439 feet Maple veneer 


24 14 


4 pairs Wheels and 




Axles 


332 85 


2 pairs Passenger 


Car Trucks 


533 62 


13 gallons Varnish. . 


52 34 


45 lbs. Glue 


■14 33 


2,925 lbs. Iron 


87 75 


792 lbs. Castings 


16 99 


Screws 


51 88 


Gas Regulator 




and Guage 


25 25 


2 Two-Light Chan- 






50 72 
84 00 


2 Gas Tanks 



1 Air Brake, complete 131 79 

57 Sash Balances 44 61 

61 Lights Glasses .... 65 83 

2 Stoves 77 56 

25 Sets Seat Fixtures. 50 50 

3 Bronze Lamps 13 50 

2 Bronze Door Locks 15 20 

Butts and Hinges. . 15 58 

13 Basket Racks 77 35 

12 Sash Levers 42 00 

61 Bronze Window 

Lifts 24 40 

61 Window Fasteners. 16 47 

238 Sheets Tin ........ 41 44 

273 lbs. Galvanized Iron 25 31 

96 yards Scarlet Plush 228 87 

44 yards Green Plush. 109 99 

61 yards Sheeting .... 10 30 

243 lbs. Hair 72 95 • 

12 Springs 22 96 

12 Spiral Elliptic 

Springs 20 29 

1 Head Lining. 80 63 

2 packets Gold Leaf. 14 58 
Various small items 261 44 



TABLE, SHOWING THE 
MONTH TO 



$4,423-75 

NUMBER OF CAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE 
THE SAME DAY IN ANOTHER. 



From 



To 



January 

February. . . 

March 

April , 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November . 
December . . 






365 31 
334 365 
3o6|337 
2751306 
245 j 2 76, 
214245 

^;2I5' 
153184' 

I22JI53 

92JI23 
61 1 92 
31! 62 



59 90 
28, 59 

365 1 31 
334365 
304 335 
273 304 
243 274 
212 243 

l8l,'2I2 

I5II182 
120 151 

90 121 



O iz; fi 



243 273 
212J242 
184I214 
153 '183 

123I153 
92 
62 



31 
365 
3351365 
3041334 
274I304 



304 334 
2731303 

2451275 
214244 
X84 214 

I53|i83 
1231153 
921122 
61 1 91. 
31J 61 
365 30 
335'365 



Explanation. — ^To find the number of days from January 20 to 
Dec. 20, follow the horizontal line opposite Januar^?^ until you reach 
the column headed by December, when you will find 334, repre- 
senting the required number of days, and so on with the other 
months. During leap year, if Februaxy enters into the calculation, 
add one ""y to 'he result. 



^ 



65 

Highest and Greatest Mountains in the 
World. 

Feet 
Name. Country High. Miles 

Mt. Everest (Himalayas) Thibet 29,002 sH 

Sorato, the highest in America Bolivia 21,284 4 

Illimani , .Bolivia 21,145 4 

Chimborazo Ecuador ,21,422 4% 

Hindoo-Koosh .Afghanistan. . .20,600 3^ 

Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts Persia 20,000 3^ 

Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world .Ecuador ...... 19,496 3^ 

Antisana Ecuador ,19,150 2^4 

St. Eiias, highest in Noith America. .. .Alaska 17,850 3J^ 

Popocatapetl, volcano ....Mexico 17,540 3^ 

Mt. Roa, highest in Oceanica Hawaii 16,000 3 

Mt. Brown, highest peak of R'ky Mts .Bnt. America. 15, 900 3 

Mont Blanc, highest in Europe, Alps. .Savoy 15732 3 

Mt. Rosa, next highest peak of Alps. . Savoy i5>i5o 2% 

Limit of perpetual show at the .Equator 15,207 2% 

Pichinca .... Ecuador .... . t5,q24 3 

Mt. Whitney California 14,887 2% 

Mt. Fairweather ...Alaska.. . 14,500 2^ 

Mt. Shasta California 14,442 2^ 

Mt. Ranier .Wash. Territ'y 14,444 2% 

Long's Peak, Rocky Mountains Colorado 14,271 2% 

Mt. A.arat . .Aimenia. ...14,320 2}^ 

Pike's Peak. .. .. Colorado ... 14,216 2}^ 

Mt. Ophir Sumatra ..13,800 2^i 

Fremont's Peak, Rocky Mountains... Wyoming... .13,570 2^ 

Mt, St. Helens. Wash Territ'y 13,400 2% 

Peak of TenerifFe Canaries . ...12,182 2% 

Miltzin, highest of Atlas Mountains. . . .Morocco 11,500 2 

Mt. Hood Oregon .. ...11,225 2 

Mt. Lebanon Syria.. 10,533 2 

Mt. Perda, highest of Pyrenees France. ,. 10,950 2 

Mt. ^tna, volcano Sicily.... 10,835 2 

Monte Corno, highe-st of Appenines. ..Naples 9,523 1% 

Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield Mts. . . Norway 8,115 iM 

Pindus, highest in Greece 7,677 i% 

Mount Sinai Arabia 6,541 i^ 

Black Mountain, highest in N, Carolina. . . 6,760 i^ 

Mt. Washington, highest White Mts. . .N Hampshire 6,285 ij^ 

Mt. Marcy, highest in New York. . . . 5,402 i 

Mt Hecla, volcano Iceland « . . 5, 104 i 

Ben Nevis, highest in Great Britain. . .Scotland. 4,406 J^ 

Mansfield, highest of Green Mountains. Vermont .. 4,280 , ^ 

Peaks of Otter Virginia 4,260 ^ 

Mt. Vesuvius Naples 4,253 ^ 

Round Top, highest of Catskill Mts New York 3,804 ^ 

ONE HORSE POWER i.s the strength necessary to lift 33,000 
pounds one foot per minute 



66 



Pontraits on Bank Notes and Postage 
Stamps. 

On United States notes — $i, Washington; $2, Jefferson; $5, 
Jackson; $10, Webster; $20, Hamilton; $50, Franklin; $100, 
Lincoln; $500, General Mansfield; $1,000, DeWitt Clinton; $5,000, 
Madison; $10,000, Jackson. On silver certificates — $10, Robert 
Morris; $20, Commodore Decatur; $50, Edward Everett; $100, 
James Monroe; $500, Charles Sumner, and $1,000, W, L. Marcy. 
On gold notes— $20, Garfield; $50, Silas Wright; $100, Thomas 
H. Benton; $500, A. Lincoln; $1,000, Alexander Hamilton; $5,000^ 
James Madison; $10,000, Andrew Jackson. 

Those which appear upon postage stamps are: On lo-cent 
stamp, the head of Jefferson, from life-size statue by Powers; 
6-cent, Lincoln, from bust by Volk; 5-cent, Garfield; 4-cent, Jack 
son; 2-cent, Washington, after Houdon's bust; i-cent, Franklin, 
from profile bust by Rubicht. 

Average Temperature in United States. 



Tucson, Arizona 69 

Jacksonville, Florida 69 

New Orleans, Louisiana 69 

Austin, Texas 67 

Mobile, Alabama 66 

Jackson, Mississippi 64 

Little Rock, Arkansas 63 

Columbia, S. Carolina 62 

Ft Gibson, Indian Ter 60 

Raleigh, N Carolina 59 

Atlanta, Georgia 58 

Nashville, Tennessee 58 

Richmond, Virginia 57 

Louisville, Kentucky 56 

San Francisco, California 55 

Washington, D. C 55 

St. Louis, Missouri 55 

Baltimore, Ms^ryland 54 

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. . . .54 

Wilmington, Delaware 53 

Trenton, New Jersey. . . .' 53 

Columous, Ohio 53 

Portland, Oregon 53 

Fl Boise, Idaho . ., 52 



Salt Lake City, Utah. 52 

Romney, West Virginia 52 

Indianapolis, Indiana 51 

Leavenworth, Kansas 51 

Santa Fe, New Mexico Ter. . .51 

Sterlacoom, W. Ter 51 

Hartford, Connecticut 50 

Springfield, Illinois 50 

Camp Scott, Nevada 50 

Des Moines, Iowa 49 

Omaha, Nebraska 49 

Denver, Colorado 48 

Boston, Massachusetts 48 

Albany, New York 48 

Providence, Rhode Island 48 

Detroit, Michigan 47 

Ft. Randall, Dakota Ter 47 

Sitka, Alaska 46 

Concord, New Hampshire 46 

Augusta, Maine - • -45 

Madison, Wisconsin 45 

Helena, Montana Ter 43 

Montpelier, Vermont 43 

St. Paul, Minnesota 42 



If a railway were built to the sun, and trains upon it were run 
at the rate of thirty miles an hour, day and night without a stop. 
It would require 350 years to make the journey from the earth to 
<the suTX. 



67 

Average Rainfaii in the United States. 

Inches. 



PLACE. Inches. 

Ft. Garland, Colorado. 6 

Ft. Bridgen Utah Ter 6 

Ft. Bliss, Texas o 

Ft. Colville, Wash. Ter 9 

San Diego, California g 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico Ter. .n 

Ft. Defiance, Arizona 14 

Ft, Randall, Dakota Per 16 

Ft, Marcy, New Mexico Ter. 16 
Vt. Massachusetts, Colorado. 17 
Sacramento, California. ..,.. .21 

Dallas, Oregon 21 

San PVancisco, California 2\ 

Mackinac, Michigan . ..p.^ 

Salt Lake City, Utah Ter. . . ,23 
Ft. Snelling, Minnesota. . . . .25 

Ft. Kearney 25 

Penn Yan, New York 28 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 30 

Detroit Michigan 30 

Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas 31 

Ft. Br 3wn, Texas o-. 

Buffalo, New York .33 

BurlingLon, Vermont. . , , 34 

Peoria, Illinois or 

Key West, Florida. ! .* . . 36 

Ft, Gibson, Indian Ter 36 

White Sulphur Springs, Vsl. .-37 

Washington, D. C 37 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ^57 

Cleveland, Ohio 37 

Ft ' Vancouver 38 

Hanover, New Hampshire! ! .40 



PLACE. 

Ft. Smith, Arkansas 

Providence, Rhode Island.. 41 

New Bedford, Mass 45 

Baltimore, Maryland 41 

Muscatine, Iowa ^^ 

St. Louis, Missouri a-3 

Marietta, Ohio [[[ ^^ 

Richmond, Indiana. ..... 4, 

Gaston, N. Carolina. . f. . . !, 
New York City, N. Y ..... I^ 

Charleston, S. Carolina. .... 43 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 44 
New Haven, Connecticut... 44 

V 'incinnati, Ohio 44 

Brunswick, Maine .,...'.' 44 

Boston, Massachusetts... . 44 

Newark, New Jersey 44 

Memphis, Tennessee 43 

Fortress Monroe, Virginia.. 47 

Springdale, Kentucky... 48 

Savannah, Georgia 48 

New Orleans, Louisiana 51 

Natchez, Mississippi ^^ 

Hun tsville, Alabama... 54 

Washington, Arkansas 54 

Ft. Myers, Florida 56 

Ft. Tonson. Indian Ter 57 

Meadow Valley, California. 57 
Baton Rouge, Louisiana'. ... 63 

Mt. Vernon, Alabama 66 

Ft. Haski. -, Oregon 66 

Sitka, AlasK 



Wire 

Gauge. 
No. c. 



Yards in 
Bundle. 



81 

Neah Bay, Wash. Ter 123 

Yards of Wire pen Bundle. 

Wires all weigh 63 lbs. to the bundle 

Yards in Wire 

Bundle. Gauge. 

No- -' 529 

^ 12 . . . 700 

« ^3-. -••••• S93 

14- • • 1 142 

/ 15 1468 

« ^^ I9S4 

« ^^- 3150 

„ ^9 4085 

20 0....4915 



71 
• 91 
, 105 

. 121 

170 
203 
239 
286 
342 
420 



od (i6H 



68 

Amount of Barbed Wire Required for 

Fences. 

Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence 
space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of 
wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one 
feet). 

I Line. 

I square acre ■^°2/ ik * 

I side o{*a square acre 127S Jbs 

I square half-acre 

I square mile. • • 

I side of a square mile. . 

I rod in length 

100 rods in length - - _ioo 

100 feet in length 01- 



36 

1280 

320 





2 Lines. 


■X Lines 


lbs. 


loiM lbs. 


152 lbs. 


lbs 


25>i lbs. 


38 lbs. 


lbs. 


72 lbs 


108 lbs. 


lbs. 


2560 lbs. 


3840 lbs. 


lbs. 


640 lbs. 


960 lbs 


lb 


2 lbs. 


3 \^K 


lbs. 


200 lbs 


300 lbs 



16 lbs. 12^ lbs. 18 3-16 lbs' 



Number of Shrubs or Plants for an 
Acre of Ground. 



D£s:. a^art No. of Plants. 

3 inches by 3 inches 696,960 

4 inches by 4 inches 392,040 

6 inches by 6 inches . - - 174.240 
9 inches by 9 inches 77.44° 

1 foot by I loot 43060 

1% feet by 1^ feet 19.360 

2 feet bv 1 foot 21,780 

2 feet by 2 feet 10,890 

23^ feet by 2 ^/^ feet 6,960 

14,520 
7,260 
4,840 

3.555 
10,890 

5>445 
3,630 
2,722 

2,151 
8,712 
4,356 
2,904 



Dist. apart. No of Plants. 

6feet by 6feet 1,210 

(>y^ feet by 6K feet 1,03! 

7 feet by 7 feet »8r 

8 feet by 8 feet 680 

9 feet by 9 feet 537 

10 feet by 10 feet - - 435 

11 feet by II feet 360 

302 
257 
222 

193 
170 
160 
150 



3 feet by i foot 

3 feet by 2 feet 

3 feet by 3 feet 

31^ feet by 3^ feet 

4 feet by i foot 

4 feet by 2 feet 

4 feet by 3 feet 

4 feet by 4 feet ... 
4^ feet by 4/^ feet .... 

5 feet by i foot 

5 feet by 2 feet.... • 

5 feet by 3 feet •• ., ^ 

5 feet by 4 feet 2,178 

5 feet bv 5 feet i,742 

SK feet'by 5^ feet .... i,4i7 

COST OF EMANCIPATION. -If the total cost of the Civil 
War be diVided among the slaves set free, emancipation cost about 
$700 per slave. ^ 



12 feet by 12 feet 

13 feet by 13 feet 

14 feet by 14 feet 

15 feet by 15 feet 

16 feet by 16 feet 

i6i/^ feet by 16^ feet . 

17 feet by 17 feet 

18 feet by T 8 feet I34 

19 feet by 16 feet 120 

20 feet by 20 feet 108 

25 feet by 25 feet 69 

30 feet by 30 feet 4^ 

33 feet by 33 feet 4° 

40 feet by 40 feet ■ • - 27 

50 feet by 50 feet i7 

60 feet by 60 feet 12 

66 feet by 66 feet 10 



69 

How Deep in the Ground to Plant Conno 

The following is the result of an experiment with Indian Corn. 
That which was planted at the depth of 

% inch, sprout appeared in 8 days 

I inch, sprout appeared in 8% days 

1 }4 inch, sprout appeared in g% days 

2 inches, sprout appeared in. lo days 

25^ inches, sprout appeared in ii]4 days 

3 inches, sprout appeared in t2 days 

3^ inches, sprout appeared in 13 days 

4 inches, sprout appeared in- .... i^% days 

The more shallow the seed was covered with earth, the more 

rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger after- 
wards wa-s the stalk The deeper the seed lay, the longer it re- 
mained before it came to the surface. Four inches was too deep 
for the maize, and also tOo deep for smaller kernels. 

How to Measure Corn in Crib, Hay in a 
Mow, etc. 

This rule will apply to a crib of any kind. Two cubic feet of 
sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel shelled. To get 
the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure 
the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside of the rail; 
multiply the length by the breadth and the product by the height; 
then divide the product by two, and you have the number of 
bushels in the crib. 

To find the numoer of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a bin, 
multiply the length, breadth and thickness together, and this 
product by 8, and point off one figure in the product for decima?ls 

To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a 
ton, and it will come out very near correct. 

How Grain will Shrink. 

Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain after it is fit for 
market, when, the shrinkage is taken into account Wheat, from 
the time it is threshed, will shrink two quarts to the bushe-l or six 
per cent, in six months, in the most favorable circumstances. 
Hence, it follows that ninety-four cents a bushel for wheat when 
first threshed in August, is as good, taking into account the shrink- 
age alone, as one dollar in the following February. 

Corn shrinks much more from the time it is first husked. One 
hundred bushels of ears, as they come from the field in November, 
will be reduced to not far from eighty. So that forty cents a 
bushel for corn in the ear, as it comes from the field, is as good as 
fifty in March, shrinkage only being taken into the account. 

In the case of potatoes — taking those that rot and are otherwise 
lost — together with the shrinkage, there is but little doubt that 
between October and June, the loss to the owner who holds them 
is not less than thirty-three per cent 

This estimate is taken on the basis of interest at 7 per cent., and 
takes no account of loss by vermin. 



70 

What a Deed to a Farm in many States 

Includes, 

Everyone knows it conveys all the fences standing on the farm, 
but all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts, 
rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence^ but had been 
taken down and piled up for fu«ture use again in the same place. 
But new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the 
soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles stored away, if once 
used on the land and intended to be again so used, have been con- 
sidered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles merely laid 
across the beams of the barn, and never fastened to it, would not 
be, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Standing 
trees, of course, also pass as part of the land; so do trees blown 
down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they fell, but 
not if cut, and corded up for sale; the wood has then become 
personal property. 

If there be any manure in the barnyard, or in the compost heap 
on the field, ready for immediate use, the buyer ordinarily, in the 
absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as belonging to 
the farm, though it might not be so, if the owner had previously 
sold it to some other party, and had collected it together in a heap 
by itself, for such an act might be a technical severance from the 
oil, and so convert real into personal estate; and* even a lessee of 
a farm could not take away the manure made on the place while he 
was in occupation. Growing crops also pass by the deed of a 
farm, unless they are expressly reserved ; and when it is not 
intended to convey those, it should be so stated in the deed itself; 
a mere oral agreement to that effect would not be, in most States, 
valid in lav/. Another mode is to stipulate that possession is not 
to be given until some future day, in which case the crops or man- 
ures may be removed before that time. 

As to the buildings on the farm, though generally mentioned in 
the deed, it is not absolutely necessary they should be. A deed of 
land ordinarily carries all the buildings on it, belonging to the 
grantor, whether mentioned or not; and this rule includes the 
lumber and timber of any old building which has been taken down 
or blown down, and packed away for future use on farm. 



United States Land Measure and Home- 
stead Law. 

A township is 36 sections, each a mile square. A section is 640 
acres, A quartet section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. An 
eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a 
mile wide, is 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile 
sq.uare, is 40 acres 



71 

The sections are all numbered i to 36, commencing at northeast 
corner, thus : 



6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


NW NE 


SW SE 


7 


8 


. 9 


10 


II 


12 


18 


17 


16 


IS 


14 


13 


xg 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


3<i 


29 


28 


27 


26 


25 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 



The sections are all divided in quarters, which are named by 
the cardinal points, as in section i. The quarters are divided in 
the same way. The description of a forty-acre lot would read: 
The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 
I in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; 
and sometimes will fall short, and sometimes overrun the number 
of acres it is supposed to contain. 

Homestead Privilege.— The laws give to every citizen, and to 
those who have declared their intention to become citizens, the 
right to a homestead on surveyed lands, to the extent of one- 
quarter section, or 160 acres, or a half-quarter section, or 80 acres; 
the former in cases in the class of lower priced lands held by law at 
$1.25 per acre, the latter of high priced lands held at $2.50 per 
acre, when disposed of to cash buyers. The pre-emption privilege 
is restricted to heads of families, widows, or single persons over 
the age of twenty-one. 

Every soldier and officer in the army, and every seaman, marine 
and officer of the navy, during the recent rebellion, may enter 160 
acres from either class, and length of time served in the army or 
navy deducted from the time required to perfect title. 

BOOKS PUBLISHED.— There are published daily, through- 
ut the world, about 100 new books, or 30,000 a year. 



72 



Arkansas 

California . . ... 

Connecticut 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana. .. 

Iowa. 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Maine 

Massachusetts. . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina . 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania. . 
Rhodo Island. 
South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Vermont.. 

Virginia. 

Wisconsin 


States- 


2 

i 

-0 


^^ 


S^^^: to^^St,^ *. ISttoto^S^'^^^^tot^ 


Buckwh't. 


•^•^i ^-^i : ^: ; : : : j-^; : ^■^•^S*^'^: \ ^ 


Corn on 
the Cob. 


o 

c 


%%^'^%^%^'^%'^%^^%'^^'^^''^'^'^'^'^o.%'- : 


Shelled 
Corn. 


: ^: ^^^: : "^ 


: ^: 


•^'^^^^: ^toto^: ^ 


Com Meal 


O 


tn tn Oi tn UT Ui • uj 
"^ to CT»v4 1 




^: iiJ 


i^^^^i^^to^^o : ^ 


Onions, 


c+- 

3- 
CD 

CD 


: ^: ^^i : ^ 




4i. . . 




Sweet 
Potatoes. 


^S^S'S'S'^^^ 


8^8^8^8^8^8^?o S^S^o H'o B^B^i o 


Potatoes. 


CD 








^: ^8^^: : {^^*3: : 


Turnips. 


CD 


: 8^8^8^S^: : 8^'^8^8^8^ 




8^: 8^8^: ; ; : 8^8^; "^ 


Peas. 




8^8^8^8^S^: : 8^: g^8^8^S^ 


8^: .2^8^8^8^8^8^8^8^: 8^ 


Beans. 


%%%%t.%t^%%%t>l %to-%totot^tot>t.%t,%'^% 


Barley. 


CD 


8^8^8^8^8^8^8^8^8^8^B^B^S^B^S^B^8^oB^oS^ooooo 


Wheat. 


09 


^•t^^^t;^-^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^"^ ;""""" 


Oats. 


cf- 


^%'^%'^%%^'^'^'^'^%'Ss'S.'S.'^ %%'^'^%'^%.'^ ^ 


Rye. 


_> 


00 00 • ON a> • • N 




Dried 
Apples. 


O 

-b 

-b 
CD 

—3 


^^- ^:^: : ^ 


oi lA • o\ • OS' • os^i. o^ ; o\ ON ; ; on 


Flaxseed 


8^8^8^: 8^: g^8^^8^^: S'S^S^] "• ^^S"^^"^] ■ o 


Clover 

Seed. 


CD 

D 

§- 

CD 
Cf 








*. ^S' 


4».! l4i.4k.4».-f>.4^-*»-' ;4^ 


Blue Or' ss 
Seed. 


:§>:::::: 








: : • ^'^^\ g^?: ; ^ 


Anthrac'te 
Coal. 


^ -^^ 4^ .*. ! \ * 4^ 






'. <, 


0- 

n 


^ '. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Jt>. ' ■*>■ 


Timothy 
Seed. 



73 

COTTON CROP OF THE UNITED STATES 

FOR A HALF CENTURY. 



Year. 


Bales. 


Year, 


Bales. 


1820 


870,415 

976,845 
1,038,848 

987,487 
1,070,438 
1,205,324 
1,254,328 
1,360,752 
1,422,930 
1,801,497 
1,260,532 
1,177,835 
1,634,945 
1,683,574 
2,378,875 
2,030,409 
2,394,503 
2,100,537 
2,778,651 
2,347,634 
2,728,596 
2,096,706 
2,355,257 
2,015,029 
3,262,882 
2,930,027 
2,847,339 
3,527,845 


1857 


2,939,519 
3,113,962 
3,851,481 
4,669,770 
3,656,006 
1 


1830 


1858 


1831 


t8c;o 


1832 


i860 


1833 


1861. 


1834.. 


1862 

to 

1865 

1866 


1835 


y No recorc 


1636 


) 


1837 


2,193,987 

2,019,774 

2,593,993 

2,439,035 

3,154,946 

4,352,317 

2,974,351 

3,930,508 ^ 

4,170,388 

3,832,991 

4,669,288 

4,485,423 

4,811,265 

5,073,531 

5,757,397 

6,589,329 

5,435,845 

6,992,234 

5,714,052 

6,474,000 


1838 


1867 


l8^Q 


1868 


1840 


i860 


1841 


1870 


1842 


1871 ' 


iSd.^ 


1872 


1844 


1873 


1845 


1874 


1846 


1875 


1847 


1876 


1848 


1877 


1849 


1878 


1850 


1879 


1851 .... 


1880 


1852 


1881 


18^^ 


1882 


181; 4. 


1883 


xSk^ 


1884 


1856.... 


1885 







The returns are for the years ending September 1. The repor 
from 1829 to 1884, inclusive, is from, the Com-mercial and Finaru 
cial Chronicle, and the ejrtimate for 1885 is from Bradstreefs» 
The average net weight per bale is 440 pounds. 



The big trees (redwoods) of Calaveras County, CaL> 
are 92 in number, ten being thirty feet in diameter. 
They range in height from 150 to 237 feet» and in ag^ 
from i,cx)Oto 3,500 years. 



THE BIGGEST THINGS. 



nteiesting Facts Useful When You Get Into an 
Argument. 

Tke largest theater in the world is the new Opera- 
^ouse in Paris. It covers nearly three acres of ground; 
its cubic mass is 4,287,000 feet; it cost about 100,000,000 
francs. The largest suspension bridge is the one between 
New York City and Brooklyn ; the length of the main 
span is 1,595 ^^^^ ^ inches; the entire length of the 
bridge 125,980 feet. The loftiest active volcano is Popo- 
catapetl — " smoking mountain " — thirty-five miles south- 
west of Puebla, Mexico ; it is 17,748 feet above the 
sea level, and has a crater three miles in circumference, 
and 1,000 feet deep. The longest span of wire in the 
world is used for a telegraph in India over the River 
Kistnah. It is more than 6,000 feet in length, and is 
1,200 feet high. The largest ship in the world is the 
Great Eastern. She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad, and 
60 feet deep, being 28,627 tons burden, 18,915 gross, and 
13,334 net register. 

The greatest fortress, from a. strategical point of view, 
is the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It occupies a 
rocky peninsula jutting out into the sea, about three 
miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide. One cen- 
tral rock rises to a hight of 1,435 ^^^^ above the sea leveL 
Its northern face is almost perpendicular, while its east 
side is fuU of tremendous precipices. On the soutll it , 
terminates in what is called Europa Point. The west ■ I 
side is less steep than the east, and between its base and'^ I 
the sea is the narrow, almost level span on which the 
town of Gibraltar is built. The fortress is considered 
impregnable to military assault. The regular garrison 
in time of peace numbers about 7,000. 






75 

The biggest cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in Edmoii' 
son County, Kentucky. It is near Green River, about 
six miles from Cave City, and twenty-eight from Bowling 
Green. The cave consists of a succession of irregular 
chambers, some of which are large, situated on different 
levels. Some of these are traversed by the navigable 
branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind fisb 
are found in its waters. 

The longest tunnel in the world is that of the St 
Gothard, on the line of railroad between Lucerne and 
Milan. The summit of the tunnel is 900 feet below the 
surface at Andermatt, and 6,600 feet beneath the peak 
of Kastlehorn, of the St. Gothard group. The tunnel 
^26^4 feet w4de, and is 18 feet 10 inches from the floor 
to the crown of the arched roof. It is g}4 miles 
long. 

The biggest trees in the world are the mammoth trees 
of California. One of a grove in Tulare County, accord- 
ing to measurements made by members of the State 
Geological Survey, was shown to be 276 feet in heigl '5 
108 feet in circumference at base, and 76 feet at a po:nt 
12 feet above ground. Some of the trees arc 376 feet 
high, and 34 feet in diameter. Some of the largest that 
have been felled indicate an age of from 2,000 to 2,500 
years. 

The largest library is the Bibliotheque National, in 
Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It contains 1,400,000 
volumes, 300,000 pamphlets. 175,000 manuscripts, 300,- 
000 maps and charts, and 150^000 coins and medals. 
The collection of engravings exceeds 1,300,000, con- 
tained in some 10,000 volumes. The portraits number 
about 100,000. 

The largest desert is that of Sahara, a vast region of 
Northern Africa, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on 
the west to the valley of the Nile on the east. 1 The 
length from east to west is about 3,000 miles, its average 
breadth about 900 miles, its area about 2,000,000 square 
miles. Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara at intervals 
of five, ten and twenty years. In summer the heat 
during the day is excessive, but the nights are often cold. 



76 



A CALENDAR FOR ASCERTAINING ANY DAY OF THE 
WEEK FOR ANY GIVEN TIME WITHIN THE PRES- 
ENT CENTURY. 



AON I 



■I - 



VO I CD 



•50O I 



jdag 1 N I tD 



I ^ 



Sny I VO I t>> 



XinflfoJ 



« I VO 



3unf I H I N 






I I VO 



|vO 






•UBf I ^ I IT, { VO 



^-1 





00 


OS 


■ „ 


(N 




^ 




LO 


m 


VO 


VO 


VO 


VO 


00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


OO 


VO 


tr^ 




O 




'^ 


in 




^ 


U-) 




in 


ID 




00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


oo 






H 
















o. 




m 


On 


ro 


Tf 






^4- 


•^ 




CO 


00 


OO 
M 


oo 


00 


00 




O 







ro 


Th 


t"^ 


00 


N 


CT) 






m 






00 


00 


00 


00 


00 








H 












00 


o\ 


in 


CT 


m 


VO 


t^ 


oo 


00 


rJ^ 


^ 


IN 
00 


00 


00 


H 








l-l 






c^ 


ro 


-<*• 




t>. 




















TO 


00 


^ 


00 


00 


00 


M 






m 


lO 




On 





O 


O 





n 




O 




oo 


oo 

M 


00 
H 


00 
M 


M 


00 


00 

H 



st-f.-^l 






^^ 



c ^ >» ^ £ rt ^ ^ pT " ^ .y rt 

• Sod S**- J; , ► c o 

I rt^g.2^U)^^o^^2t| 



^vf^'':^Q'' 



77 



r» 


M N ro ■'f lOVO txCX) On H N ro rf- lOVO b>00 ON H N m ■<*• lOVO t-sCO O- H 
HHHHHMM)-iHMNNMNCN(N(NMCN(Nmrr» 


« 


Saturday... i 
Sunday .... 2 

Monday 3 

Tuesday ... 4 
Wednesday. 5 
Thursday . . 6 

Friday 7 

Saturday. . . 8 
Sunday . ... 9 

Monday 10 

Tuesday . . .11 
Wednesday. 12 
Thursday . .13 

Friday 14 

Saturday.. .15 

Sunday 16 

Monday 17 

Tuesday ...18 
Wednesday. 19 
Thursday . 20 
Friday .... .21 
Saturday. . .22 
Sunday . . . .23 

Monday 24 

Tuesday . . .25 
Wednesday.26 
Thursday . .27 

Friday 28 

Saturday. . .29 

Sunday 30 

Monday.... 31 


IQ 


M N m -«1- 10*0 r>.00 On w (N CO ^ toVD tr^oo on h (s ro ^f invo t^co on m 

... H H H H H H H H H H M <N (N (N (N !N <N (N 0) (N CO ro 

'. ! ! I ! >, I I ! ! I *. >% ! '. ! ! 1 ! >, I .* ! ; i I >^ I I i ) 

^•s §>illl ^-iilll ^-iilll ^^illll ^-s ^ 


rf< 


H N m '^ i^vo f>C)0 ON H CM m Tf- iono t^oo on h w ro ^ m^ c^oo O- w 

MHHHHHMMHH(S)CMIN(N(N(N(N(N(NMrO(n 

1^ ^^^^i^^'it :^^^^^'^t '•^^^>^'i|^ '•^^^>^'l|^ ''-'k 

1 nl^ilt nHiB nHilt ^ll|l|l ^1 


CO 


H N ro '^^ vovo t>oo On M (N ro ^ in>o t>.oo On h c^ ro ^j- mvo t>.co On h 

HHi-iHMHHHHH(NM(NMCN(N(N(N<N(NmrO 

1^ :^^^>^'i|^ :^^^>>'St '•^^^>^'i| :^^^>^'i|^ ''- 


N 


Tuesday . . . i 
Wednesday. 2 
Thursday . . 3 
Friday .."... 4 
Saturday. . . 5 

Sunday 6 

Monday .... 7 

Tuesday 8 

Wednesday. 9 
Thursday. . . 10 

Friday 11 

Saturday. . .12 
Sunday .... 13 
Monday. ... 14 

Tuesday 15 

Wednesday. 16 
Thursday. . .17 

Friday 18 

Saturday. . . 19 
Sunday .... 20 
Monday. . . .21 
Tuesday . . .22 
Wednesday. 23 
Thursday . .24 

Friday 25 

^Saturday. . .26 

Sunday . 27 

Monday 28 

Tuesday .. .29 
Wednesday. 30 
Thursday ..31 


H 


M N ro -"l- lOVO l>.oo ON H M CO rt- lOvo t^oo On M (N ro Tt- irj^O r-.oo On M 

HHHHHHHHHH(NN(N(>JWCN(NM(NNmf<-! 
'.'.>, \ \ \ '.'.'.>,'.'.'•'.','.>,•'.'.'.'.'. >^ \ \ '.,'.'. >, 

>^^'>5i2 *«J?s>^^"5i5 'rt^>^^^iS "rt?\>^^t«i5 •rt?\>%^<fl 

V, V 2-- ti ^ H « 2-- tJ 5 2:^ D 2-r= ti > 2^ <u H-r ti ^j 2d u 
*^ r^ b> ;^ ,>- '^ r^ ^ P "::> -f^ ,^ '^ r^ ^ P <:> P ,^ '^ .^<^P'>-P r^ Slr^'^P\> 



I 



THE LIBERTY BELL. 

The Philadelphia News gives some interesting particu- 
lars of the history of the Independence Bell: 

The order for the bell was given in 175 1. The State 
House of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, work on which 
had been suspended for a number of years, was then 
approaching completion. The lower floors were already 
occupied by the Supreme Court in the chamber, while in 
the other assembled the Freemen of the Province of 
Pennsylvania, then consisting of one body. A committee 
was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter Norris as 
chairman, and empowered to have a new bell cast for the 
building. The commission for the bell was in the sam^ 
year awarded to Robert Charles, of London, the specifi 
cation being that the bell should weigh about 2,00c 
pounds and cost ;^ioo sterling. It w^as to be made by 
the best workmen, to be examined carefully before being 
shipped, and to contain, in well-shaped letters around it, 
the inscription : " By order of the Province of Pennsyl- 
vania, for the State House in the City of Philadelphia, 
1752.' * An order was given to place underneath this the 
fatal and prophetic words from Leviticus xxv. 10 : " Pro- 
claim liberty throughout the land and to all the inhab- 
itants thereof." 

The reason for the selection of this text has been a 
subject of much conjecture, but the true reason is appar- 
ent when the full text is read. It is as follows: " And 
ye shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty 
throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof. " 
In selecting the text the good Quakers had in memory 
the arrival of William Penn and their forefathers more 
than half a century before. 

In August, 1752, the bell arrived, but though in 
apparent good order, it was cracked by a stroke of the 
clapp'^r while being tested. It could not be sent back, 
78 



79 

as the captain of the vessel who had brought it ovei 
could not take it on board. Two skillful men undertook 
to recast the bell, which, on being opened, revealed a 
bell which pleased very much. But it was also found to be 
defective. The original bell was considered too high, and 
a quantity of copper was added to the composition, but 
too much copper was added. There were a great many 
witticisms on account of the second failure, and the 
ingenious workmen undertook to recast the beU, which 
they successfully did, and it was placed in condition in 
June, 1753. 

On Monday, the 8th of July (not the 4th), at noon, 
true to its motto, it rang out the memorable message of 
" Liberty thi-oughout the land and to all the inhabitants 
thereof. " 

For fifty years the bell continued to be rung on every 
festival and anniversary until it eventually cracked. 

An ineffectual attempt was made to cause it to con- 
tinue serviceable by enlarging the cause of i ts dissonance 
and chipping the edges. It was removed from its posi- 
tion in the tower to a lower story, and only used on 
occasions of public sorrow, such as the death of ex-Presi« 
dents and statesmen. Subsequently it was placed on the 
original timbers in the vestibule of the State House, and 
in 1873 it was suspended in a prominent position imme- 
diately beneath where a larger bell presented to the city 
in 1866 now proclaims the passing hours. 

CHOLERA. 

Cholera. — Known in its native country, India, under 
the names Morshi, Mordeshi and Visuchika; first appeared 
in Europe in 1831; was first introduced into Canada and 
the United States in 1832, spread as an epidemic, and 
lasted in some localities until 1835. 

Second European epidemic began in 1847; reached New 
York and New Orleans in December, 1848; Canada in 
April, 1849; continuing epidemically in the United States 
until 1852; almost died out in Europe at the close of 
1850, but broke out afresh in 1852, and was again im- 
ported into this country in 1853, not entirely disappearing 
mtil 1855. ^ 



8o 

Thkd epidemic in Europe began in 1865 ; cases at 
Ward's Island, New York, in November, but the conta- 
gion not fairly introduced into the United States until the 
spring of 1866; died out here in 1867, and in most Euro* 
pean countries in 1869-70; afresh outbreak there in 1871 
reached this country again in February, 1873, when it 
spread from New Orleans and involved nineteen States 
in eight months. 

Fourth epidemic followed a violent outbreak in Egypt 
in 1883 (the "Damietta outbreak"); cases at Marseilles 
in October, but existence concealed; declared epidemic 
at Toulon in June, 1884; spread throughout Southern 
France, thence into Italy; existence suspected in Spain, 
but denied during the winter of 1884-85, but during the 
spring and summer of 1885 it invaded nearly all parts ol 
the kingdom, causing over one hundred thousand deaths; 
attacked Italy again during the autumn, and at the close 
of 1885 was reported in Venice, Trieste and in the prov* 
ince of Brittany. Cases were reported in various other 
parts of Europe, but no spread resulted, except in the 
countries named. So far as known, only one infected 
vessel arrived in this country; deaths from cholera had 
'occurred during the voyage, but the vessel was properly 
-ared for on her arrival in New Y'' rk Bay, latter part of 
September, 1885. 

The first European epidemic lasted seven years — fronj 
1831 to 1837, inclusive — dying out during cold weather, 
and reappearing in spring in. previously infected localities, 
and thence spreading to localities which had previously 
escaped; in many instances more severely scourging local- 
ities in the second or subsequent lyears than during the 
first visitation. The second epidemic lasted seventeen 
years — 1847 to 1863 — with a remarkable intermission in 
1851-52, and numerous fluctuations of intensity, the 
severest in 1849-50 and in 1853-55. The third lasted 
U7t years— 1865 to 1874 — with a remission in 1869-70, 
ind a fresh outbreak in 1 871. In all of them the disease 
was brought to the United States within two years after 
It had become epidemic in countries in close commercial 
relation with this country, and in each epidemic there 
were several distinct importations of the contagion. 

Deduction— 7y^<z^ whenever » and as lon.z as Asiatu 



8i 

cholera exists on the European continent, this country 
is in danger of a cholera epidemic. 

Three things are necessary for a cholera epidemic : 
'First, the cholera poison; second, filthy local condi- 
tions of air, soil and water; third, individual predisposi- 
tion. If, by quarantine, the poison can be kept out of 
the country, the other two factors might be disregarded. 
But since the most rigidly enforced quarantines have here* 
tofore failed to prevent the introduction of the poison, it 
is essential that such measures of local and individual 
sanitation be enforced as will secure cleanliness of person, 
of habitation and of surroundings — of air, water and 
soil. Certain of these conditions the individual can only 
indirectly control, but for his own immediate environ- 
ment, his dwelling and premises and his personal hygiene, 
he is himself responsible. And these conditions ha\'e 
much to do with determining the individual predisposi- 
tion. 

Cholera is most surely guarded against by keeping the 
body clean and well nourished, and the mind equable and 
contented; underfeeding, anxiety, overwork, exposure to 
extremes of temperature, intemperance in eating or drink- 
ing — all tend to reduce the resistance of the system to 
the influence of any morbid poison, and more especially 
that of cholera. 

If cholera should, unfortunately, make its appearance, 
the following most important precaution should be ob- 
served: 

No diarrhea, or even lax condition of the bowels, 
should be disregarded while there is a single case of chol- 
era in the country. An attack of cholera is usually pre- 
ceded by a loose, painless diarrhea, although less fre- 
quently one may pass from apparently perfect health 
after a single dejection into the state of cholera collapse. 
But, as a rule, there is the premonitory stage above indi- 
cated, and which may last from one to five days. Such 
attacks, if promptly and properly treated, may almost 
invariably be cured, but if neglected, may develop into 
malignant cholera. 

5 Treatment. — First, absolute rest ; second, ateaspoon- 
ful of the following mixture every two hours until the 
diarrhea is checkedi 



82 

CHOLERA MIXTURE. 

Aromatic sulphuric acid One ounce. 

Paregoric Three ounces. 

Dose. — One teaspoonful in four tablespoonfuls o 
«^ter. 

This is the simplest and most generally useful combina- 
tion, and should be kept ready for use in the house, office, 
store and workshop during a cholera season. 

A good doctor should be called, but the above treat- 
ment is to be followed until the doctor arrives. Mean- 
time take no food or stimulants of any kind, but allay 
thirst with ice. 

Preventive. — In addition to ordinary prudence m 
diet and drink, especial care should be taken as to the 
quality of drinking-water used. If not known to be abso- 
lutely pure, add a teaspoonful of aromatic sulphuric acid 
(elixir of vitriol) to one quart of water. Epidemics of 
cholera have been arrested, when every other means failed, 
by using water thus acidulated. It may be flavored with 
lemons and sweetened. 

There is good reason for believing that the cholera 
poison is absolutely destroyed by mineral acids. It would 
be well, therefore, to confine the drink exclusively to this 
mineral-acid lemonade so long as there is any danger 
of cholera. No other single precaution is of so- much 
importance as this. 

POISONS— ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT. 

Immediately on discovering that poison has been swal- 
lowed, send for a physician with all possible haste. Until 
his arrival, the treatment should either be with a viewt^ 
removing the poison by an emetic or neutralizing its effects 
by an antidote. 

Emetics. — Ground mustard, a tablespoonful in a 
tumbler of warm water, is an emetic usually quickly pro- 
cured. Give the patient ore-fourth of it at once, and 
follow with a cup of warm water. ilepeat the dose 
every minute or two until vomiting takes place. Give 
tepid water freely. Mustard has a special value in most 
cases where an emetic is needed, as it is also stimulating 
in its effects. 






83 

Jommon salt is aiso used as an emetic, a teacup of 
^ater with as much salt as the water will dissolve being 
given every few moments until vomiting occurs. 

Tickling the throat with a feather, or with the finger, 
is a valuable aid to the action of an emetic. 

After vomiting takes place, the white of eggs in warm 
water, warm milk, gum-arabic water, or flour and 
water, may be given to further cleanse the stomach and 
to soothe the irritated mucous membrane. 

The following table gives the common poisons and 
suggestions as to the treatment for each, and, together 
with the above, may be of assistance until the arrival o:' 
a physician: 
ACIDS— MINERAL.— Chalk, magnesia (plaster oflf 

wall), solution of cooking soda, or saleratus; then 

barley-water, linseed-tea, or olive-oil. 
ACONITE. — Emetics, stimulants external and internal 
ANTIMONY.— -Strong tea in large quantities. 
AQUA FORTIS>--Same as Acids, Mineral. 
ARSENIC. — Give milk in large quantities, or the white 

of eggs, or flour and water. Follow with stimu- 
lants. 
ATROPIA. — Same as Belladonna, 
ARGENTl NIT. — Large teaspoonful of salt in cup of 

water; repeat in ten minutes; then give castor-oil 

and linseed-tea or barley-water. 
BAD FISH OR OTHER FOOD.— Emetics; then a 

large dose of castor-oil with some warm spice. 

Mustard-plaster to pit of stomach if necessary. 

BED-BUG POISON.— Same as Corrosive Sublimate, 

BLUE VITRIOL.— Same as Cupri Sulph, and Copper, 

CANNABIS INDICA.— Hot brandy and water, lemon^ 

juice, vegetable acids, vinegar; allow patient to 

sleep; blister to nape of neck. 
CANTHARIDES. - Emetics, followed by barley-water, 

flaxseed-tea, or other soothing drinks. 
CARBOLIC ACD y. -Castor or olive-oil. 

CAUSTIC POTASH Same as /'^^^j/^. 

CAUSTIC SODA ..-Same as Potash. 

CHLORINE WATER.— Albumen (white of egg). 

milk, flour. 



84 

CHLOROFORM.—Fresh air; incline the body so as to 
get the head as low as possible; pull the tongue 
forward; dash cold water on the chest at intervals 
and excite respiration by any other means. 

CHLORIDE OF TIN.— Milk in large quantities with 
magnesia, chalk or whiting in it; raw eggs beaten up 
with water or milk. 

CHLORAL HYDRATE.— Same as Chloroform, 

CHLORIDE OF ZINC— Milk with white of eggs Ib 
it. Large Doses. 

COBALT. — Same as Arsenic. 

COLCHICUM. — Emetics; then barl^ water, linseed^ 
tea, etc. If stupor (coma) be present, give brandy, 
coffee, ammonia. 

CONIUM. — Emetics, followed by stimulants externally 
and internally. 

COPPER. — Milk and whites of eggs; large quantities; 
then strong tea. Don't give vinegar. 

COPPERAS. — Emetics. Mucilaginous drinks. 

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.— White^ of eggs in a 
little water. Repeat dose at intervals of two or 
three minutes until patient vomits. Use milk or 
flour and water if you can't get eggs. 

CROTON OIL. — Emetics; then flaxseed-tea, gum- 
arabic water, slippery elm, etc. 

CUPRI SULPH.— Whites of eggs. Same as Copper. 

CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.— Same as Frussic 
Acid. 

DIGITALIS. — Emetics. Keep the patient lying down. 
Stimulants externally and internally. 

FOWLER'S SOLUTION.— Same as Arsenic, 

HASCHISCH. — Same as Cannabis Indica. 

HEMLOCK. — Same as Conium. 

HENBANE. — Same 2.s Hyoscyamus. 

HYDROCYANIC ACID.— Fresh air and artificiaS 
respiration, with dashes of cold water. 

HYOSCYAMUS. — Emetics; lemon-juice stimulants ex- 
ternal and internal. 

INDELIBLE INK— Same as Argenti Nit. 

INDIAN HEMP. — Same as Can^tabis Indica. 

IODINE. — Emetics; starch or flour iti water; barlef' 
water or other demulcent drinks. 



^5 

IVY POISONING.— -Apply soft-soap freely to affected 
parts; or bathe the poisoned skin frequently with 
weak tincture of belladonna. 

LAUDANUM.— Same as Oj>ium. 

LEAD. — Two ounces of Epsom salts in a pint of water | 
wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates 
freely. Afterward milk. 

LEAD SALTS.— Same as Lead. 

LEAD WATER.— Same as Lead. 

LOBELIA. — Stimulants externally and internally. 

LUNAR CAUSTIC— Same as Argenti Mi. 

LYE. — Same as Potash. 

ME^RCURY. — Same as Corrosive Sublimate, 

MINERAL ACID. — Same 2.^ Acids ^ Mineral, 

MORPHIA.— Same as Opium. 

MURIATIC ACID.— Same as Acids, Mineral, 

NITRATE OF SILVER.— Same as ^r^^w/i;' A^//. 

NITRE.— Same as Saltpetre. 

NITRIC ACID.— Same as Acids, Mineral. 

NUX VOMICA. — Emetics, artificial respiration, lin^ 
seed-tea or barley-water; to an adult 30 drops 
laudanum to relieve the spasms. 

OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS.— Same as Prussh 
Acid. 

OIL OF VITRIOL.— Same as Acids, Mineral. 

OPIUM. — Emetics (10 grains of sulphate of copper if 
possible); after vomiting, which must be induced 
quickly, give plenty of strong coffee with brandy, 
put mustard plasters around calves of legs; keep 
patient aroused by walking around, dashing cold 
water in face, heating soles of feet, or whipping 
body with towls wrung out in cold water. If the 
patient is allowed to go to sleep before the effect <^ 
the opium has passed off, death will result. 

OXALIC ACID.— Same as Acids, Mineral. 

PAREGORIC— Same as Opium. 

PARIS GREEN.— Same as Arse7tic. 

PHOSPHORUS.— Emetics, large quantities of tepid 
water, with magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour 
stirred in it. 

POTASH. — Vinegar and water, oranges, lemons, sour 



86 

beer, cider, or sour fruit; then give oil — linseed or 

olive. 
PRUSSIC ACID.— Sal-volatile and water; apply smeB- 

ing-salts to nostrils; dash cold water in face, 

stimulants. 
RATSBANE. — Same as Arsenic. 
RED PRECIPITATE.— Same as Corrosive Sublimate 
RED LEAD. — Same as Lead. 
« ROUGH ON RATS."— Same as Arsenic. 
SALTPETRE. — Flour and water in large dosesj 

seed or sweet oil. 
3 ALTS OF TIN.— Milk in large quantities. 
SILVER, NITRATE OF.— Same as ArgentiNit. 
SPANISH FLY. — Same as Ca7itharides. 
SPIRITS OF SALTS.— Same as Acids, Mineral 
STRAMONIUM.— Same as Belladonna. 
STRYCHNINE.— Same as Nux Vomica. 
SUGAR OF LEAD.— Same 2.^ Lead Salts. 
SULPHURIC ACID.— Same 2.?^ Acids, Mineral. 
SULPHATE OF ZINC— Same as Zinc Salts. 
TARTAR EMETIC— Same as ^;^//w^;^r. 
TARTARIZED ANTIMONY.— Same as Antimony. 
TOBACCO. — Emetics; stimulants external and in^ 

^ ternal. 
V'ERDIGRIS.— Same as Copper. 
VERMILION. — Same as Corrosive Sublimate, 
VOLATILE ALKALI.— Same as Potash. 
WHITE PRECIPITATE— Same as Arsenic. 
WHITE VITRIOL— Same as Zinc Salts. 
ZINC SALTS.— Give milk with whites of eggs freely^' 
afterward warm barley-water or linseed-tea. 



Fortress Monroe is the largest single fortification in 
the world. It has already cost the Government ovei 
$3,000,000. The water battery is considered one of the 
finest military works in the world. 

Leon P. Fredemeyer is credited with having trundled 
#, wheelbarrow from San Francisco.. Cal. , to New York 
in 7 months and 16 days. He arrived iii: New York July 
"^ 1879. 



O tUObJO 

-^ a ^ 

*^ «. 2 

(U C— i O 

_1 PI '1 
c^ g qj 

find ::s 
-^ 2 

.^ .1^5 .^ 

^ (U ^ Pi 

sis-- 

*^ S boo 
i-i g u S 







dj 












^ 






rQ • 






S"? g. 






(U w O 












lA 




O 1^ ^ fl S . O £ 


:3 

.2 








^cj(rf(ui;rrt ■*-' 


o 










CO 








1 ^T3 a "-^1 g^ 


1 














■^^^J^ ^r;:J :;:: :;:! ^ 






^r^^-Xj HM^_i^^_, "^ 






^ ?D ?2p;dp^ 






* 4- 




o 




cAininiAiAiniAtAin 


^ 


2 


>^>.>^>^>^>>>^>^>^ 


J=^T^ 


C! 


dduiciciciQicici 


2 o 




n:3'T3T3T^X5T3'dndT3 


Anx 

per 

nges 


00 lO -^ 'sh O t^ "^00 rj- 
i-i H< M c^ t-t M M 

Jk ', A i 1 • ' ' 1 




2 








bbb^^!=^^^!=^^ 






CCCjC^TOCjCuCartci 


S >^ 


!h 


TJ'dTJTJldXJ'^TJTlJ 








(X0 


Oh 


O) 










• •..... .^* 






'. '. I : I I I u ^ 


i 




^ :l : :i :ld 




£.s : : -.t x^ io 


p 











a 

Q. P 

^ <u 

w to 

d O 
T3 Tl 



o ^.s 

O <D <D 
ai "-* n 

•-" ^rt 

^^ o 
c ^ o 

•^-^^ 

<u .xJ to 
S ,^^ 

d CJ <1^ 
* -*- a> 



ss 




89 

DIGESTION. 

Average time required for the digestion of various 
articles of food : 

Hours. Min. 

Apples, sweet (boiled) 2 30 . 

Barley (boiled) 2 

Beans, Lima (boiled) 2 30 

Beef (roasted) . . -3 

Beef (fried) 4 

Beef, salt (boiled) 2 45 

Bread 3 30 

Butter .3 30 

Cheese 3 30 

Chicken (fricasseed) 2 40 

Custard (baked) 2 45 

Duck (roasted) 4 

Eggs (raw) 2 

Eggs (soft-boiled) 3 

Eggs (hard-boiled) 3 30 

Eggs \fri9d) .^ 3 30 

Fish, various kinds (raw, boiled, fried) 2 44 

Fowl (roast) 4 

Hashed meat and vegetables (warm) 2 30 

Lamb (boiled) 2 30 

Milk (raw) 2 15 

Milk (boiled) 2 

Mutton (boiled) 3 

Mutton (roast) *. 3 15 

Oysters (roast) 3 ,15 

Oysters (stewed) 3 30 

Pigs' feet, soused (boiled) i 

Potatoes (baked) , 2 30 

Pork, salt (stewed) 3 

Pork (roast) 3 15 

Rice (boiled) i 

Sago (boiled) I 45 

Soup, barley , I 30 

Soup, chicken, etc. (average) 3 15 

Tripe, soused (boiled) I 

Turkey (roast) 2 30 

Veal (boiled) 4 

Veal (fried) 4 30 



90 

THE PULSE. 

The natural rate of the pulse varies at different ages 
as follow^: 

Beats per Minute. 

At birth 130 — 140 

One year 115 — 13c 

Two years 100 — 115 

Three years 95 — 105 

Four to seven years 85 — 95 

Seven to fourteen years 80 — 90 

Fourteen to twenty-one years 75 — 85 

Twenty-one to sixty years 70 — 75 

Old age 75— 85 



Discovery of Silver, and History of the Miues of 
Peru. 

The existence of silver at Cerro de Pasco was dis- 
covered by chance in the year 1630. An Indian, tending 
his sheep, was the individual destined to bring to light 
the source of such vast amounts of silver as were after- 
wards extracted from these deposits. One night, while 
this shepherd was resting with his flocks at Santa Rosa, 
he built a fire to protect himself from the severe cold. 
Next morning he saw with astonishment that the stones 
on which his fagots had burned were melted and showed 
thin lines of silver. He hastened to the town and com- 
municated the fact of his discovery to a Spanish merchant 
(pf the place. He lost no- time in takii^g possession of 
the mine, after the manner of a squatter, and naming it 
after Santa Rosa, of Lima, set to working it, deriving 
therefrom a very large fortune. 

On the news of this discovery reaching Lima, a great 
tide of emigration set out for the new mines; among the 
progressive miners who caught the contagion was Don 
Martin Retuerto, who settled upon Yauricocha as his 
place of labor, and here he opened the first adit leading 
into the side of the great hill. This mine was actively 
worked up to the year 1740, over a century, and then 
the descendants of Retuerto sold it to the family of Don 



91 

Jose Maiz. There seemed to be a fatality in this. No 
sooner had the mine changed owners than it was flooded, 
and the new possessors were obliged to toil incessantly 
for twenty years before the ore was again reached. 
Immense amounts of silver were being taken from the 
district, but as greater depths were made the inundations 
occurred with more frequency, and stoppages ensued. 

Meantime an intelligent and enterprising miner con- 
ceived the idea of draining the submerged shafts by 
employing steam power, and in 1815 entered upon a 
contract to bring the pumping machinery from England. 
This was done after overcoming the greatest difficulty in 
transporting the machines from the coast to the interior, 
and in July, 181 6, the pumping engines were placed in 
position and commenced work in a satisfactory manner. 
In order to render the transportation of this machinery 
possible over the narrow paths of the Cordillera, where 
air burdens are carried by pack-mules and llamas, it all 
had to be constructed in pieces, no one of which should 
weigh over 150 pounds. 

Up to this time the silver produced by the mines was 
obtained from the oxidized ore; but so soon as the 
pumping engines were employed and the shafts sunken 
to a much greater depth, ore of a highly superior charac- 
ter was found in which were virgin silver, rosicler, and 
sulphates of silver. Everything progressed favorably 
until 1828, when the pumping apparatus was paralyzed 
by the explosion of the boilers; the drained mines were 
again inundated, the machinery disappeared under the 
waters, and of a necessity work was stopped in the greater 
number of the mines. 

The decadence of the Cerro de Pasco mines dates 
from 1828, when the original pumping apparatus was 
destroyed and the shafts inundated. The mines are still 
filled with water, and the incalculable wealth contained 
in their veins and pockets is awaiting the advent of 
energy and intelligence for its liberation. Up to 1828, 
from the time of the discovery of silver on a considerable 
scale at the Cerro de Pasco, it is estimated by careful com- 
puters thatf $400,000,000 of the precious metal were 
acted from these deposits. 



m 



92 



CQ 

c/) 
Q 



^: 

o 

< 
1-1 
ID 

Ok 

o 
o 



'2 c 


. 1 




























rt « boc o 1 








§S.5-'5'3 


i 


HVO 0>»OIOM NOO 


t^ 


West 
move 

dur 
prece 

dec; 


s 


•* ro »o m vo moo ""i- m 


'$ 
























'b 










G 

o 






CJ 






















c 






fi 


> 


rt 






c 
















1 


4j rt •->. 


.2 








2 

o 
h 

5 

D 

a. 
O 


o 




i 


bO 


refield, W. 
rg, West 
urg, West 
e, Ohio., 
innati, Oh 
nnati, Ohi 
,Ky 








1 

2 


r Baltimore, 
f Baltimore 

by west of 
of Woodsto 
W. of Moo: 
ofCIarksbu 
of Parkersb 
of Chilicoth 
N. of Cinci 

S. of Cinci: 
Taylorville. 






o 




1 







east oi 
west 
N. W. 
north 1 
W. S. 
south 
S. E. 
south 
E. by 
W. by 
E. of 


H 


6 


<: 


MMM^MMMMMM"^ 




o 




'sl'l'l's's'sl'll 

fOOO 'O OsvO ro 00 00 




2 




NHTt-HMWCNNTh 




o 
















H 




^ 2^2 8;^8 8°^^i- 




55 


bo 




o 


a 






Ph 




H-1 


H vo t^ <^vO CO O\oo xn 0\ 










^ 


VO vo t^co M W ro Tj- 
t^ t^ c--. r^ c>-cx3 00 CX3 00 00 












J 0v00«">l-00'^000 






^• 


^ roOf^-^iooONOO 








MHMOlOOlOOllO 










izi 


(y>0\0 000 C^OO 0^ 0\ fr> 










si 


■ 8^8 2gg.^av8a<g 






ci 


t^oo oooqoooocooocooq 




ft 










K 






-1 








t 




1 



^ 


5 




a 




lU 


b/) 




r*» 





C/} 


0) 




t-H 







'^ 




1^, 




r£3 


Ci 




fl 






cJ 




M 




a 


« 











>, 








^ 


U^ 




t 




(1> 



















<i5 


H 


*>. 




^ 


^ 


Q) 


i/i 




C 


•^ 





^ 
%> 




.2 
3 


-*-> 

^ 




H 



<u 






'b 


> 


G 







4) 


•5 


el 


a 


3 


CO 


f5 


U 


rTj 


2 








>> 
'0 





1 


i;^ 


B 


*M 


g 





^ 


^ 


rg 




^ 


1 




^ 




a 


73 






;-l 


(]> 


1 


.2 

n 


(U 


rt 





3 


^ 




;» 

S 




PL,!) 


y 


/^ 


^ 



f 



,Q S .53 



93 



Legal Holidays in the Various States. 

January i. New Year's Day: in Alabama, Cali- 
fornia, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada 
New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South 
Carolina, I'ennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West 
Virginia, and Wisconsm. 

January 8. Anniversary of the Battle of 
New Orleans: in Louisiana. 

February 22. Washington's Birthday: in Cali- 
fornia, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Ken- 
tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maiyland, Massachusetts, 
Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West 
Virginia, and Wisconsin. 

March 2. Anniversary of Texan Independ- 
ENCE: in Texas. 

March 4. Fireman's Anniversary: in New Or- 
leans, La. 

Mardi-Gras: in Louisiana, and the cities of Mobile, 
Montgomery and Selma, Ala. 

April 21. Anniversary of the Battle of San 
Jacinto : in Texas. 

Good Friday : in Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, 
and Pennsylvania. 

April 26. Memorial Day: in Georgia. 

May 30. Decoration Day: in California, Colorado, 
Connecticut, Iowa, Massachussetts, New Hampshire, 
New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 
Vermont. 

July 4. Independence Day: in all the States. 

General Election Day: in California, Florida, 
Maryland, Missouri. New Jersey, New York, South 
Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin. 

Thanksgiving Day: in all the States. 

December 25, Christmas Day: in all the States. 

Sundays and Fast Days (whenever appointed) are 
legal holidays in all the States. 



94 
RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD. 

{Compiled from the latest Official Reports.^ 



Countries. 



Year. 



Algeria 

Argentine Republic 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Bulgaria 

Canada 

Cape of Good Hope 

Chili 

China 

Colombia 

Costa Rica 

Cuba 

Denmark 

Dutch East Indies 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain and Ireland. 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Hawaii 

Honduras 

India, British * 

Italy 

Japan 

Luxemburg 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

New South Wales 



1554 
1884 
1884 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1884 
1884 
1884 
1883 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1883 
1884 
1882 
1884 
1884 
1884 
1884 
1884 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1883 
1884 
1883 
1884 
1883 
J885 
1884 



95 
RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD. 

( Continued. ) 



Countries. 



Miles of 
Line. 



New Zealand 

Nicaragua 

Norway 

Paraguay 

Peru 

Portugal 

Queensland 

Roumania 

Russia 

San Salvador 

Servia 

South Australia. . . 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tasmania 

Tunis 

Turkey 

United States 

Uruguay 

Viqtoria 

Western Australia . 

Total mileage 



1,486 

33 

971 

45 

2,030 

950 

1,038 

850 

15.274 

33 

208 

991 

6,904 

4,000 

1,810 

167 

200 

1,076 

125,152 

271 

1,562 

55 



287,557 



The Date of the Flood. 



The Vulgate and Hebrew gives -the time and 

date 1,654 B. C 

The Samaritan Pentateuch i ,307 " 

The Greeks .2,262 " 



90 



H'-t'-t'-J'-S'-t-S'-S 

0000002.'^ 

^ 3 ^ ^ ^ 

jg [^ w c/: CA 

w r^- r^ <-*- '::j" 

r^ O O O O 

o p p p P 

my 



-. i I 



OcS 



^. t3 






crq 



p 

C12. 

(-1- fi, 



C/2P 



1^04 4^ o vo to to a\ 



s 


5 


NewE 
Middle 
Southe: 
Wester 
Pacific 







^ 


p c^c/2 5r ST 









fllfF 




p 


P 












n 


a; 


3 












CO 


I 0' 


C 
P 
















:3 














p. 


„ 














n 
















1 


to 


vj M M 


t^S 




ta 


VI M vp 00 0\ 


1 


x 


"b\^ "00 10 i- 


isT 




C/l 


VO M l-n 




M 


H 4^ ON 0\<^ 


s, 


OJ 


0\ On;;^ ^^ i^ 


2 ^-^ 








^5 2 









"0 H ui -^ 


;:3 


<o to w 10 
00 (0 ui ^ 


S-'s. 


w 

P 


-e« 


h"^ 







OJ 




p 




rt 


^ 


CO «v] ^ w 


T) 




n 



.^ 


VO uj p 
vj -ji oi j3 4>- 


E 




B 


o\ 


OJ T-i OJ M ta 
Ul H OJ VO 


C/5 




^. 


.^ 


VO H VO ^ ^ 


^ 




p- 


Ox 


H VI VO Ul -P^ 


K 



> 



3 


-e« 


<A 


^ 


!jJ 


^ 


C 


H 


"ox 


M *bo-^. VO H 


g. 


> 




ON 


UJ OJ VI OOOJ 


r 


hj 


^ 


p\p\p p p\ 


n 


> 







K) M ON W ON 


V) 


? 


VO (» M W VO 
U) ON W Cn ON 

vb "to vc VI "00 





n 

8 




vq 


w Ca 00^ 4>. 




c; 


p 

3 




^ 4>" C»OJ U5 




2! 


-W 


.^■^ 


^ 


c 


•vl 


CO ^ 







P^ 


On 


Cn vj VO "m CO 
Cn U) K) V/l 


:^H 







o\ 


VI M 00 ON 


5ii 




•-►i 


vO 


^ Ca i. M 00 
cn VO -^ VO VO 


3 




5- 


? 


0\V0 OOCn 00 










N) 'O i 4>' ^ 






p 


4»- 


«.4 ^ h3 M 03 
4^ 00 Ov On 






-e« 


■m 


^3g 


5" 


o\ 


CO H 





i 


Or cn 00 CNCO 


E.p "■ 


p 


tj 


4^ to OJ OOOJ 




a 


4>. 


Cn "P Ol 4»- 


►5'p-o 


C/J 


(la 


VI "m U> M M 


3p:: 


c 


'<yi 


M VI -f^ M 


Sg..g^ 




-*^ 


ChU) 00 M 4>> 






"0 "lo vb vb "m 


rr p^ 






H 6j OvU) vo 




« 


-£>- 


I -*>- 


>^ 


VJ v^ 


U) 







f^ 5^ P^rO U W > > 

H-. S <-" a f-. P -^ -.►r-' 






P 



< P 



3orq 

o' 5' 
^P 



•<rvO OO-FS' ^J O ^J *-• 



S ^^P ^ o ^* :^ 

t^ X O ^ ^ n '^ ^ 



b 



P ^ S- £.c/is 



l?ci 



(T) 






•<r 00 0000 00 00 00 



97 



C/2 



S S ^ « Q. 



U) 00 H oovi 
4^ W U) H OO 



O VJ W M vo 
00 00 OOOJ o 



0,v0 OOOJ Cn 

H o\'-a O oi 
;<! 4^ vj sva CO 
ui w i) oovb 

^ H 00 M M 

00 O 00 vo to 



00*>4 00 H Oa 
O w W Xn H 
w Os^H JD U) 

5». vb 5^ ^H "oo 

CO vo 00 00 H 
OS H OJ V4 4». 



C/J 



o 

*23 












00 H Ol 
vp p cop vj 
Ca vo >0 l/i "(0 
V] vo vj «jj O 
'-0 ■*>- t^ 0\4>> 



4»> vo U> vj vo 

CO U) "to "bO "m 
O H -^ H H 
vp vp ^H 0\VJ 

vo <>j ca vo a\ 
O CO o\ca H 






^o q 

'^ p. 



w 
w 

I— I 
H 

d 

w 
H 

> 
w 



98 



w S P t:t P^'C/q P ^ s H) ^ 



O-^ g C3 S 
5^ p. ^ .^ ,- 









op'" " 



?7-p. 



^ p C) 
1p ^ 

2 O re 

§ cr !=! ^ 5 rc Ci . 
P v< o t^ ci O P } 




; o 



•"^iL ^ 



^S-3 



S-^ o-OQ „o ^g 3.| 



M rv^ P <- 






S-^ P-' 



^.- o 



P-2.^E2 H-. ^ K ^ 3 o) 



o 



O p -^Cfq o "^ 
p o 



~ - •< p 



o 
p 



Q g W 
I— I <T> C 



cr ^ 



^^oH:3p5^5-5-g 
'^ ^ ^ § ^S-S ?^b^| - 

ti. ►-« III ji 
h5 ;• c« <^ 5^ S 



lig 



8. 



O S 3 



00 CX3 00 00 00 c» 


W 




t ~~?~? 


1" 




W OJ OJ OJ M ^ 












•<J vi ca w ^ Cj 

O H VI vo 


^Q 




^ 00 ^M v4 ooiji 


cr ^ 






R^. 




On'o "o W On 0\ 




H ONU) ^ ^ t/l 


rp 




p\p Ln U\ OJ ^ 










0\Cn co'm OJ "kj 






00 00 (0 -<J VI vo 






C3SOJ 4^ vo t/1 OJ 






H M M 


^g 




H H 0\0 00V4 


o n> 




«^ 4^ K) N vo 


-t en 




"oii' vb vb "h "b 






va M vj vq ^ 




M -t>. M M 0\V0 




■m 






OJ OJ OJ ^M M M 












"b^Oa lo "ooon OJ 


. *n 




0\ OJ VI OJ H 
VO jD Ot cop vp 










H OOOl -^ ooi- 


era. 




H vj 4>» t3 V) 00 


rr jr 




Oi vp OJ OJ ;*^ vp 


• Pu 




M vO OJ OSVO H 
^ H M O 4^ VI 








IH 


K> 4"- OJ OnOJ K) 




00 






^4 


•€« 




"9 


VI OOv] o o^<jx 


3? 


1 


VI W VI M (0 




P W p w OJ or. 


oo 


0\vj to vj v] OS 




00 


OOVl OOOJ K) 


B'S 


Ca 


4^ to VO OJ 






'S" 




vb vb oovb o\c!n 




O K) vo 00 M vj 






oo4>. vo M va 






-G« 






M M K) K> K> ^^ 






OSVO OOVJ Ul M 




^OOOJ p JO Ui p\ 




H OJ OJ Ul en Ori 




O Os>-i O Oi ^ 


S-« 




c^v^ pxONVj 4>. 


D i-r 






? 




"m m o\vi oi vb 




On OOVO OOUi vo 






OOOn OS VI Ui vo 






„ H H H h"^ 












vj VI ta M '-' 






^OJ 4^ ^OOVl M 


^^ 








Ov w "m Oa 00 M 


P3 fl> 




VO OJ VO 00 o\Oj 


?:":3 




4>- vo Oa V) ovvl 


p«« 










OJ OJ OJ OJ on 






OS 00 M M 






(0 4^ W COUl 













VO O VO V) o\ 






OJ ^K) N OJ VI M 


•^3! 




"k) "b ^0 OJ "h OS 


£ D- 




on OJ 4>- H 00 


p-S 




OJ M ^H 4». On ^H 








OOOi tn w OJ ik- 


D. 




on OOOJ O VI VI 
'o •*- 4^ O M O 


C/l 









99 



Telegraphs of the United States. 



Lines. 


Miles of 
Wire. 


Miles of 
Poles. 


No. of 
Offices. 


No. of 
Employes. 




462,285 

54,900 

22,727 

7,641 

5,242 

3,000 

1,092 

81,552 


147,500 
7,848 
3,058 
2,112 
1,627 
3,000 

963 
49,656 


14,184 

1,290 

472 

183 

51 

55 

56 

4,373 


23,25.4 

1,995 

930 

1,158 

172 

90 

57 

6,756 


Baltimore and Ohio 

United Lines. 


Postal Telegraph . 


U. S. Government 

Deseret 






Total. 


638,439 


215,764 


20,664 


34,422 





Telegraph Statistics of the World. 



Countries. 



Year. 


Miles of 


Miles of 


Lines. 


Wires. 


1882 


3,645 


8,678 


1883 


32,684 


95,188 


1883 


5,215 


22,848 


1884 


3*713 


16,830 


1881 


182 


364 


1883 


4,888 


8,533 


1883 


1,325 


1,975 


1883 


23,330 




1883 


4,031 




18S4 


6,840 


13,680 


1885 


3,089 


5,482 


1883 


2,357 


4,714 


1883 


450 


726 


1882 


2,835 


5,987 


1882 


2,283 


6,316 


1882 


3,682 




1885 


3,223 


5,283 


1883 


46,932 


145,282 


1883 


47,6^7 


170,960 


1884 


27,604 


140,498 


1883 


3,720 


3,890 


1884 


2,880 




1884 


175 


350 


1884 


1,800 




1883 


21,740 


62,830 



No. of 
Messages. 



Algeria 

Austria-Hungary 

Bavaria 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Bulgaria 

Canada 

Cape of Good Hope 

Chili 

China 

Columbia 

Costa Rica 

Cuba 

Denmark 

Dutch East Indies 

Egypt , 

France 

Germany 

Great Britain and Ireland. 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Hawaii 

Honduras 

^ndia, ^^ritish 



9,974,993 
7,039,368 

338,053 
311,185 

679,588 



1,216,307 
412,837 

26,174,567 
18,377,626 
31,843,120 



223,994 



107,730 
1,799,179 



lOO 



TELEGRAPH STATISTICS, ETC.— (Continued). 



Countries. 



Italy 

Japan 

Luxemburg 

Mexico 

Montenegro 

Netherlands 

New South Wales. . 

New Zealand 

Nicaragua 

Norway 

Orange Free State. 

Paraguay 

Persia 

Peru 

Portugal 

Queensland 

Roumania • 

Russia 

San Salvador 

Servia 

South Australia.... 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tasmania 

Transvaal 

Tunis 

Turkey 

United States 

Uruguay 

Victoria 

Western Australia. 



Year. 



Miles of 
Lines 



1883 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1884 
1884 



1882 



1883 
1880 
1878 



1883 
1883 
1883 
1882 
1883 



1885 
1883 
1884 
1883 



Miles of 
Wires. 



Total miles - -I 673>i68 



i7»258 
4,733 
, 196 

i9,cx>o 

280 

2,660 

10,000 

4,074 

800 
5,629 

276 

45 

3,647 

550 

2,920 

6,614 

3,000 

65,726 

750 
1,^05 
5,278 
10,733 
5,347 
4,270 

1,273 

no 

2,500 

14,617 

215,764 

1,405 

3,600 

2,359 



12,470 

372 

58,800 



15,714 
17,272 
10,037 

10,075 

352 

90 

5,947 

1,183 

7,084 

10,617 

6,240 

148,532 

1,000 

2,035 

8,824 

26,160 

12,945 

10,346 

1,543 

165 



No. of 
Messages. 



6,454,942 
2,784,287 



3,228,442 
2,107,288 
1,299,400 

912,634 



500,000 



26,060 
638,439 



1,122,548 

917,605 

1,244,435 

10,222,664 



3,019,831 

1,209,088 

2,977,649 

235,697 



1,259,133 
70,000,000 



7,271 



1,474,971 



One dollar loaned for 100 years at the following rates o^ interest 
compounded will amount to the figures set opposite the per cent 
at the end of that time : ^ 

-I per cent ^ 

6 " « 

8 " " 



18 



.$ 19-25 

340.00 

2,203.00 

13,809.00 

85,075.00 

15,145,007.00 

u '. 2,551,799,40400 



The moral \s—lend instead of borrow. 





OMHVONCOfOOOOOCXjrrjOOOOOO^'* 




N H Q ^ ^ fn'O (N lo M N ^ ""t- rooo t^ lo ro N 


(A 






1 


T? w 00 t^ cT f^vo" 6^ cfs d" H o rnwoo 6 
w -^ -rt- a en a\ ^ N o\-^ioo mo '-<"0 m o 




Ph 


csMNNWMNNrorororo'^iotot^ t>.vo >o 




€^ 




vo C?. r^ (N tv rovo ^ in 'il- m m t>. --^^i ro -t- o 


!fl 


■'J- M t^oo ^inroMo-NMO mvo o\ m o •-' 
O 00 H c>. fvoo t>>i-^-^woo CM Onw inir»c7> 


« 






c 


■^ w 00 ■^"O loioinioM Chooo li^vo -^ <n in 






A 






(D ^ -"4- -^ lO tovO VOVOVOVOVOVOVOOO Osm ro (N 


W 


y^ H M H 1 




IT) o 00 CO p\'0 (^ -^ »o -^ CO in o in ^i-vo om o "^ 
OsinONt-N'<i-0 OM3 ino\ro mvo oo m m Os Oioo 












00 -^vo oo r^r^roN '<^'^<N m o n m -<}- -^r n vo 


4^ 


vo H ro rn in rovo \0 mMvo"Ooo Onm inmo 
Ti-o rOMVo '^mw moooooONt^roM ■«i-vo t^ 


U 

a; 


vcT t^ t^ t^ t^oo d\d\ d\o S So n 'r^^d^c^^^ 




N m mvo r^ 0\ (N vo O t>- m ri-vo On o t^ t^vo m 


^ 


00 o\cnrj-t^o\(nini-ivo "-^-ono O o ^c^noo 


w >n ONvo ^00 (N t^ m osoo m m o m h n m 






0\ -^ -^ t^vo Tpvo" c5\ ro d\oo oo" o in N w vo vo 




r>.o romTt-'.i-iniN mw mn t>.M o -^oo t-^ o> 




00 -^-ONHvo '<J-T^^oH t^H ono (n >noo m o o 


s 


invo tC On o C4 ■<?md' r>.oo m rn in 0\ pToo"^ w cT oT 


•Mi-iMMHHNCM(NNmm^'<*-'<*- 


e' 


o inOit^Nvo t^ooo lOM o -^^t-> t^oo tv M '.^ 


in>0 H r-- fo ^00 vo t^ H ro tv. rovo m vo oo 
N in N vo o>vo w t>*M loo loo mooo o 0\t^H 




m 

o 


N N CO ro m -*• m mvo vo t-^ t^oo oo Oi o n w rn -<*• 






«*^ 




o . 


vo M-<^-^H MQ pj lovo N rocjvo ^Moovo M m 




00 0\ o\oo OMno^r^roONmN ovo r<^ t^vo cn t^oo 


^, s 


voc>^lnlnMWH'<^^-, ^t-oo con inmn rot^inw 


i^ 


loiorCrpM H r^-t?ioo\ro-<fvcrH rot^-<?N"o''cr 


t^oo o H (N ro lo t-> t^oo 0,0 M ro N t-- m mvo 


MHHHHHMMM(N(NN(nm-4-rt-^ 


^"H 




° S "5 


O O roCTsONN fot^mrooj mM t>.mo O -^-KO ' 
00 1*^00 Oi m fo moo fommooo ••t'^vo o^fno 
focNMOiHOOt^ moo m On o,vo m N m 


f^vo o N '^vo (SI in ^-< (^ rno m cT m o m t? lo tC 


ro -^ m m m mvo vo t>. t>» c^ t>.co oo oo m ro "^ ti- ■<*■ 




«5 

< 


• 1 • ^ • • - 1 • • 1 1 • • • 








vo t>»00 On H N ro -<*- mvo tvOO On M N fO r}- «0 




vovovovo t^t^t^f^t^t^tvt^r^ rvoo 00 00 oo 00 oo 




00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 oo oo 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 00 00 J 




MHMMHS •IHMMMMMHMMHMMM 



I02 



t 

in 
Q 



cd 




O (fl t« ^ 


vo rovo t^oo w t^ N T^ O\oo 00 
OS « COOO vo N 00 vo H< rt-CX3 N 00 v5 O »0 


l-§^e* 


Ov OnVO lO vo to t^ OvOO 00 00 vo 


■^ r^e?. 






wu 




2-= 




Ratio of 
ividends 
apital an 
Surplus. 




lOM (^0 t^Mioc?VM t«^ir)OvH O Q 
f*^ m m rooo 00 ^ O « ro looo >o n 


00 00 00 00 t>» t^ t^ l>.vd ^^\6y6<><>^ 




PCJ 


* 


. o . 




tio 
»ivi 
s t 
ital 


(N^ONMOOvNroOONOOfOOOO 
M M M ro C7\oo Tj- ONCO vo en t^ ro O 00 


Ra 
of D 
dend 
Cap] 


o o o^ c^ onoo ^^ t^oo 00 00 00 00 c>. 


H M M IH 


^ 


OvroCoo M Tj-N o O^O ■<t^^->•<i-oo mt^' 
M t^ ro t^ ro N »o cvoo vo mvo ro -^oo 0^ 


D u5 


'^^ 


00 M--^-*0\(N M ON tnoo O lO N M t>. ■<*• 




00 moo QVOOOVO lOMVO (N I-I t>.N lO 


•« s 


HI lO t>. ^00 m rOVO U-)C30 (N N VO (N 


00 m '-o Osvo 00 vc to M vo mo rovo 


g« 




lO "^00 toOvt^roTto M tomro■<^N ro 


to »o lovo ioii->-<4-cororO'<*-iOJOioiotj- 


o5 


coOMOOtOHiOmrowro tooo OO fO m 




rONwOvOO'-OO'-iCN t^OO (N t>. t^ N 
■^ Tf M O mvo Tj- vo Ov -^ ^ OvVO -I*- M 


^'^ 


3g 
^•1 




On t^ 0\ Ovoo iotH(-i<SMC~^MOO -"^-vo 


lO rooo -^lOVO t^CN ■<J--^M t^Ovt^VOlO 


lO rovo vo -<1-0^roO\ONO\^ro t>.vo_^ N vo^ 




cl TpvcT c^oo cfs tC N vo" TpviToo (5" d" I-i" cT 


s 


^?T^■^Tl-T^T^Ti-foco^ooo^4^^ 


^ 




M N 00 On OvOO •-*•r^M O^. ThM t^lOlT) 




M Ov'<i--^ro^t^ij->foiOLOOv moo t^ On 


3 


vo lO ONOO vo cs HI rovo ro On >-i -^ ■<*• 


Cj'vo i-rrOT?fOM'c5Nt^O\ loocT cT cT •-<* fO 


& 


rooo 00 M vo M to Tj-oo '^ TT CO t>. ro OJ 
vo « M M ro M CN rovo w M^ w lO (n^ tv on 


3 


hToo" tooo" 00 ^ pr -^oo" to O^VO ro i-T tCvo" 


C/2 


O^OvO w M roroN -. m CM N ro■*■«^^J- 


ff^ MMMMrttHMMMMMMMM 




^'<^^OM -<j-rOM ovovo N toioO »o<N 




O vo N tooo ro t^ ON On lOVO CO w >* (N O 

►^(NOONC^JooNOoooo-^t^i-i r^vo 


"3 




f^ Ovvo QOO'^-N^MNlO'^t^OtOO^ 

H ON t^ rovo 00 (N rorow m^TfO 0\ 


'^ 


ro ONVO « OnoO -* ro (N w N On OnvO vo tO 




u 


»0 lo looo On t^ O vo O to -"i-oo ro ^00 •<*■ 


W -^VO OOOO OnQOO t^iOlOiOt^^OvM N 




^^^-^^^iOii-TfTj-^Tj-^^iO»r> 


"i 


wrO(NlOMtxMNt^lO«Ot>.ONin 


vo On lO lO t^ >:^00 t^ Th -ii- !>. O 0-. tooo vo 




O^vo^OO^ On On 0_^ O^ O O O^ w « m tovO^ 


m'' w i-T i-T i-T N oT cT N (n" cT eT N cT cT oT 


Year 
Ending 
Sept. I. 




M N ro ■* lovo t^oo ON O >- (N ro Tj- lO 


c^t>.t^t>.f^t^tv.t^t^ r^oo 00 00 00 CO 00 


00000000000000000033000000000000 



?8 2 S 
^ u 

o o 

(U 0) o •t; 

»H U M o 

6^ 



103 



U) 



"tj- fv rovo N '<j-t>.cnr>.t>%mooo n -"sJ-vo co m o O o 10 

t>0 w Hoooo Tfovovovo o-ii/^Noo o Mco tH H 100 

LOO O 0\ en O <x>^ >-> H roHVO ro c>iCO O rf t^ h tj- k • ■ 

lo r> d\ N h" 10 nro" t^-^t-Tfo-^ro^r-^cT^-H -^i/ 

MVOHOO-00(N-<*-t^O\M>0'^TJ-ONHCSLOT. .. 
irjoo CO ^ O "J^ ^CO Cnoo U-) lo o ^'O 00 vo vo O O N On 

inoo" irC t-^ d" iJ^ cT'O^ocT t^ cT ^^ "^ on'o' -^^o" t? ^ oT >- , 
rooo vo 00 On On O C^ -<*• Cv.co "OHooooOOCNNHONt^ 



111? 
is ^ 



looo On'O On n n 
vn On M o 'O cj i>< 
On O ^ M ^ <'0"0 



« vo O "O VO 10 •*vo rooo H N rooo 
H roLOLoO O r^roQco os^ocsvo 
CO ro <N t~>vo lovo ro (N On r^ rovo ( ■ 



rovo OOVO l><ONt:^lO(N00C0 OnLOW H t^lOH cn Onoo l - 

H rooo ■^'<j-r; Qvooo -^N t^ONt>. Onoo to cn 00 rf 10 ■<?• 
N vo 1000 i>.vc ro N^ lOCO Ht >.*• lovo t^ ro ro ^00 On h 00 
vo^vd'oo" c5n On O^vO'co" ^ o" ^vcT l-^H'roc^T?c^^-^O^d^LO 
I>.rOONOONONO <N ^IOLOtJ-N (S M Ti- -^MD VO ^ 

M <N N w N N rorororororororororororororoo 



O C 



fe^ 



N O N rOTOTj-ONt^H NOO NVO ONON•r^Tt•HC0 N t>.VO 
■^ M H oo M VO 00 c^vo ONONt~^o O ir)Ovovo ovo t^r- 
t>N Tfoo m t^vo OCOOt^ioOMHHro "*oo O ro M ( 



-<^0 r^ tr-^iON ir)t-«N Tt-o t 
M- O ro On H vo Onvo (n tJ- on ■^ 
roO t^i^tN t^ONt^c^vorOK 



CO -"t-oo Tj- ro H 00 lo !>. t 
-^vo o t^ r>i vo ONVO ^ r . 
rot^Hvo m-<*-rorororo 



•73 rt <U 



■) N t>>00 OOVOHl^t^t^NNNlOOinO^AOOlO 

VO c^ ro N On Onco O oo ro h tj-vq roroiOrj-cN O-oo V — 
Onvo no h O O O CO rovo rovo -^ino rot^ONMVO ^ 
CN~ cT M c>co'" ro i-T cT -«? On (n" On ^ ro cT i-T o" c?. c^ocToo t-^ 
O On N LO (N M O Onoo C>> t>vo vo vo vo vo vo lo lO lO i/i u- 
'f ro M H M H M 



4) (U 
-L. O 



(MONOOOOOOt^N 
mmvOOOOOOOO 
On ro H O^ O^ O^ O O^ Os t>. 
ro OnvcT o" 0*" O" O' o" t^ m" 
lorot^OOOOOioO 
ITiCO (NOOOOlOiOTj- 



O O '^vo vovovovovovovovo 

QINOOC^HMHMMHH 

OWOt^OOOOOOO 



oj \n -ri-oo oo CO CO CO 00 CO CO 
00 O Onvo vo vo vo vo vo vo vo 

c^ LO o""vd'vd vd'vd' t^odoo' cf h'vo" dNvo"vo''vo''vo'~vcrvo''vo'~vo'~ 
roNoo romLOLomm t^oo t-^vo ^j-ri-Tt-^Tj-Tt-ri-^Tf 
rt--^rorr;rorocorororororocoroo-5rororororororo 



,)0'-O t^CO On O ^ ^N >■; - 

vgvovovovo t--.tvt^t^c- .->-»-. ->-v^>^^^iAjvjuuu 

"OCOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOODOO 



^Z] 



I04 



M "u: 00 

t*^ c3 00 

r*r o <y "^ 
g ^ £i o 






w 

H 



o-^ 






O 






-. -iJ.-H re ■" 

5' 



tJ o ~ o 






5-^ !^.-^ 



O S "^ B u 



O 



^ tfl ^ 



a; rH o 



J 

h 


•s^isod3(i 




m 0^ tx N 
N On H NO to 

^ O^OO^ N NO 00 ON 

" H H cT cT cT cT 


•p;i(lB3 


!« -^ mvo N t^ 

r^ IH t^lDlOt^M HI 

.-< t^ t^vo NO VO so l^ t^ 


o* 
IZi 


vo to-^miot^co'*- 
vcTnO vo''vo''no''vO tC (> 


Savings 
Banks 

WITHOUT 

Capital. 


•siisodsd 


Mills. 

844 
843 

803 

747 

783 
862 
929 

960 


o' 


VOVOVOVOVOVOVONO 


> H 


•sjisodaQ 


::^ 1^00 NO NO -^ t^ M m 


•pjidBO 




o' 


NO NO m ON 0\N0 00' (N 


z 5 t-* 

CO 


•S5TSOd3Q; 


Ui rot>NH tvtv.O\ 

:r2oo t^H ono n -^t^ 

•- Tt- ■<*• --i- CO U-)NO C^ t^ 


•IB^idBO 


lA '^OO N t-^ NO M 00 
rillHOONONOfON 


1 


ro On On Onoo no co ro 

OOONCOONWOt^ 

'^.v "^ '^^.^ "^ *^.v "t "^ 


< 

< 
z 

o 

H 


•s;isod3(j 


• moo t^ m On M on 
(A HVO t^M mmH 

— t^ t^NO t^ ON M H 


•p^idBO 


tflOMO»0»OOt^"<i- 

iz: 00 t^ m lONo t^oo 


d 


H 00 NO 00 NO 10 OnCO 

ONt^o -^t^w mo 
0^ w N m 
cT n" cs" cT cT n" (N cT 




Years. 




^ 


:? 


c 

rx 


00 


cc 
oc 


c^ 
oc 


* 

eg 

00 



%^ 

0, O gV 

•£0- -^i 

^2 ^1 



Mappiage and Divorce Laws of all the 
States and Territopies. 



Marriage^ Licenses. — Required in all the States and 
Territories except Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, New 
Jersey, and New York. In Maryland legal marriage can 
be had only by an ordained minister. 

Marriage, Prohibition of. — Marriage between whites 
and persons of negro descent are prohibited and punish- 
able in California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Florida, 
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, 
North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

Marriages between whites and Indians are prohibited 
in Arizona and North Carolina. ♦ 

Marriages between whites and Chinese are prohibited 
in Arizona. ^ 

The marriage of first cousins is forbidden in Arkansas, 
Dakota, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mex- 
ico, Ohio, Washington Territory, and Wyoming, and in 
some of them is declared incestuous and void. 

Marriage, Age to Contract. — In New Jersey and Ohio 
males under twenty-one years and females under eighteen 
years of age must obtain the consent of parents or 
guardians. In Massachusetts a mjgirriage between a male 
over fom-teen and a female over twelve is legal, even 
without the consent of parents. 

Marriage, Presumption of. — In Missouri it has been 
held that where parties cohabit and represent themselves 
as husband and wife, a marriage is presumed, and when 
parties capable of contracting agree, in express terms, 
with each other, to be husband and wife, and cohabit as 
such, the marriage is valid, without any further ceremony 
being performed. In California marriage is declared a 
los 



io6 

civil contract; consent, followed by a mutual assumption 
of marital rights and obligations, is sufficient. 

Divorce, Previotcs Residence Required. — Dakota, 
ninety days; Arizona, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, and 
Wyoming, six months; Colorado^ Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, 
Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Minnesota, Montana, 
New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, Vermont (both parties, as husband and wife), 
West Virginia, and Wisconsin, one year; Florida, Indi- 
ana, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, two 
years; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey (for 
desertion), three years. 

Divorce, Causes for. — The violation of the marriage 
vow is cause for absolute divorce in all the States, ex- 
cepting South Carolina, which has no divorce law. 

Willful desertion, one year, in Arizona, Arkansas, 
Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, 
Montana, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin and 
Wyoming. '*' 

Willful desertion, two years, in Alabama, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsyl- 
vania, Tennessee. 

Willful desertion, three years, in Connecticut, Dela- 
ware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne- 
sota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Ver- 
mont, and West Virginia. 

Willful desertion, five years, in Virginia. 

Habitual drunkenness, in all the States, except Louisi- 
ana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, 
and West Virginia. 

" Imprisonment for felony " or " conviction of felony,'* 
in all the States, except Florida, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey,' New York, North 
Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wiscon- 
sin. 

" Cruel and abusive treatment," "intolerable cruelty," 
" extreme cruelty," or " inhuman treatment," in all the 
States, except Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 
Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. 
'^ ^'ailure to provide, one year, in CrJifornia, Nevada, 



107 

and Wyoming; two years in Indiana and Idaho; three 
years in Massachusetts; no time specified in Maine, Ne- 
braska, Rhode Island, and Vermont. " Gross neglect of 
duty," in Kansas; willful neglect for three years, in Dela- 
ware. 

Fraud and fraudulent contract, in Connecticut, Geor- 
gia, Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 

Absence without being heard of, in New Hamp- 
shire; absence two years, in Tennessee; seven years, in 
Connecticut and Vermont; absence, without reasonable 
cause, one year,, in Missouri: separation five years, in 
Kentucky; voluntary separation, five years, in Wiscon 
sin. 

Ungovernable temper, in Kentucky; " habitual indul- 
gence in violent and ungovernable tem.per," in Florida; 
" such indignities as make life intolerable," in Missouri 
and Wyoming; " indignities as render life burdensome," 
in Oregon and Pennsylvania. 

Other causes in different States are as follows: " Husband 
notoriously immoral before marriage, unknown to wife," 
in West Virginia; "fugitive from justice," in Virginia; 
" gross misbehavior or wickedness," in Rhode Island; 
"attempt on life," in Illinois; "refusal of wife to move 
into the State," in Tennessee; "mental incapacity at 
time of marriage," in Georgia; "three years with any 
religious society that believes the marriage relation un- 
lawful," in Massachusetts; "joining any religious sect 
that believes marriage unlawful, and refusing to cohabit 
six months," in New Hampshire; "parties cannot live 
in peace and union," in Utah; " settled aversion, which 
tends to permanently destroy aU peace and happiness," 
in Kentucky. 

In Georgia an absolute divorce is granted only after 
the concurrent verdict of two juries, at different terms of 
the court. In New York absolute divorce is granted 
for but one cause, adultery. In South Carolina there is 
no divorce law. 

All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute or 
full divorce. 

^ Divorce^ Remarriage. — There are no restrictions upon 
remarriage, by divorced persons, in Connecticut, Ken- 
tucky, Illinois, and Minnesota. Either party may 



loS 

remarry, but defendant must wait two years, and obtain 
permission from the court, in Massachusetts. The decree 
of the court may restrain the guilty party from remarry- 
ing in Virginia. Parties cannot remarry until after tvo 
years, except by permission of the court, in Maine. In 
the State of New York the plaintiff may remarry, but 
the defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff's lifetime, 
imless the decree be modified or proof that five years 
have elapsed, and that complainant has married again, 
and defendant's conduct has been uniformly good. Any 
violation of this is punished as bigamy, even though the 
other party has been married. 

The courts of every State, and particularly of New 
York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally 
refuse to recognize as valid a divorce against one of the 
citizens of the State by the court of another State, unless 
both parties to the suit were subject at the time to the 
jurisdiction of the court granting the diverce. 

, Kansas courts grant divorces for the reason that the 
applicant's husband or wife has obtained a divorce in an- 
other State, and the applicant has been forbidden to 
remarry. If a wife in New York obtains a divorce from 
her husband, and he is forbidden to remarry, he may go 
to Kanaas and obtain a divorce on that gi'ound. If his 
wife contests the case, or can be served with the papers 
in Kansas, so that she is brought undei the jurisdiction of 
the Kansas court, the courts of New York must recognize 
the divorce as valid, and cannot punish the husband for 
remarrying in New York. 

New York permits polygamy and polyandry in certain 
cases. Desertion for five years, without knowledge 
that the deserter is living, permits the one deserted to 
marry again; and the second marriage is valid, though 
the deserter returns. The second marriage may be de- 
clared void, but only from the date of the decree, by a 
court of competent jurisdiction, upon proper petition; 
but if no such petition is made, and all parties are satis- 
fied, one husband may live in lawful wedlock with two 
or more wives, or one wife with two or more husbands. 
The children will inherit, and both wives will be entitled 
to dower. 



I 



Marriages ia the United. States Between 

its Citizens and Those of the French 

Republic. 



FROM A REPORT BY THOMAS WILSON, CONSUL AT NICE, 
FRANCE. 

I desire to call- the attention of the Department to this 
subject, in the hope that some mode may be found to 
prevent citizens of the United States marrying French 
citizens from being unwittingly entrapped (that is the 
*right word) into making a marriage which is good enough 
in the United States, or where made, but is a mock mar- 
riage in France. 

It seems to me this matter calls for the intervention of 
the Government, for a Government can have no higher 
duty to its citizens than to throw such protection around 
them as that they may not be thus entrapped, or if they 
will marry, that it will not be done in the belief that the 
marriage, because valid according to the laws of his or 
her own country, the United States, where it is performed, 
is therefore valid in France, the country of which the 
other party is a citizen. That these things occur, and 
are productive of gi-eat misery to American citizens w^ho 
are in a condition least able to bear it, is, alas, too man- 
ifest in the number of American (and English) women 
who are < in France, the cast-off and discharged wives of 
Frenchmen. I do but state a fact well known to every- 
body, except apparently to those girls (and their parents 
or guardians) who are about to marry Frenchmen, and 
the minister of the gospel authorized to marry them. 

I regard it as useless to attempt to make any treaty or 
other arrangement with the French Government by 
which all marriages made in the United States, even 



no 

though in strict accordance with its laws, shall here be 
recognized as legal. 

Tlie customs and law of France and its conservatism 
concerning the etat civil of its citizens, the necessity for 
publicity of the marriage, and the opportunity required 
to prevent it if illegal, together with the recognized 
authority of the parent over the family, are too strong to 
be overborne and set aside, in order to do justice to those 
foreigners who may have put their foot in it by marrying 
French citizens in another country. 

Another reason exists why no such arrangement can 
ever be made with France. Frenchmen (as well as some 
others) are shocked at the rapidity and flippancy, not to 
mention the clandestinity, with which marriages are not 
infrequently contracted in the United States. They do 
not believe they are or ought to be valid. 

A clandestine acquaintance or courtship, ending in a 
runaway match, inaugurated with a ladder and a lantern, 
a midnight flight, a hurried marriage e7i dishabille^ and a ^ 
furious father arriving a few minutes too late — to call 
this a valid marriage may do in the United States, but 
to ask the law of France to do so would be to ask impos- 
sibilities. It would be regarded as but a youthful esca- 
pade, not a serious matter, one to be overlooked and 
excused, and his family would justify and protect him, 
when, after having sown his wild oats, gotten tired of 
eating husks in a foreign land, he returns to his home to 
take his proper place among them. 

The objects of the institution of marriage are so dif- 
ferent in the two countries that their different customs 
cannot be reconciled. 

In France the patriarchal theory prevails to a great 
extent, and the family more than the individual is the 
unit. Family councils are recognized by law, which have 
and exercise as complete jurisdiction over the movements 
and fate of individuals as ever did a court of chancery. 
Accordingly the prime object of marriage, after French 
ideas and customs, is the foundation of a family. The 
happiness^of the contracting parties, or their love for 
each other, is a secondary consideration. The arrange- 
ments of a mar-riage are made and its suitability decreed 
by the heads of the two respective families. 



In the United States the man and woman to be mar- 
ried are considered as the parties most interested, and so 
they make the arrangements. In France the parents 
consider themselves most interested, and so they make 
the arrangements. This is the custom of the country 
and every one yields to it. A Frenchwoman, with a 
husband and a child, separated from each other and both 
sick, would leave her husband and fly to her child. The 
husband and wife in their relation to each other are 
regarded, in public estimation, as only secondary and 
incidental to the primary and main object, the family. 

In France men over twenty-five years of age and women 
over twenty-one may marry without the consent of their 
parents, but it can only be after making three actes 
respecieuse; that is, petitions in formal and respectful 
language, addressed to the parents, soliciting their con- 
sent, with an interval of one month between each. 

The same trouble exists in France as respects marriages 
made in England; and the English Government has taken 
some steps to protect its subjects by first providing for a 
certificate of the French consul, as agreed on between 
the two Governments, and notified to the consuls by 
circular from the French Government, of December 23, 
1884, that the formalities of the French law have been 
complied with by the French citizen; and, second, warn- 
ing all registrars throughout the Kingdom not to cele- 
brate any marriage to which a French citizen is a party 
without the production of this certificate. 

Tlie Steamer Great Eastern. 

The construction commenced May i, 1854, and the work 
of launching her, which lasted from November 3, 1857, 
to January 31, 1858, cost ;^6o,ooo, hydraulic pressure be- 
ing employed. Her extreme length is 680 feet, breadth 82^ 
feet, and including paddle-boxes, 118 feet; height, 58 
feet, or 70 feet to top of bulwarks. She has eight engines, 
capable in actual work of 11,000 horse-power, and has 
besides 20 auxiliary engines. She was sold in 1864 for 
_;^25,ooo, and was employed on several occasions with 
success as a cable-laying vessel. The Great Eastern was 
3old at public auction October 28, 1885, for $126,000. r 



A Lrist of 365 Principal Historical Events from 
1492 to Date. 

JANUARY. 

1 New Year's Day. 

2 Quakers free slaves, 1788. 

3 Battle of Princeton, 1777. 

4 National Fast, 1861. 

5 Richmond burned, 1781. 

6 Santa Anna president, 1853. 

7 Millard Fillmore born, 1800. 

8 Mississippi seceded, 1861. 

9 New York founded, 1 6 14. 

10 Battle Middle Creek, Ky., 1862. 

11 Arkansas Post surrendered, 1863. 

12 Vicksburg fortified, 1 86 1. 

13 Gen. Tayloi ordered to Mexico, 1846. 

14 Peace declared, 1783. 

15 Edward Everett died, 1865. 

16 Napier appointed envoy to United States, 1857. 

17 Benjamin Franklin born, 1706. 

18 Georgia seceded, 1861. 

19 Battle Mill Spring, Ky., 1862. ^ 

20 Independence United States recognized, 1753. 

21 Fremont born, 18 13. 

22 Battle Frenchtown, 181 3. 

23 Battle Encarnacion, Mex., 1847. 

24 President Johnson's imp. trial, 1808. 

25 Louisiana seceded, 1861. 

26 Michigan admitted, 1837. 

27 Audubon died, 185 1. 

28 WiUiam H. Prescott died, 1859. 

29 Kansas admitted, 1861. 

30 N. P. Banks born, 18 16. 

31 Str. Metropolis lost, 1878. 



1^3 

FEBRTTARY. 

1 Texas seceded, 1861. 

2 Peace with Mexico, 1848. 

3 Horace Greeley born, 181 1. 

4 Confederate Congress met, 1861. 

5 Hatcher's Run, Va., 1865. 

6 Fort Henry captured, 1862. 

7 U. S. Bank suspends, 1841. 

8 Jeff Davis elected President, 1 861. 

9 Bishop Waugh died, 1858. 

10 Treaty of Paris, 1763. 

11 Charleston evacuated, 1865. 

12 A. Lincoln born, 1809. 

13 Fernando Wood died, 1881. 

14 St, Valentine's Day. 

15 Bishop Vightman died, 1882. 

16 Fort Donelson surrendered, 1862. 

17 Columbia, S. C, burned, 1865. 

18 Jeff Davis inaugurated, 1 86 1. 

19 First National Thanksgiving, 1795 

20 Battle Olistee, Fla., 1864. 

21 Battle Valverde, N. M., 1861. 

22 Washington born, 1732. 

23 Nashville taken, 1862. 

24 Peacock captured, 1813. 

25 Battle Trenton, 1776. 

26 Gen. Sickles acquitted, 1859. 

27 Longfellow born , 1807. 

28 Black Warrior seized, 1854. 

MARCH. 

1 Nebraska admitted, 1867. 

2 Missouri admitted, 1821. 

3 Florida admitted, 1845. 

4 Vermont admitted, 1791. 

5 Boston massacre, 1770. 

6 Battle Pea Ridge, 1862. 

7 Bible Society founded, 1804. 

8 Wesley started for America, 1738. 

9 Monitor destroys Merrimac, 1862. 

10 McClellan crossed Potomac, 1862. 

11 Benjamin West died, 1820. 



114 

12 Chicago flood, 1849. 

13 Pocahontas died, 161 7. 

14 Jackson born, 1767. 

15 Battle Guilford C. H., 1781. 

16 Expunging Res. ad., 1837. 

17 St. Patrick's Day. 

18 Calhoun born, 1782. 

19 Patent of Conn, issued, 163 1. 

20 Uncle Tom's Cabin pub., 1852. 

21 Nevada admitted, 1864. 

22 Stamp Act passed, 1765. 

23 Battle Winchester, 1862. 

24 Longfellow died, 1882. 

25 Port Bill passed, 1774. 

2^ Gov. Winthrop died, 1640. 

27 Vera Cruz taken, 1847. 

28 Essex captured, 18 14. 

29 J. J. Astor died, 1848. ' 

30 Crimean v^^ar ends, 1856. 

31 Calhoun died, 1850. 

APRIL. 

1 Battle Five Forks, 1865. 

2 Jefferson born, 1743. 

3 Richmond captured, 1865. 

4 President Harrison died, 1841. 

5 Yorktown besieged, 1862. 

6 Washington elected, 1789. 

7 Channing born, 1780. 

8 Louisiana admitted, 1812. 

9 Lee's surrender, 1865. 

10 Modoc massacre, 1873. 

11 Mobile evacuated, 1865. 
:" Henry Clay born, 1777. 

13 Fall of Sumter, 1862. 

14 Lincoln shot, 1865. 

15 First call for troops, 1861. 

16 Slavery abolished D. C. , 1862. 

17 Benjamin Franklin died, 1 790. 

18 Battle Cerro Gordo, 1847. 

19 Battle Lexington, 1775. 

20 Plymouth, N. C, captured, 1864. 

21 Norfolk Navy Yard captured, i86lc. 



"5- 

«a Buchanan born, 1 79 1. 

23 Stephen A. Douglas born, 1 831. 

24 First newspaper published in America, 1704 

25 Bishop Ames died, 1879. 

26 Johnston surrendered, 1865. 

27 U. S. Grant born, 1822. 

28 Maryland admiited, 1788. 

29 Bishop Morris born, 1794. 

30 Washington inaugurated, 1789. 

^JAY. 

1 Seige of Fort Meigs, 1813. 

2 Battle of Chancellorville, 1863. 

3 Columbus discovered Jamaica, 1494^ 

4 Yorktown evacuated, 1862. 

5 Battle of Williamsburg, 1862. 

6 Tennessee seceded, 1861. 

7 Arkansas seceded, 1861. 

8 Battle of Palo Alto, 1846. 

9 Battle Resaca de la Palma, 1846. 

10 Jeff Davis captured, 1865= 

11 Minnesota admitted, 1858. 

12 Crown Point captured, 1775. 

13 Jamestown, Va., settled, 1607. 

14 Battle Jackson, Miss., 1863. 

15 Battle Resaca, Ga., 1864. 

16 W. H. Seward born, 1801. 

17 Great fire, St. Louis, 1849. 

18 Matamoras captured, 1846. 

19 Hawthorne died, 1864. 

20 Lafayette died, 1834. 

21 North Carolina seceded, 1 86 1. 

22 Assault on Vicksburg, 1863. 

23 South Carolina admitted, 1778 . 

24 Brooklyn bridge opened, 1883. 

25 Philadelphia Convention met, 1748. 

26 Pequod massacre, 1637. 

27 Fort Erie evacuated, 1813. 

28 Noah Webster died, 1843. 

29 Rhode Island admitted, 1790. 

30 Congress met in Washington, 1808. 
Ji Battle Seven Pines. 1862. 



JUNE. 

1 Kentucky admitted, 1792. 

2 Battle Cold Harbor, Va., 1864. 

3 Battle Phillippi, Va., 1861. 

4 Fort Pillow captured, 1862. 

5 Battle Piedmont, Va., 1864. 

6 Memphis taken, 1862. 

7 United States Bank founded, 1791. 

8 Jamestown, Va., abandoned, i6ia 

9 Georgia chartered, 1732. 

10 Battle Big Bethel, 1861. , 

1 1 Sherman arrives Kenesaw, 1864. 

12 Bryant died, 1878. 

13 Fugitive slave bill repealed, 1864, 

14 Tax on tea ordered, 1767. 

15 Arkansas admitted, 1836. 

16 Battle Bunker Hill, 1775. 

17 Charleston, Mass., burned, 1775. 

18 War declared Great Britian, 1812. 

19 Alabama sunk by Kearsage, 1864. 

20 United States Flag adopted, 1777. 

21 New Hampshire admitted, 1788. 

22 Battle Craney Id., 1813. 

23 Battle Springfield, N. J., 1780. 

24 Labrador discovered, 1497. 

25 Gen. Custer killed, 1876. 

26 Seven days' fight, Virginia, 1862* 

27 Vera Cruz surrendered, 1847. 

28 Battle of Charleston, 1776. 

29 Henry Clay died, 1852. 

30 Guiteau hanged, 1882. 

JULY. 

1 Battle Gettysburg begun, 1863. 

2 President Garfield shot, 1881. 

3 Massacre of Wyoming, 1778. 

4 Independence Day. 

5 British captured Ticonderoga, 1777. 

6 Battle Carthage, Mo., 1861. 

7 Mrs. Surratt hanged, 1865. 

8 ^Abercrombie defeated, 1758. 

9 Braddoch's defeat, 1755. 



H7 

to Columbus born, 1447. 

11 J. Q. Adams born, 1767. 

12 Hull invades Canada, 181 2. 

13 Draft riots, New York, 1863. 

14 Second Chicago fire, 1874. 

15 Stony Point captured, 1779. 

16 Battle Point au Play, 1814. 

17 Fort Mackinaw captured, 1812. 

18 Assaults on FOrt Wagner, 1863. 

19 Great fire in New York, 1845. 

20 Confederate Congress met, 1861. 

21 First Battle Bull Run, 1861. 

22 McPherson killed, 1864. 

23 Battle Caloosahatchie, 1839. 

24 Van Buren died, 1862. 

25 Battle Lundy's Lane, 18 14. 

26 Louis Phillippe died, 1850. 

27 John Morgan captured, 1863. 

28 Fighting ends at Atlanta, 1864. 

29 Confederate soldiers paroled, 1865. 

30 Chambersburg burned, 1864, 

31 Battle Montmorenci, 1759. 



1 Columbus discovered mainland, 14980 

2 Battle Sandusky, 181 3. 

3 Columbus left Spain, 1492. 

4 Iowa adopted Constitution, 1846. 

5 Mobile forts attacked, 1864. 

6 Ram Tennessee captured, 1864. 

7 Great fire New York, 1778. 

8 Battle of Mackinaw, 1814. 

9 Battle of Cedar Mt., Va., 1862. 

10 Missouri admitted, 1821. 

11 Davis Straits discovered, 1585. 

12 New York rioters convicted, 1863. 

13 Fort Erie bombarded, 1814. 

14 Oswego taken, 1756. 

15 Lafayette revisits United States, 1824, 

16 Hull's surrepder, 1812. 

17 N. E. Courant established, 1721. 

18 Battle Fishing Creek, 1780. 



ii8 

19 Guerriere captured, 181 2. 

20 Battle Contreras, 1847. 

21 Lawrence, Kas., burned, 1863. 

22 Yacht America wins, 185 1. 

23 New Mexico annexed, 1846, 

24 Washington taken, 18 14. 

25 British army in Chesapeake, 1777. 

26 Stamp Act riot, 1768. 

27 Battle Long Island, 1776. 

28 First cable message, 1858. 

29 Capture of Hatteras, 1861. 

30 William Penn died, 1718. 

31 Battle Jonesboro, Ga., 1S64. 

SEPTEMBER. 

1 Lopez garroted, 1851. 

2 Atlanta evacuated, 1S64. 

3 Treaty of Paris, 1783. 

4 Gen. Morgan killed, 1864. 

5 Continental Congress met, 1774. 

6 May Flower sailed, 1620. 

7 Brazil declared independent, 1822, 

8 Montreal surrendered, 1760. 

9 California admitted, 1850. 

10 Hudson River discovered, 1609. 

11 Battle Brandy wine, 1777. 

12 Battle Chapultepec, 1847. 

13 Battle Quebec, 1759. 

14 Fulton's steamboat starts, 1807. 

15 Fenimore Cooper born, 1789. 

16 Battle Harlem Plains, 1776. 

17 Battle Antietam, 1862. 

18 Surrender of Quebec, 1759. 

19 Battle Saratoga, 1777. 

20 Capture of Lexington, Mo., 1861. 

21 Andre captured, 1780. 

22 Battle Fisher's Hill, Va., 1864. 

23 Serapis captured, 1779. 

24 Montery surrendered, 1846. 

25 Battle Montreal, 1775. 

26 ^^Philadelphia captured by British, 1777. 

27 " Steamer Artie lost, 1854. 



119 

^8 Fort Hdfrrison, Va., captured, 1864. 

29 Draft in New York, 1862. 

30 Peace treaty with France, 1800. 

OCTOBER. 

1 British troops arrived Boston, 1768. 

2 Andre executed, 1780. 

3 Blackhawk died, 1838. 

4 Battle Corinth, 1862. 

5 Tecumseh killed, 181 3. 

Peace proclaimed, 1783. 

7 E. A. Poe died, 1849. 

8 Battle Perryville, Ky., 1862. 

9 Great Chicago fire, 187 1. 

10 B. West born, 1738. 

11 Prince of Wales arrived in New York, iSfe 

12 R. E. Lee died, 1870. 

13 Battle of Queenstown, 1812. 

14 William Penn born, 1644. 

15 Chippewa Plains, 1814. 

16 First newspaper in New York, 1725c 

17 Burgoyjie surrendered, 1777. 

18 Sloop Frolic captured, 1812. 

19 Surrender of Corn vvallis, 1781. 

20 Steamer Florida captured, 1864, 

21 Battle Ball's Bluff, 1861. 

22 Battle Fort Mercer, 1777. 

23 Battle St. Regis, 1812. 

24 Daniel Webster died, 1852. 

25 Macedonian captured, 1812, 

26 Fight of Chatauqua, 1813. 

27 Ram Albemarle destroyed, 1864. 

28 Harvard College founded, 1636. 

29 Battle White Plains, 1776. 

30 Old John St. Church died, 1768. 

31 Nevada admitted, 1864. 

NOVEMBER. 

1 Battle French Creek, 1813. 

2 Erie Canal finished, 1825. 

3 Bryant born, 1794. 

4 Declaration of rights by Congress, I774< 
c Grant's second election, 1872. 



I20 

6 Lincoln elected, i860. 

7 Battle of Tippecanoe, 181 1. 

8 Mason and Slidell seized, 1861. 

9 May Flower arrived Cape Cod, 1620. 

10 Dutch seized rule New York, 1674. 

11 Battle Shrysler's Field, 1813. 

12 Conscription declared unconstitutional, l863» 

13 Montreal captured, 1775. 

14 Sherman marched to sea, 1864. 

15 Great fire in New York, 1835. 

16 Fort Washington captured, 1776. 

17 Jeff Davis threatens reprisal, 1862. 

18 Battle Fish Dam, S. C, 1780. 

19 Garfield born, 1831. 

20 Battle Belle Isle, 1759. 

21 North Carolina admitted, 1789. 

22 Bishop Wiley died, 1884. 

23 Bragg defeated, 1863. 

24 Battle Lookout Mountain, 1863. 

25 Evacuation New York, 1783. 

26 Battle Mission Ridge, 1863. ^ 

27 Hoosac Tunnel opened, i873. » 

28 Irving died, 1859. 

29 Wendell Phillips born, 1 8 11. 

30 Revolutionary War ends, 1782. 

DECEMBER. 

1 Statute Washington unveiled, 1811. 

2 John Brown executed, 1859. 

3 Illinois admitted, 181 8. 

4 Alabama admitted, 1818. 

5 Van Buren born, 1782. 

6 Carver landed New England, 1620. 

7 Delaware admitted, 1787. 

8 Washington crossing Delaware, 1776^ 

9 Buffalo burned, 18 13. 

10 Mississippi admitted, 1817. 

11 Pilgrims landed, 1620. 

12 Pennsylvania admitted, 1787. 

13 Battle Fredericksburg, Va., 1862. 

14 Washington died, 1799. 

I!; Hartford convention, 1814. 



n 



121 

i6 Boston Tea Party, 1773. 

17 General Bolivar died, 1830. 

18 New Jersey admitted, 1787, 

19 Massacre Narragansetts, 1675, 

20 South Carolina seceded, i860. 

21 Savannah captured, 1864. 

22 Embargo on American ships, 1807. 

23 Washington resigned commission, 1783. 

24 Fort Fisher stormed, 1864. 

25 Christmas. 

26 Major Anderson occupied Sumter, i86a 

27 Battle Chickasaw Bayou, 1862. 

28 Iowa admitted, 1846. 

29 Texas admitted, 1845. 

30 New Mexico purchased, 1853. 

31 Monitor founded, 1862. 



WE PARTED IN SILENCE 



BY MRS. CRAWFORD. 

We parted in silence, we parted by night. 

On the banks of that lonely river; 
Where the fragrant limes their boughs unite 

We met — and we parted forever! 
The night-bird sung, and the stars above 

Told many a touching story 
Of friends long passed to the kingdom of love. 

Where the soul wears its mantle of glory. 

We parted in silence, — our cheeks were wet 

With the tears that were past controlling; 
We vowed we would never, no, never forget. 

And those vows, at the^time, were consoling^; 
But those lips that echoed the sounds of mine 

Are as cold as that lonely river; 
And that eye, that beautiful spirit's shrine. 

Has shrouded its fires forever. 

And now, on the midnight sky I look. 

And my heart grows full of weeping; 
Each star is to me a sealed book, 

Some tale of that loved one keeping, 
V/e parted in silence, we parted in tears, ' 

On the banks of that lonely river; 
But the odor and bloom of those bygone years 

Shall hang o'er its waters forever. 



MAUD MULLER. 



BY JOHN G. WHITTIER. 

Maud Muller, on a summer's day. 
Raked the meadow, sweet with hay. 
Beneath her torn hat glowed the wealth 
Of simple beauty and rustic health. 
Singing, she wrought, and her merry glee 
The mock-bird echoed from his tree. 
But, when she glanced to the far-off town. 
White from its hill-slope looking down. 
The sweet song died, and a vague unrest 
And a nameless longing filled her breast — 
A wish, that she hardly dared to own, 
For something better than she had known. 
The Judge rode slowly down the lane. 
Smoothing his horse's chestnut mane. 
He drew his bridle in the shade 
Of the apple-trees to greet the maid. 
She stooped where the cool spring bubbles ap 
And filled for him her small tin cup. 
And blushed as she gave it, looking down 
On her feet so bare, and her tattered gown. 
"Thanks ! " said the Judge, "a sweeter draught 
From a fairer hand was never quaifed. " 
He spoke of the grass and flowers and trees. 
Of the singing birds and the humming bees; 
-Then talked of the haying, and'wondered whethei 
The cloud in the west w^ould bring foul weather. 
And Maud forgot her brier-torn gown. 
And her graceful ankles bare and brown. 
And listened, while a pleased surprise 
Looked from her long-lashed, hazel eyes. 
At last, like one who for delay 
Seeks a vain excuse, he rode away. 
Maud Muller looked and sighed: "Ah me! 
That I the Judge's bride might be! 



123 

**He would dress me up in silks so fine. 
And praise and toast me at his wine. 
*My father would wear a broadcloth coat; 
My brother should sail a painted boat. 
*rd dress my mother so grand and gay; 
And the baby should have a new toy each day^ 

**And I'd feed the hungry and clothe the poor. 
And all should bless me who left our door.**' 
The Judge looked back as he climbed the hil^ 
And saw Maud Muller standing still: 

"A form more fair, a face more sweet. 
Ne'er hath it been my lot to meet. 

^And her modest answer and graceful air 
Show her wise and good as she is fair. 
Would she were mine, and I to-day. 
Like her, a harvester of hay. 

**No doubtful balance of rights and wrongs^ 
No weary lawyers with endless tongues^ 

**But low of cattle, and song of birds. 
And health, and quiet, and loving words.'*' 
But he thought of his sister, proud and cold. 
And his mother, vain of her rank and gold. 
So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on. 
And Maud was left in the field alone. 
But the lawyers smiled that afternoon. 
When he hummed in court an old love tune. 
And the young girl mused beside the well. 
Till the rain on the unraked clover fell. 
Hewe'''''^'' wife of richest dower. 
Who Uvea lo. tashion, as he for power. 
Yet oft, in his marble hearth's white glow,, 
He watched a picture come and go ; 
And sweet Maud Muller' s hazel eyes 
Looked out in their innocent surprise. 
Oft, when the wine in his glass was red„ 
He longed for the wayside well instead. 
And closed his eyes on his garnished rooms. 
To dream of meadows and clover-blooms; 
And the proud man sighed with a secret pain^ 

**Ah, that I were free again ! 

*Free as when I rode that day 
Where the barefoot maiden raked the hay.** 
She wedded a man unlearned and poor. 
And many children played round her door. 

^ But care and sorrow, and child-birth pain^ 
Left their traces on heart and brain. 



124 

And oft, when the summer sun shone hot 
On the new-mown hay im the meadow lot. 
And she heard the little spring brook fall 
Over the roadside, through the wall. 



THE OLD OAKEN BUCKET. 



BY SAMUEL WOODWORTH. 

How dear to this heart are the scenes of my childhood. 

When fond recollection presents them to view! 
The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood. 

And every loved spot which my infancy knew ! 
The wide-spreading pond, and the mill that stood by It; 

The bridge, and the rock where the cataract fell; 
The cot of my father, the dairy-house nigh it, 

And e'en the rude bucket that hung in the well: 
The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket. 

The moss-covered bucket which hung in the welL 

That moss-covered vessel I hailed as a treasure; 

For often at noon, when I returned from the field, 
I found it the source of an ex«iiiisite pleasure. 

The purest and sweetest that nature can yield. 
How ardent I seized it with hands that were glowing. 

And quick to the white-pebbled bottom it felll 
Then soon, with the emblem of truth overflowing. 

And dripping with coolness, it rose from the welU 
The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket. 

The moss-covered bucket, arose from the well. 

How sweet from the green, mossy brim to receive it. 

As, poised on the curb, it inclined to my lips ! 
Not a full, blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it. 

The brightest that beauty or revelry sips. 
And now far removed from the loved habitation. 

The tear of regret will intrusively swell. 
As fancy reverts to my father's plantation. 

And sighs for the bucket that hangs in the well: 
The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket. 

The moss-covered bucket that hangs in the well. 



HEREAFTER. 

O land beyond the setting sun ! 

O realm more fair than poet's dream! 
How clear thy silvery streamlets run. 

How b---^«- thy golden glories gleam! 



125 

Earth holds no counterpart of thine, 
The dark-browed Orient, jewel-crowned. 

Pales, as she bows before thy shrine, 
Shrouded in mystery so profound. 

The dazzling North, the stately West, 
Whose rivers flow from mount to sea; 

The South, flower-wreathed in languid rest. 
What are they all compared with thee? 

All lands, all realms beneath yon dome. 

Where God's own hand hath hung the stars. 

To thee with humblest homage come, 
O world beyond the crystal bars ! 

Thou blest hereafter ! Mortal tongue 
Hath striven in vain thy speech to learn. 

And fancy wanders, lost among 
The flowery paths for which we yearn. 

But well we know, that fair and bright. 
Far beyond human ken or dream. 

Too glorious for our feeble sight. 
Thy skies of cloudless azure beam. 

We know thy happy valleys lie 
In green repose, supremely blest; 

We know against thy sapphire sky 
Thy mountain peaks sublimely rest. 

And sometimes even now we catch 

Faint gleamings from the far-off shore. 

And still with eager eyes we watch 
For one sweet sign or token more. 

For oh, the deeply loved are there ! 

The brave, the fair, the good, the wise. 
Who pined for thy serener air. 

Nor shunned thy solemn mysteries. 

There are the hopes that, one by one. 
Died even as we gave them birth ; 

The dreams that passed ere well begun. 
Too dear, too beautiful for earth. 

The aspirations, strong of wing. 

Aiming at heights we could not reach; 

The songs we tried in vain to sing; 
Thoughts too vast for human speech; 

Thou hast them all. Hereafter! Thou 
Shalt keep them safely till that hour 

When, with God's seal on heart and brow, 
Wf5 claim them in immortal power! 



126 

CHANGES. 



Whom first we love, you know, we seldom wed. 

Time rules us all. And life, indeed, is not 
The thing we planned it out, ere hope was dead; 

And then, we women cannot choose our lot 

Much must be borne which it is hard to bear; 

Much given away which it were sweet to keep. 
God help us all! who need, indeed. His care; 

And yet, I know, the Shepherd loves His sheq^ 

My little boy begins to babble now. 

Upon my knee, his earliest infant prayer; 
He has his father's eager eyes, I know; 

And, they say too, his mother's sunny hair. 

But when he sleeps, and smiles upon my knee. 
And I can feel his light breath come and go, 

I think of one (Heaven help and pity me!) 
Who loved me, and whom I loved, long ago. 

Who might have been * * * ah ! what, I dare not thinkl 
We are all changed. God judges for us best. 

God help us do our duty, and not shrink, 
And trust in Heaven humbly for the rest. 

But blame us women not, if some appear 
Too cold at times ; and some too gay and light. 

Some griefs gnaw deep. Some woes are hard to bear. 
Who knows the past, and who can judge us right? 

Ah ! were we judged by what we might have been. 

And not by what we are — too apt to fall ! 
My little child — he sleeps and smiles between 

These thoughts and me. In Heaven we shall know alL 



BINGEN ON THE RHINE. 



BY CAROLINE E. NORTON. 

A Soldier of the Legion lay dying in Algiers : 

There was lack of woman's nursing, there was dearth of woman's 

tears ; 
Put a comrade stood beside him, while his iife-blood ebbed 

away. 
And bent with pitying glances, to hear what he might say. 
The dying soldier faltered, as he took that comrade's hand. 
And he said, "I never more shall see my own, my native land. 
Take a message and a token to some distant friends of mine; 
For I was born at Bingen — at Bingen on the Rhine I 



127 

"Tell my brothers and companions, when they meet and crowd 

around, " 

To hear my mournful story, in the pleasant vineyard ground, 
That we fought the battle bravely ; and when the day was done* 
Full many a corpse lay ghastly pale beneath the setting sun. 
And midst the dead and dying were some grown old in war, 
The death-wounds on their gallant breasts the last of many scars; 
But some were young, and suddenly beheld life's morn decline; 
And one had come from Bingen — fair Bingeri on the Rhine! 

"Tell my mother that her other sons shall cOmfort her old age. 

For I was still a truant bird that thought his home a cage; 

For my father was a soldier, and even as a child 

My heart leaped forth to hear him tell of struggles fierce and 

^^^^ ' . 

And when he died, and left us to divide his scanty hoard, 
I let them take whatever they would — but kept my father's 

sword ; 
And with boyish love I hung it, where the bright light used to 

shine 
On the cottage wall at Bingen — calm Bingen on the Rhine! 

" Tell my sister not to weep for me, and sob with drooping head* 
When the troops come marching home again, with glad and gallant 

9 tread; 
But to look upon them proudly, with a calm and steadfast eye. 
For her brother was a soldier, too, and not afraid to die; 
And if a comrade seek her love, I ask her in my name 
To listen to him kindly, without regret or shame; 
And to hang the old sword in its place, my father's sword and 

mine, 
For the honor of old Bingen — dear Bingen on the Rhine! 

**There's another, not a sister; in the happy days gone by 
You'd have known her by the merriment that sparkled in her eye; 
Too innocent for coquetry, too fond for idle scorning; 
C^ friend! I fear the lightest heart makes sometimes heaviest 

mourning. 
Tell her the last night of my life (for ere this moon be risen. 
My body will be out of pain, my soul be out of prison) 
I dreamed I stood with her, and saw the yellow sunlight shine 
On the vine-clad hills of Bingen — fair Bingen on the Rhine ! 

**I saw the blue*Rhine sweep along; I heard, or seemed to heai^ 
The German songs we used to sing, in chorus sweet and clear ; 
And down the pleasant river, and up the slanting hill, 
The echoing chorus sounded, through the evening calm and still; 
And her glad blue eyes were on me, as we passed, with friendly 

« talk, 
Down many a path beloved of yore, and well-remembered walk; 
And her little hand lay lip^htly, confidingly in mine : 
But we'll meet no more at Bingen — loved Bingen on the Rhine J " 



128 

His voice grew faint and hoarse — his grasp was childish weak; 
His eyes put on a dying look — he sighed, and ceased to speak; 
His comrade bent to lift him, but the spark of life had fled: 
The soldier of the Legion in a foreign land was dead ! 

And the soft moon rose up slowly, and calmly she looked down 
On the red sand of the battle-field, with bloody corpses strown. 
Yes, calmly on that dreadful scene her pale light seemed to 

shine, 
As it shown on distant Bingen — fair Bingen on the Rhine! 



Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud? 



BY WILLIAM KNOX. 

Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? 
Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-flying cloud, 
A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, 
Man passes from life to his rest in the grave. 

The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade. 
Be scattered around and together be laid; 
And the young and the old, and the low and the high. 
Shall molder to dust, and together shall lie. 

The infant a mother attended and loved. 
The mother that infant's affection who proved; 
The husband that mother and infant who blessed. 
Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest 

The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye, 
Shon« beauty and pleasure — her triumphs are by; 
And the memory of those who loved her and praised. 
Are alike from the minds of the living erased. 

The hand of the king that the sceptre hath borne. 
The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn. 
The eye of the sage and the heart of the brave. 
Are hidden and lost in the depth of the grave. 

The peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap ; 
The herdsman, who climbed with his goats up the steep: 
The beggar, who wandered in search of his bread. 
Have faded away like the grass that we tread. 

The saint who enjoyed the communion of Heaven, 
The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven, 
The wise and the foolish, the guilty and just. 
Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust. 



129 

So the multitude goes, like the flowers or the weed 
That withers away to let others succeed; 
So the multitude comes, even those we behold. 
To repeat every tale that has often been told. 

For we are the same our fathers have been ; 
We see the same sights our fathers have seen, — 
We drink the same stream and view the same sun, 
And run the same course our fathers have run. 

The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think. 
From the death we are shrinking our fathers would shrink. 
To the life we are clinging they also would cling; 
But it speeds for us all, like a bird on the wing. 

They loved, but the story we cannot unfold ; 
They scorned, but the heart of the haughty is cold; 
They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come; 
They joyed, but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. 

rhey died, aye ! they died ; and we things that are now, 
Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow. 
Who make in their dwellings a transient abode. 
Meet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road. 

Yea! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain. 
We mingle together in sunshine and rain; 
And the smiles and the tears, the song and the dirge 
Still follow each other, like surge upon surge. 

*Tis the wink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath; 
From the blossom of health to the paleness of death, 
From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud, — 
Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? 



OSTLER JOE." 



1 



4s recited and made famous by Mrs. yames Brown 
Potter^ at Washington^ D, C. 

"'ostler joe." 

C stood at eve, as the sun went down, by a grave where a woman 

lies. 
Who lured men's souls to the shores of sin with the light of her 

wanton eyes; 
Who sang the song that the siren sang on the treacherous Lurley 

height. 
Whose face was as fair as a summer day and whose heart war* ^i*, 

Mack as night. 



I30 

Yet a blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden above her 

dust — 
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the blood-red rose of 

lust. 
But a sweet white blossom of holy love that grew in the one green 

spot 
In the arid desert of Phryne's life where all was parched and hot. 

In the summer, when the meadows were aglow with blue and red, 
Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie, and fair Annie Smith were wed. 
Plump was Annie, plump and pretty, with a cheek as white as 

snow; . 

He was anything but handsome, was the Magpie's *Ostler Joe. 

But he won the winsohie lassie. They'd a cottage and a cow. 
And her matronhood sat lightly on the village beauty's brow. 
Sped the months and came a baby — such a blue-eyed baby boy! 
Joe was working in the stables when they told him of his joy. 

He was rubbing down the horses, and he gave them then and 

there 
All a special feed of clover, just in honor of the heir. 
It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so. 
That the Fates would send a baby who might bear the name of 

Joe. 

Little Joe the child was christened, and, like babies, grew apace; 
He'd his mother's eyes of azure, and his father's honest face. 
Swift the happy years went over, years of blue and cloudless sky, 
Liove was lord of that small cottage, and the tempest passed 
them by. 

Passed them by for years, then swiftly burst in fury o'er their 

home. 
Down the lane by Annie's cottage chanced a gentleman to roam; 
Thrice he came and saw her sitting by the window with her 

child. 
And he nodded to the baby, and the baby laughed and smiled. 

So at last it grew to know him — little Joe was nearly four; 

He would call the " pretty gemplin " as he passed the open door; 

And one day he ran and caught him, and in child's play pulled 

him in : 
And the baby Joe had prayed for brought about the mother's sin. 

*Twas the same old wretched story that for ages bards have sung, 
'Twas a woman weak and wanton and a villain's tempting 

tongue ; 
*Twas a picture deftly painted for a silly creature's ey;es 
Of the Babylonian wonders and the joy that in them lies. 

Annie listened and was tempted ; she was tempted and she fell. 
As the angels fell from heaven to the blackest depth of hell; 
She was promised wealth and splendor, and a life of guilty sloth, 
Vellow gold for child and husband, and the woman left them 
both. 



131 

Home one eve came Joe the 'Ostler with a cheery cry of ** Wife I*— ■ 
Finding that which blurred forever all the story of his life; 
She had left a silly letter — through the cruel scrawl he spelt; 
Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his hands and knelt 

**Now, O Lord, O God,|forgive her, for she ain't to blame," he 

cried ; 
" For I owt t* a seen her trouble, and 'a gone away and died. 
Why, a wench like her — God bless her! — 'twagn't likely as he-^d 

rest 
With her bonny head forever on a 'ostler's ragged vest. 

** It was kind o' her to bear me all this long and happy time; 

So, for my sake please to bless her, though you count her deed * 

crime. 
If so be I don't pray proper, Lord, forgive me; for you see, 
I can talk all right to 'osses, but I'm nervous like with Thee." 

Never a line came to the cottage from the woman who had flown, 
Joe, the baby, died that winter, and the man was left alone. 
Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the rod, 
Saving what he told the horses, saving what he told his God. 

Far away in mighty London rose the woman Into fame, 

For her beauty won men's homage, and she prospered in her 

shame; 
Quick from lord to lord she flitted, higher still each prize she won„ 
And her rival paled beside her as the stars beside the sun. 

Next she made the stage her market, and she dragged Art* 

temple down 
To the level of a show-place for the outcasts of the town. 
And the kisses she had given to poor 'Ostler Joe for nought 
With their gold and costly jewels rich and titled lovers bought. 

Went the years with flying footsteps while the star was at its 

height; 
Then the darkness came on swiftly, and the gloaming turned to 

p-.ght. 
Shattered strength and faded beauty tore the laurels from her 

brow ; 
Of the thousands who had worshiped never one came near her 

now. 

Broken down in health and fortune, men forgot her very name, 
'Till the news that she was dying woke the echoes of her fame; 
And the papers in their gossip mentioned how an "actress" lay 
Sick to death i. humble lodgings, growing weaker every day. 

One there was who read the story In a far-off country place, 

And that night the dying woman woke and looked upon his faces 

O'lce again the strong arms clasped her that had clasped her loEf, 

9 ago, 
Aud tiie v/eary head lay pillosved on the breast of 'Ostler Joe- 



132 

AH the past had he forgotten, all the sorrow and the shame; 

He had found her sick and lonely, and his wife he now could 

claim. 
Since the grand folks who had known her one and all had slunk 

away, 
He could clasp his long-lost darling, and no man could say him 

nay. 

In his arms death found her laying, in his arms her spirit fled ; 
And his tears came down in torrents as he knelt beside her dead. 
Never once his love had faltered through her base, unhallowed 

life: 
And the stone above her ashes bears the honored name of wife. 

That's the blossom I fain would pluck to-day from the garden 

above her dust; 
Not the languorous lily of soulless sin or the blood-red rose of 

lust; 
But a sweet, white blossom of holy love that grew in tb "^one green 

spot 
In the arid desert of Phrvne's life where all was parched and hot. 

George R. Sims- 



The Eleven Great Wonders in America. 



Croton Aqueduct, in New York City. 

City Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The largest 
park in the world. 

Lake Superior. The largest lake in the world. 

Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. 

Niagara Falls. A sheet of water three-quarters of a 
mile wide, with a fall of 175 feet. 

Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, in Virginia, 

New State Capitol, at Albany, N. Y. 

New York and Brooklyn Bridge. 

The Central Park, in New York City. 

Washington Monument, Washington, D. C, 555 feet 

Y'osemite Valley, California; 57 miles from Coulter- 
ville. A valley from 8 to 10 miles long, and about one 
mile wide. Has very steep slopes about 3,5CX) feet high; 
has a perpendicular precipice 3,089 feet high; a rock 
almost perpendicular, 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls from 
^00 to 1,000. 



133 ved the 

THE MURDERER. 

[An Unpublished Poem by Edgar Allen Poe.] 
iTe glittering stars ! how fair ye shine to-night, 
And O, thou beauteous moon ! thy fairy lighr 
Is peeping thro' those iron bars so near me. 
How silent is the night — how clear and brigtit' 
i nothing hear, nor aught there is to hear me 
Shunned by all, as if the world did fear me; 
Alone in chains ! Ah, me ' the cursed spell 
That brought me here. Heaven could not cheer m« 
Within these walls — within this dark, cold cell. 
This gloomy, dreary, solitary hell. 

And thou, so slow, O Time ! so passing slow : 
Keeping my soul in bondage, in this woe 
So torturing — this uncontrollable pain ; 
Was 1 to blame? I was, they say . Then so 
Be it. Will this deep sanguinary stain 
Of my dark crime forever haunt my brain? 
Must 1 live here and never, nevei hear 
The sweetness of a friendly voice again? 
Must I this torture feel year after year? 
Live, die in hell, and Paradise so near? 

Am I dead to Thee, O Christ? Thou who sought 

The prisoner in his lonely cell; taught 

Him to feel the enchantment of Thy love — 

Am I dead to Thee? Canst Thou not be brought 

By prayer from Thy celestial throne above 

Into this darkened cell? Dost Thou, too, reprove 

My soul? Thou, too, doom it to endless misery? 

Am I so hardened that I can not move 

The divine, forgiving love in Thee? 

Canst Thou be Christ and have no love for me? 

What ! lost am I? Ne'er will I feel the bliss 
Of heaven? Ne'er feel the joys above this 
World of srn? What! never? Is my destiny 
Hell? Into that dark, fathomless abyss 
Of sin and crime? 'Into that misery 
Eternal? Into that unquenchable sea 
Of fire? Is there my fu^re — is it there? 
Ah ! it comes before my eyes . See I see ! Ye 
Infernal fiends ' why come ye here ; How dare 
Ye come? Awa> ! mock me not with your stare! 

Away, ye fiends! Why at me now? Am I 
Not hardened yet? Am 1 not fit for hell? Why 
Test me again? O, horrois, hear the jgroans j^ 
Of tortured victims ' Ah ! see them lie 
Bleeding and in chains ! Hear the mocking nvoans 
Of the'madden'd demons, in deep, wild tones! 



A"* , . ' ', ' # 

See them hurl their victims into the hot mire! 
Now see tlie devils dance! What r Are they stones? 
Have they no hearts, no love» no kind desire? 
Fearfully reveling *midst Jehovah's fire ! 

Cries, cries! horrible cries assail my ears! 
I see her ! My murdered victim now appears 
Before me ! Hear her pleading for mercy ; • 
Ah! see her stare, with eyes swollen with tears; 
Horrors! see her white arms outstretched to me. 
Begging for life ! Owoe! O misery! 
Take me, demons! take me out of this cell; 
Satan, I'm thine! Hear, hear, I call on thee; 
Torture me — rack me with the pains of hell; 
Do what thou wilt, but break this madd'ning spell. 

Listen! What's that? My soul, they come, they comet 

The demons come to take thee to thy home ! 

See, see! No, no! O, heavens! What brought this 

Pale skeleton here? Speak! speak! What! dumb? 

And hast thou naught to say? What is thy office? 

Away, fiend ! What ! move not for me ! What is 

Thy want? Speak, devil, speak ! Come, come, unsheath 

Thy tongue. Com'st thou from thexlark abyss 

Of sin? Hold, hold! I know thee — my breath! 

Ha! ha! I know thee now — 'tis Death! 'tis Death! 

Twenty Yeans Ago. 

I've wandered to the village, Tom; I've sat beneath the tree, 
Upon the school-house play-ground, that sheltered you and me; 
But none were left to greet me, Tom, and few were left to know. 
Who played with us upon the green, some twenty years ago. 

The grass is just as green, Tom; barefooted boys at play 

Were sporting, just as we did then, with spirits just as gay. 

But the " master " sleeps upon the hill, which, coated o'er with 

snow. 
Afforded us a sliding-place, some twenty years ago. 

The old school-house is altered now ; the benches are replaced 
By new ones, very like the same our penknives once defaced; 
But the same old bricks are in the wall, the bell swings to and fro 
Its music's just the same, dear Tom, 'twas twenty years ago. 

The boys were playing some old game, beneath that same old tree; 
I have forgot the name just now — you've played the same with me. 
On that same spot; 'twas played with knives, by throwing so 

and so; 
The loser had a task to do — there, twenty years ago. 

The river's running just as still; the willows on its side 

Arc larger than they were, Tom; the stream appears less wide; 



^35 

B«t the grape-vine swing is ruined now, where once we played the 

beau. 
And swung our sweethearts^pretty girls— just twenty years ago. 

The spring that bubbled /neath the hill, close by the spreading 

beach. 
Is very low — *twas then so high that we could scarcely reach; 
And kneeling down to get a drink, dear Tom, I started so, 
To see how sadly I am changed, since twenty years ago. 

Near by that spring, upon an elm, you know I cut your name, 
Your sweetheart's just beneath it, Tom, and you did mine the 

same. 
Some heartless wretch has peeled the bark, *twas dying sure but 

slow. 
Just as SHE died, whose name you cut some twenty years ago. 

My lids have long been dry, Tom, but tears came to my eyes; 
I thought of her I loved so well, those early brt)ken ties ; 
I visited the old church-yard, and took some flowers to strow 
Upon the graves of those we loved, some twenty years ago. 

Some are in the church-yard laid, some sleep beneath the sea; 
But few are left of our own old class, excepting you and me; 
And when our time shall come, Tom, and we are called to go, 
I hope they'll lay us where we played, just twenty years ago. 

The Law of Finding. 

The law of finding is that the finder has a clear title against 
everyone but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has 
no right to demand the property or premises. Such proprietor 
may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind 
then employes, but they cannot bind the public. The law of find- 
ing was declared by the King's bench over lOo years ago, in a case 
in which the facts were these : 

A person found a wallet containing a sum of money on a shop 
floor. He handed the wallet and contents to the shopkeeper to 
be returned to the owner . After three years, during which the 
owner did not call for his property, the finder demanded the wallet 
and the money from the shopkeeper. The latter refused to deliver 
them up on the ground that they were found on the premises. 
The former then sued the shopkeeper, and it was held as above 
set forth, that against all the world but the owner the title of the 
finder is perfect. And the finder has been held to stand in the 
place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in an 
action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff 
had originally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no 
special rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are con- 
ferred by statute. Receivers of articles f»und are trustees for the 
owner or finder. They have no power n the absence of special 
statute to keep an article against the finder, any more than the 
finder has to retain an article against the owner. 




steamer ** Savannah," the First that Crossed the 
Atlantic. 

The Times (of London, England), in the issue of May 
l8, 1819, thus announced the expected event: 

" Great Experiment. — A new steam-vessel of 300 
tons has been built at New York for the express purpose 
of carrying passengers across the Atlantic. She is to 
zome to Liverpool direct." 

This steamer, named the Savannah, the first that 
crossed the Atlantic, was built at New York by Francis 
Ficket. Her engines were made by Stephen Vail, of 
Morristown. She was launched on the 22d of August, 
18 1 8. -» She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal and 
twenty-five cords of wood. Commanded by Captain 
Moses Rogers, of New London, Conn., the Savannah 
sailed from Savannah, Ga., on the 25th of May, 1819, 
bound for St. Petersburg via Liverpool She reached 
the latter port on the 20th of June, having used steam 
eighteen days out of the twenty-six 



•^i" 



*l'r|gil8!"in"Kl"" 




This steamer made the 
fastest time of any ocean 
steamer. She left Queens- 
town, Sunday, August 
16, 1885, arrived at New 
York, Saturday, August 22, 
at 3:35 p. m.j making the 
passage in 6 days, 5 hours 
and '44 minutes. Her first 
day's running, counting 
from 2:26 p. m. on Sunday 
until the following noon, 
was 424 knots, followed by 
464, 450, 465, 4(64, 464 and 
70, from noon to 3:35 p. m. 
on Saturday. The dis- 
tance which she traveled 
shows that the Etruria 
maintained the unexampled 
speed of 21^ miles per hour continuous steaming for 
the entire voyage. The best single day's run was made 
by the Etruria on her second westward voyage, on which 
occasion she steamed 481 nautical miles, which is equal 
to 557 statute miles, and required a speed of more than 
23 miles per hour to accomplish. 

She is 520 feet long, 57 feet beam, and 41 feet deep to 
upper deck (to promenade deck, 49 feet), 8,000 tons, and 
14,500 horse-power, built of steel throughout, and is not 
classed in any of the books, as her construction far 
exceeds the requirements of the book surveyors. She is 
divided into ten water-tight compartments, most of the 
bulkheads being carried to the upper deck, and has three 
steel masts, is bark-rigged, and can spread a large area of 
canvas when required. 

The Etruria leaves port with 3,000 tons of coal, and 
will burn, on an average, 320 tons every 24 hours. 



STEAMER ETRURIA. 



Fast Passages of Ocean Steamsliips. 

Queenstown to New York — 6d. 5h., 44 meantimCs. 
Etruria, Cunard line; sailed 2:26 p. m., August 165, 
arrived 3:25 p. m., Aufifust 22, 1885. Distance cov' 



138 

ered, 2,801 knots, or about 3, 250 statute miles. Com- 
puted from Roche's Point to bar off Sandy Hook, 
adding 4h. 35m. for difference in time. Fastest 
passage. 
--^— ^d. I5h. 41m., America, National line; sailed 1:50 
p. m.. May 29, arrived 10:15 p. m., June 4, 1884, 
Computed from Fastnet to Sandy Hook, adding 
4h. 22m. 

— — 6d. 2ih. 38m. ,' Alaska, Guion line; sailed 12:10 
p. m., September 16, arrived 5:26 a. m., 23, 1883. 
Computed from Fastnet to Sandy Hook, adding 4h. 
22m. 

——yd. loh. 53m., Britannic, White Star line; sailed 
4:35 ]^. m., August 10, arrived 11:06 p. m., 17, 1877. 
Computed from Fastnet to Sandy Hook, adding 4h, 
22m. 

=— — 7d. i4h. 12m., City of Berlin, Inman line; sailed 
7 p. m., October 5, arrived 4:50 a. m., 13, 1877. 
Computed from Roche's Point to Sandy Hook, add- 
ing 4h. 22m. 

New York to Queenstowni — 6d. 6h. 41m., actual time, 
Oregon, Canard line; sailed 7:44 a. m., December 
17, arrived 7 p. m. , 23, 1884. Computed from bar 
off Sandy Hook to Roche's Point, deducting 4h. 
35m. for difference. 

— — 6d. I4h. i8m., America, National line; sailed 9:11 
a. m. , June 11, arrived 4:25 a. m., June 18, 1884. 
Computed from Sandy Hook to Fastnet, deducting 
4h. 22m. 

— — 6d. i8h. 37m., Alaska, Guion line; sailed 6:21 p. m., 
September 12, arrived 5:20 p. m., 19, 1882. Com- 
puted from Sandy Hook to Fastnet, deducting 4I1. 
22m. 

c— — 7d. I2h. 17m., Britannic, White Star line; sailed 
12:22 p. m., October ii, arrived 5:01 a. m., October 
19, 1884. Time computed from Sandy Hook to 
Fastnet, deducting 4h. 22m. 

^r— 7d. 15 h. 48m., City of Berlin, Inman line; sailed 
9 a. m., October 2, arrived 5:10 a. m., 10, 1875. 
Computed from Sandy Hook to Roche's Point, 
deducting 4h. 22m. 

—New York to Southampton, Eng.— -7d. i6h. 28m., 



139 

actual time. Eider, North German Lloyd line; sailed 
8:32 a. m., June 25, arrived 6 a. m., July 3, 1884. 
Computed from Sandy Hook to the Needles, deduct- 
ing 5h. for difference. Fastest passage. 

Southampton to New York — 7d. i8h. lom., Eider, 
N. G. L. line; sailed 7 p. m., April 7, arrived 8:10 
a. m. , 25 , 1884. Computed from the Needles to Sandy 
Hook, adding 5h. 

New York to Havana, Cuba — 3d. 9h. 33m., Newport, 
N. Y. & C. M. line; sailed 4:55 p. m., May 20, 
arrived 1:45 a. na. 24, 1882. Computed from Sandy 
Hook to Harbor, adding 33m. for difierence in 
time. ^ 

Havana to New York — 2d. 23h. 45m., City of Puebla> 
N. Y. H. & M. line; sailed 6:58 p. m., June 30 
arrived 7:16 p. m., July 3, 1883. Computed from' 
Morro Castle to Sandy Hook, deducting 33m. for 
difference in time. Fastest passage. 

3d. 56m., Newport, N. Y. & C. M. line; sailed 5:55 

p. m., July 23, arrived 7:24 p. m., July 26, 1884. 
Computed from Harbor to Sandy Hook, deducting 
33in. 

Galveston, Texas, to New York — 5d. I2h. iom.,Alamo^ 
sailed 9 a. m., June 25, arrived 3 a. m., July i, 1884, 
exclusive of over 6h. detention at Key West, Fla, 
Computed from Galveston bar to Sandy Hook bar, 
allowing 65m. for difference in time. 

-^ New York to Galveston, Texas — 5d. 2oh. 15m,, 

Alamo; sailed 4:30 p. m,, August 9, arrived 10 p, m., 
15, 1884, exclusive of 8h. detention at Key West, 
An unautlienticated despatch says the Alamo made 
the run in 5d. i8h. 30m., arriving December 25, 
1885. 

Aspinwall to New York — 6d. 5h. 30m., Henry Chaun- 
cey; sailed 5:55 a. m., November 13, arrived 11:25 
p. m., November 19, 1865. Computed from pier to 
pier. 

New York to Nassua, N. P. — 3d. ih. 45m., Cienfuegos; 
sailed 4:45 p. m., February 14, arrived at anchorage 
6:30 p. m. , February 17, 1883. No time allowance^ 
75th meridian standard. 



I40 

Sydney, Aus., to San Francisco, Cai.—22d. I9h., Zeai- 

andia; arrived February 22, 1885. 
Yokohama, Japan, to San Francisco, Cal. — 13d. 2ih. 

43m., Steamer Arabic; arrived October 21, 1882. 

STEAMSHIP PASSENGER ARRIVALS FROM EUROPE. 

The following table shows the number of steerage pass- 
engers landed at Castle Garden during the year 1885^ 
also cabin passengers landed at the Port of New York 
and the number carried by each line: 



Steamship Line. 


Where from. 


Steerage 


Cabin. 


North German Lloyd 
Hamburg- American . 
White Star 


Bremen » . 

Hamburg 

Liverpool 

Liverpool 

Antwerp 

Liverpool ..... 

Havre 

Hamburg . . . . . 

Glasgow 

Liverpool 

Glasgow 

Liverpool . . . . . 
Copenhagen . , 

Liverpool 

Rotterdam . . . . 
Mediterranean . 

Stettin 

Mediterranean . 
Mediterranean . 
Amsterdam. . . . 

Bordeaux 

London 

London 

Bristol 


68,395 

38,943 

24,123 

21,185 

21,112 

16,556 

11,551 

11,137 

11,032 

10,258 

8,046 

6,702 

5,860 

4,035 
3,822 
3,680 
3,212 
3^146 
2,790 

2,723 
1,157 
473 
393 
187 
652 


8,858 
3>i09 
5,633 
^,"^00 


Inman 


Red Star 


2,714 


Cunard 


12,026 


General Transatlantic 
Carr Line 


3.559 


Anchor Line 

Liverpool & Gt. West. 
State Line 


3,o8S 
3,216 
2,020 


National ... , 

Thingvalia 


323 

645 


Anchor Line . 

Netherlands 

Fabre Line 


2,378^ 
575 


Stettin Lloyd . 

Anchor Line 

L & V. Florio 

Netherlands 

Bordeaux Line 

National 


67 
II 

i66 
279 

177 
S 


Monarch Line 

Great Western. . . .. . 

Miscellaneous 


825 

35 

84 








Total 


281,170 


55,160 






Jjy ^ 



141 

Armies and Navies of the Principal Nations. 

Austria-Hungary. — Regular army, 1876, 296,158; 
war-footing, 1,043,351. Navy, 68 vessels, of which 12 
were iron-clads; officers and men, 6,274. 

Belgium. — The army, is composed of 3,214 officers, 
40,590 soldiers on pay, and 62,^^4. without pay; total on 
war-footing, 103,124. 

Brazil. — Regular army, 17,751; war -footing, 32,000. 
Navy, 1 1 iron-clads, 45 other vessels, and 9 for port ser- 
vice; men, over 6,000. 

Chili. — Regular army, 3,316; war-footing, over 28,000. 
Navy, 10 vessels, including two iron-clads. 

China. — Regular army, about 700,000; war-footings 
1,260,000. Navy, 38 vessels. 

Denmark. — Regular army, 35,657; reserves, 13,279. 
Navy, 27 steamers, of which 7 were armor-clad. 

Egypt. — Regular army, about 63,000; war-footing, 
128,090. Navy, 14 vessels. 

France. — By a law which went into force June i, 
1873, every Frenchman capable of bearing arms is made 
liable to twenty years' military service, viz. : four in the 
standing army, five in the reserve of the standing army, 
five in the territorial army, and six in the reserve of the 
territorial army. This gives France a force of about 
500,000 in time of peace, and 1,750,000 on a war-footing. 
Navy, 1878, 222 vessels, of which 19 were first-rate iron- 
clads; sailors and marines, about 65,000. 

Germ,any. — Regular army, 418,842; war-footing, 
1,315,634. Navy, 70 vessels, including 17 iron-clads; 
men, about 8,000. 

Great Britain. — In the British army the term of 
service is twelve years, after which a soldier can serve 
for nine years more. The strength of the regular 
army is 272,602, distributed as follows: 178,641 in 
Great Britain, 31,311 in the colonies, and 62,650 in India. 
Territorial army, including yeomanry, militia and volun- 
teers, 304,202. Imperial army of natives in India, 127,170. 
Navy, 64 iron-clads, about 360 steamers and 125 sailing 
vessels. Of this number 261 are manned by 46,590 
seamen and 14,000 marines. Navy, reserved, 21,420. 

Jtaly. — Standing army, 659,615 (but the strength 
of the regular army is given as about 20,000 only); pro= 



142 

visional militia, 260,325; officers of reserve, 2,167; terri- 
torial militia, 290,518 — total, 1,212,620. Other figures 
place the army on a war-footing at less than 900,000. Navy, 
66 vessels, of which 18 areiron-clads; men, about 12,00a 

Japan. — Regular army, 31,680^ war-footing, 46,350. 
Navy, 16 steam vessels, including t^ee iron-clads; men, 
about 4,000. 

Mexico. — Regular army, about 22,000. • 

Netherlands. — Regular army in Europe, 62,900; war- 
footing, 160,000. East Indian army, 39,413. Navy, 99 
steamers and 16 sailing vessels. 

A^(7rze/djy.-— Regular army, about 13,00a . Kavy, 119 
vessels, manned by about 4,300 men. ^ . 

Persia. Army, peace- footing, usually about 25,000; 
war-footing, about 100,000. .if: f^fjim-.r 

Peru. — Regular army, about 13,000. Navy, 18 ves- 
sels. 

Portugal. — Regular army, 35,496; war-footing, 
about 75,000. Navy, 22 steamers and 12 sailing vessels. 

Roumania. — Regular army, 17,169;" war-footing, 
42,449. Territorial army, 54,473. 

^Russia. — The nominal strength of the army is 
768,467; war-footing, 1,213,259. Other figures esti- 
mate the war -footing at nearly 1,700,000. Navy, 221 
vessels, of which 27 are armor-clad; men, about 30,000. 

Spain. — According to a new plan of the Minister of 
War, the army is to consist of 100,000 men, but in 1878 
it was about 300,000. Navy, 123 vessels, including six 
iron-clads. 

Sweden. — Regular army, 36,495; war-footing,! 56,970. 
Navy, 42 steamers and 97 other vessels. 

Switzerland. — In the Federal army consisted of 1 19,982 
in the Bundesanug, and 91,728 in the landwehr. 

Turkey. — Army on peace-footing, about 150,000; war- 
footing, estimated, 611,100. Navy, 20 iron-clads and 70 
steamers, manned by 30,000 sailorsand 4,000 marines. 
% United States. — Regular army, according to the official 
returns for 1879, 2,127 officers, 24,262 men, and 385 
officers retired. Recent estimates place the war-forces 
of the United States, viz. : the militia and the regular 
army, at over 3,750,000. Navy, 142 ships, of which only 
93 are effective; officers, 2,380; men, 7,850. , m. 



Men Called by President Lincoln During the Lat6 
War. 



The total number called for, under all calls made by 
the President, from April 15, 1 86 1, to April 14, 1865, was 

2,759»049- 

Thei: terms of service under the calls were from three 
months _c three years. 

Unitea States Soldiers in the liate Civil War. 



Aggregate. 

New York , 455,568 

Pennsylvania^ 366,326 

Ohio. . :. ^..,%^ 317,133 

Illinois, ...,,'.' 258,217 

Indiana 195,147 

Massachusetts I5 1 ,785 

Missouri I07,773 

Wisconsin 96, 1 18 

Michigan 90,119 

New Jersey. 79j5ii 

Kentucky 78,540 

Iowa 75,860 

Maine 7i}745 

Connecticut „ 52,270 

Maryland : 49, 730 

Vermont , . . 35,256 

New Hampshire 34j6o5 

West Virginia 30,003 

Minnesota 25,034 

Rhode Island 23,711 

Kansas 20,097 

District of Columbia 16,872 

Delaware i3j65I 

Total 2,653,062 

143 



14^ 
Colored Troops in U. S. Army Durmg^ tlie War. 

Louisiana 24,052 

Kentucky 23,703 

Tennessee 20, 133 

Mississippi 17,869 

Maryland 8,718 

Pennsylvania 8,612 

Missouri 8,344 

Virginia 5,723 

Arkansas. 5>526 

South Carolina 5,462 

Ohio 5,092 

North Carolina 5,035 

Alabama 4,969 

New York 4, 125 

Massachusetts 3,966 

Georgia 3,486 

District of Columbia 3,269 

Kansas. 2,080 

Rhode Island 1,837 

Illinois 1,811 

Connecticut 1,764 

Indiana 1,597 

Michigan 1,387 

New Jersey 1,185 

Florida 1,044 

Delaware 954 

At large 733 

Iowa 440 

West Virginia 196 

Wisconsin i 155 

New Hampshire 125 

Vermont 120 

Maine 104 

Minnesota , 104 

Colorado Territory 95 

Texas 47 

Officers 7>i22 

Not accounted for 5*^83 

Total 186,017 



H5 
The Nation's Dead. 

A recent report shows that the nation's dead are buried 
in seventy-nine national cemeteries, of which twelve are 
in the Northern States. Among the principal ones in 
the North are Cyprus Hill, Brooklyn, N. Y., with its 
3,786 dead; Finn's Point, N. J., which contains the 
remains of 2,644 unknown dead ; Gettysburg, Pa. , with 
its 1,967 known and 1,608 unknown dead ; Mound City, 
111. , with 2,505 known and 2,721 unknown graves ; Phila- 
delphia, with 1,909 dead, and Woodlawn, Elmira, N. Y., 
with its 3,090 dead. In the South, near the scenes of 
terrible conflicts, are located the largest depositories of 
the nation's heroic dead: 

Arlington, Va., 16,264, of whom 4,349 are unknown. 

Beaufort, S. C, 9,241, of whom 4,493 are unknown. 

Chalmette, La., 12,511, of whom 5,674 are unknown^ 

Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,962, of whom 4,963 are 
unknown. 

Fredericksburg, Va. , 15,257, of whom 12,770 are 
unknown. 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 11,490, of whom 2,906 arc 
unknown. 

Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of whom 2,337 are unknown. 

City Point, Va. , 5,122, of whom 1,374 are unknown. 

Marietta, Ga., 10,151, of whom 2,963 are unknown. 

Memphis, Tenn., 13,997, of whom 8,817 are unknown^ 

Nashville, Tenn., 16,526, of whom 4,701 are unknown. 

Poplar Grove, Va, 6,199, ^^ whom 4,001 are unknown. 

Richmond, Va. , 6,542, of whom 5,700 are unknown. 

Salisbury, N. C. , 12,126, of whom 12,032 are ".-.' .; ca ., 

Stone River, Tenn., 5,602, of whom 288 are unknown. 

Vicksburg, Miss. , 16,600, of whom 12,704 are unknowru 

Antietam, Va., 4,671, of whom 1,818 are unknown. 

Winchester, Va. , 4,559, of whom 2,365 are unknown. 

In all, the remains of 300,000 men who fought for the 
Stars and Stripes find guarded gravfes in our national 
cemeteries. Two cemeteries are mainly devoted to the 
brave men who perished in the loathsome prisons of the 
same name — Andersonville, Ga. , which contains 13^714. 
graves,* and Salisbury, wHh its 12,126 dead, of whom. 
12,032 are unknown. 



146 

ONITEt) STATES PENSION STATISTICSc 

NUMBER OF PENSION CLAIMS, PENSIONERS 
AND DISBURSEMENTS, 1861-1885. 



Fiscal Year ending 
June 30. 



1861. 
t862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 

1877. 
1878. 

1879. 
1880. 
1881 . 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 



Army and Navy. 



Claims Allowed. 



Invalids. 



4,121 

17,041 

15,212 

22,883 

16,598 

9,460 

7,292 

5,721 

7,934 
6,468 
6,551 

5,937 
5,760 
5,360 
7,282 

7,414 

7,242 

10,176 

21,394 
22,946 
32,014 
27,414 
27,580 



Widows, 
Etc. 



Total No. 
of Appli- 
cations 
Filed. 



49 

3,763 

22,446 

24,959 
27,294 
19,893 
19,461 

15,904 
12,500 

8,399 
7,244 
4,073 
3,152 
4,736 
4,376 
3,861 
3,550 
3,379 
4,455 
3,920 

3,999 
5,303 
6,366 

7,743 



Total ...... 300,204 I 220,825 968,840 580,897 



Total No. 

of 

Claims 

Allowed. 



2,437 
49,332 

53,599 
72,684 

65,256 

36,753 
20,768 
26,066 
24,851 

43,969 
26,391 
18,303 
16,734 
18,704 

23,523 
22,715 

44,587 

57,118 

141,466 

31,116 

40,939 
48,776 

41,785 
40,918 



462 
7,884 
39,487 
40,171 
50,177 
36,482 
28,921 
23,196 

1 8,221 
16,562 

34,333 
16,052 
10,462 
11,152 

9,977 
11,326 
11,962 
31,346 
19,545 
27,394 
27.664 
38,162 
34,192 
35,767 



NOTE.— In the number of pensioners on the roll under the 
heads of " Invalids" and " Widows," etc., are included survivors 
and widows of the war of 1812, respectively, commencing with 
the year 1871. 



147 
U. S. PENSION STATISTICS^(Continued). 



Fiscal Year 
ending June 30. 



Number of Pensioners on the Roll and the 
Amount Paid for Pensions, with Cost of 
Disbursements. 



Invalids. 



Widows, 
Etc. 



Total. Disbursements. 



1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871, 
1872. 

1873- 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 

^in- 
1878. 

1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 



4,337 

4»34i 
7,821 

23,479 

35,880 

55,652 

69,565 

75,957 

82,859 

87,521 

93,394 

113,954 

119.500 

121,628 

122,989 

124,239 

128,723 

13^,649 
138,615 
145,410 
164,110 
182,633 
206,042 
225,470 
247,146 



4,299 

3,8i8 

6,970 

27,656 

50, 106 

71,070 

83,678 

93,686 

105,104 

111,165 

114,101 

118,275 

118,911 

114,613 

111,832 

107,898 

103,381 

92,349 
104, 140 

105,392 

104,720 

103,064 

97.616 

97,286 

97,979 



8,636 

8,159 

14,791 

51,135 

85,986 

126,722 

153,183 

169,643 

187,963 

198,686 

207,495 
232,229 
238,411 
236,241 
234,821 

232,137 
222,104 
223,998 

242,755 
250,802 
268,830 
285,697 
303,638 
322,756 
345,125 



$1,072,462 

790,385 
1,025,140 
4,564,617 

8,525,153 
13,459,990 
18,619,916 
24,010,982 
28,422,884 
27,780,812 

33,077,384 
30,169,341 
29,185,290 
30,593*750 
29,683,117 
28,351,600 
28,580,157 
26,844,415 
33*780,526 
57,240,540 
50,626,539 
54,296,281 
60,431,973 
57,273,537 
65,693,707 



Total $744.040,541 



The number of pensions allowed by the United States to 
soldiers who served in wars previous to the civil war of 1861-65 
and to their widows have been as follows : War of the Revo- 
lution, 62,069: war of 1812 with Great Britain, 67,048; war 
with Mexico, 7,619: Indian and all other wars, 1,389; Navy, 
3.563- 



148 



S < 
to S 

<D 1^ 

^ O 
-^ ^ 

CO ^ 

HI 

o 

:^ 
<^ 

c/2 



' 




t^ fO ro On 


^ 


N »-vO On 








a\00 On CO 


l5oo 








. i>. ON ^-o ro 


ONt^ 


V4D ON^ Tj- 






c4 














• OSOO T^ ro 


ro 


vo"i>^vd CJN 









• ♦ * 


f^ 


t^ 






H 


• CO 




u-> 




d 


< 












- u' 


00 : 




VO 00 


N I-.VO Tf 







rt S 


u-j ro 






N •-« N On 




2 


.■5'^ii 


t^ro : 






vO ^ 


VO ON •-• -^ 




H 




CC li^ . 






CO 


t-Tvo" vri ON 




tft 




100 • 












1 


> 












l-l 




2 


Q ON : 




u 












ij-^O 


88S : 






rt 


t^ 










N VO 






3 


0" 












vn hT w 








CO 












00 






0^ 














ro 10 1-0 


•^ ^ 


1000 c^ 










h^ .-. ro 








00 00 


00 00 00 


















1 


- : CO d^ ^ 


M a^ 


»^ ^ « t^ 

t-^ Ml HH CO 






-. ro 




•-• 01 CO 00 




< 




t:^i-i 


u2 ^ 


4 "it 






< <m^^ 


^ ^ 




\j-iOin 




<-»-"=ti 






10 00 t-i 


1-1 ro 


N t^i-i 




Q 




t>^ On 0^ 




i-i ^ CO 








r^ • r^i>.co 


00 00 


00 00 00 






1 


NM . Ml hH M 




M l-< NH 






i 


d^ ! ON ds 0" 


i-T rC 


^ - « *o 
00 i-i <;o 






2 




^ w 


H^ c^ c^ 00 






!X4 


April 

Juy 
June 




























* u • 








\ \ '. '. 




^ 






cj 






. . 












^ 













! « ' 








ition . 
ional. , 
an wa 




a 
.^ 
^ 


^ 







$-1 








c/5 


ar of the Revoh 
Estimated additi 
Drthwestern Indi 
ar with France . 
ar with Tripoli, 
jrthwestern In 


General Harriso 
eek Indian war 
ar of 1812 wi 


"a 


minole Indian w 
ack Hawk India 
lerokee distur 
removal 








^ 


^, 


^ 


^ 


iz: 






^ 




0) 

C/2 







149 



ro 3 o o 

OO Q O ro 
^ O xi->c< 



VO OOO rO 
iovr>vo "^ 

00 



W 



< 

o 



> 






h 






roroQ vO 
00 mo t^ 



COvO lO 

ONM ON 



00 00 



00 

oo 



^ ^ ON ^ vr> Tf-OO 1^ 
CO M 00 ^ 00 00 00 00 

1^ M M M »H 

a^< I— > 



\0 iJ-i vo 
rOfO Tt 
00 00 00 



« «00 ^ ON-'tvo •-< 

lO ro fO tJ- -^ "^ T^ovo 

NOO N 0000 0000 

M _^ M M <^ M 



^Q 









S.y o 

t/} {y ^ 

O ^^ Si ( 

O rt 5 I 






O c •!-« 



ra 


bft 


> 


C 






U 


s 


o 


t? 


rC5 






tf} 


tJD 


^ 


fl 


ci 


.^ 


■<-> 


3 


C/2 


nU 


mJ 


D 


(U 


n-l 












11 


^ - 


^ 


.r.s 


^ 


1;"^ 


fl 


S G 


O 




U 


0) 


•SO 


r*. 


^1 


O 


■li 


S. 


i;s 


o 
o 


1^ 


u 


cJ o 


-*-* 


^ ^ 


o 


«u o 

0) J-i 


^f^ 


u 


j3 <t> 




'oa 


a 


r; >^ 


;3 


«j^ 


{^ 


•t3^ 




.sS 


H 


§§* 




<i-i }-» 


aged 
ooo. 
asual 
was 




«? 


0) 


I^S 


.o^-^ ^ 


«-t- 


ci S^^ 


f 

rt 


U5 S O 

§ ^ J3 
? <u rt 


^, 


^pC ^ 


* 


^H <u 




^ ^-B 



ISO 
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— CoN- 

^_ __._^ , TINUED. 

Killed in battle, 61,362; died of wounds, 34,727 ; died 
of disease, 183,287; total died, 279,376; total deserted, 
199,105. ' 

Number of soldiers in the Confederate service, who 
died of wounds or disease (partial statement), 133,821. 
Deserted (partial statement), 104,428. 

Number of United States troops captured during the 
war, 212,608; Confederate troops captured, 476,169. 

Number of United States troops paroled on the field, 
16,431; Confederate troops paroled on the field, 248,599. 

Number of United States troops who died while prison- 
ers, 29,725; Confederate troops who died while prisoners, 
26,774. 

The casualties on the American side in the last war 
with Great Britain, 1812-15, were: Killed, 1,877; 
wounded, 3,737; total, 5,614. 

> The casualties on the American side in the war with 
Mexico, 1846-48, were: KiUed, 1,049; died of wounds, 
904; wounded, 3,420. 

The estimated cost to the United States of the Revo- 
lutionary War was $135,193,703; of the war of 1812 with 
Great Britain, $107,159,003; of the Mexican War, 
$100,000,000; of the Civil War (including all expenses 
growing out of the war), $6,189,929,909. 



The height of the railway bridge at Niagara river, 
above the river, is 250 feet. 

The largest diamond-cutting house is the Amsterdam, 
where they employ 400 men. The famous Kohinoor 
diamond was cut there. The cutters make from $7 to $12 
and even $14 a day. 

^Trinity Church, New York, is 283 feet in height. 



The Fast-Milers of 1887. 



Name. 



Stuyvesant .. 

Burch 

Stuyvesant .. 
Jackabin .... 

Eolian... . . . . 

Troubadour . 
Orvid.. .... 

Aurelia 

Aurelia 

Touche Pas. 

Eolian. 

Pink Cottage 

Hanover 

Hanover 

Jackabin. . . . 
Valuable .... 
Flageoletta. . 

Jackabin 

Kenny 

- '/^ 

Repetta. .... 
Redstone. . . 
Governor . . . 
Rosalind. . . . 

Poteen 

Ten Strike. . 
Aurelia .... 
Buckstone , 
Hindoo Rose 
Queen Bess. 
Redstone . . . 
Sam Bennett 
Phil Lee... 
Troubadour. 
Snowdrop . . 

Binette 

Telie Doe. . . 
Gold Flea. . . 
Font 



Sire. 



Glengarry. . . . 

Enquirer 

Glengarry 

Jils Johnson.. 

Eolus 

Lisbon 

Glengarry . . . . 
Algerine. . . . . . 

Algerine 

Spendthrift. . . 

Eolus 

l^uckden , 

Hindoo , 

Hindoo 

Jils Johnson. . 
Ten Broeck. . . 
Raydon d'Or 
Jils Johnson. 
Duke of Mont 



rose.... ... . 


113 


Reform 


107 


Wanderer. . . . 


100 


Glengarry 


go 


Billet 


0« 


Powhattan 


109 


Ten Broeck... 


105 


Algerine 


qo 


Stonehenge. . . 


107 


Hindoo 


qs!'' 


Hyder Ali.... 


93 


Wanderer 


100 


Rebel 


io8 


Glen Athol. . 


102 


Lisbon 


122 


Joe Hooker. . . 




Billet.. 




Gt. Tom 


112 


Longfellow 


108 


Fonso 


105 



112K 

no 
103 

115 

100 
90 

97 
120 

105 
118 
112 

105 

TOO 
118 



Course. 



Sheepshead . . 
Sheepshead . , 
Sheepshead . . 

Chicago 

Sheepshead . . 
Sheepshead . . 
Sheepshead . . 

Chicago 

San Francisco 
Sheepshead . 
Sheepshead . 
Buffalo... ... 

Sheepshead . 
Washington.. 

Chicago 

Lexington. . . 
Sheepshead . 
Chicago 



San Francisco 

Buffalo 

Sheepshead . 
Nashville. . . . 

Chicago 

Nashville 

Brooklyn 

San Francisco 
Brooklyn. . . . 

Chicago 

Sheepshead • 
Sheepshead . 

Chicago 

Brooklyn .... 
Brooklyn. . . . 
Sacramento. . 
Sacramento. . 
Washington . 

Chicago 

St. Louis. . . . 



Date. 



Sept. 7 
July 2. 
June 28 
June 25 
Sept. 1 
June 30 
July 2. 
July 9. 
Apl. 16 
Sept. 3 
Sept. 1 6 
July 15 
June 21 
Oct. 31 
July 16 
Oct. 
Sept. 17 
July 2. 

Nov. 5. 

July 13 
Sept. f 
Nov. 2. 
July I 
Nov. 3, 
May 26 
Apl. 23 
May 14 
Aug. 20 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 12 
Sept.2i 
May 27 
Sept. 19 
May 4. 
Nov. 5. 
July 12 
June lo 



S 
H 

.40 
.40^ 
• 40.^ 

•40K 
.41 
.41 
-41 

•41^ 
.41^ 
•41K 
.41K 
•41K 
.41^ 
.41K 
•41^ 
.42 

.42 

.42 

.42 

.42 

.42^ 

.42K 

.42^ 

.4254: 

•42K 

.4254: 

.42^ 

•42^ 

.42K 

.42K 

.42^ 

.42K 

.42M 

.42K 

•42K 

.42)^ 



152 

Railroad Failures in Ten Years. 

SOLD UNDER FORECLOSURE. 



Years. 



No. 
Roads. 



Mileage. 



Capital Stock and 
Bonded Debt 



1876. 
1877. 
1878. 

1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 



30 

48 
65 
31 

?6 

18 
15 

22 



3*840 
3.875 
3.906 

4.909 

3.775 

2,617 

867 

1,354 
710 

3.156 



$217,848,000 

198,984,000 

311,631,000 

243,288,000 

263,882,000 

127,923,000 

65,426,000 

47,100,000 

23,504,000 

278,494,000 



Total for ten years .... 328 29,009 $1,778,080,000 

RATLTI^AY SIGNAI.S. 

One whistle signifies " down brakes. " 

Two whistles signify " off brakes. " 

Three whistles signify " back up. " 

Continued whistles signify " danger. " 

Rapid short whistles " a cattle alarm." 

A sweeping parting of the hands on a level with the 
eyes, signifies " go ahead. " 

Downward motioii of the hands with extended arms, 
signifies " stop. " 

Beckoning motion of one hand, signifies " back. " 

Red flag waved up the track, signifies " danger. " 

Red flag stuck up by the roadside, signifies " danger 
ahead." 

Red flag carried on a locomotive, signifies " an engine 
following. " 

Red flag hoisted at a station is a signal to " stop." 

Lanterns at night raised and lowered vertically, is a sig- 
nal "to start." 

Lanterns swimg at right angles across the track, means 
**stop." • 

i. litems swung in a circle, siornifies "back the train." 



153 



COST 


OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF 


HAY. 


Price per 


25 lbs. 


40 lbs. 


100 lt>s. 


200 lbs. 


300 lbs. 


Ton. 


worth. 


worth. 


worth. 


worth. 


worth. 


$ 4 oo.. 


5 cts. 


10 Cts. 


20 Cts. 


$ 40 


$ 60 


5 oo.. 


6 " 


12 " 


25 " 


50 


75 


6 oo.. 


7K " 


15 " 


30 « 


60 


90 


7 oo. . 


S'A" 


17 " 


35 " 


70 


I 05 


8 oo.. 


lo " 


20 « 


40 " 


80 


I 20 


9 oo. . 


II " 


22 " 


45 " 


90 


I 35 


lo oo, . 


12}4 " 


25 « 


50 " 


I 00 


I 50 


II oo. . 


i3>^ " 


27 " 


55 " 


I 19 


I 6s 


12 oo. . 


15 " 


30 " 


eo " 


I 20 


I 80 


13 oo.. 


16 " 


32 " 


65 " 


I 30 


I 95 


14 oo..\i7)4 " 


35 " 


70 " 


I 40 


2 10 


15 oo..:i8>^ " 


37 " 


75 " 


I 50 


2 25 



AMOUNT OF OIL IN SEEDS. 



Kind of Seed. Per cent. Oil. 

Bitter Almond 55 

Barley 2j4 

Clover hay 5 

Hemp seed 19 

Indian corn 7 

Linseed 17 

Meadow hay 3^ 

Oat-straw 4 



Kind of Seed. Per cent. Oil. 

Oats 6}4 

Rapeseed • • -55 

Sweet Almond 47 

Turnip seed 45 

White mustard 37 

Wheat bran 4 

Wheat-straw 3 

Wheat flour 3 



RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT FOODS 
FOR STOCK. 

One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to : 



Articles. Pounds. 

Beans 28 

Beets 669 

Clover, red, green . . . 373 

Carrots 371 

Corn 62 

Clover, red, dry 88 

Lucerne 89 

Mangolds 368 j^ 

Oat-straw 317 



Articles. Pounds. 

Oats 59 

Oil- cake, linseed. ... 43 

Peas, dry 37/4 

Potatoes 350 

Rye-straw 429 

Rye 53X 

Turnips 469 

Wheat 44;^ 



154 
Quantity of Seed Required to Plant an Acrob 

i6 quarts Asparagus in 12 inch drills. 

20 " Beans, pole, Lima, 4 by 4 feet. 

10 " Beans, Carolina, prolific, etc., 4 by 3 feet. 

10 " Corn, sugar. 

8 " Corn, field. 

3 " Cucumber, in hills. 
20 " Flax, broadcast. 

6 " Grass, timothy with clover. 
10 " Grass, timothy without clover. 
25 " Grass, orchard. 
20 " Grass, red top or heads. 
28 " Grass, blue. 
20 " Grass, rye. 

2 " Pumpkin, in hills 8 by 8 feet. 
8,CXX) Asparagus plants, 4 by i^ feet, 

25,cxx> Celery plants, 4 by ^ feet. 
1 7*500 Pepper plants, 2.%, by i foot. 
3,800 Tomato plants. 
2.% bushels Barley, 
i^ " Beans, bush, in drills 2.% feet. 

2 " Peas, in drills, short varieties. 

1 to i^ " Peas, in drills, tall varieties. 

3 " Peas, broadcast. 
S " Potatoes. 

1% " Rye, broadcast. 
lYz " Rye, drilled. 
\]i « Wheat, -in drills. 

2 " Wheat, broadcast. 

12 oimces Cabbage, outside, for transplanting. 
4 " Cabbage, sown in frames. 
8 " Celery, seed. 

3 " Tomatoes, in frames. 

8 " Tomatoes, seed in hills 3 by 3 feet 

9 pounds Beets and mangold, drills, 2.% feet. 

12 " Broom corn in drills. 

4 " Carrot, in drills, 2%, feet. 

13 " Clover, white Dutch. 
10 " Clover, Lucerne. 

6 " Clover, Alsike. 
12 " Clover, large red with timothy. 
16 " Clover, large red without timothy. 



155 

25 " Corn, salad, drill lo inches. 

3 " Lettuce, in rows 2^ feet. 

35 " Lawn grass. 

3 " Melons, water, in hills 8 by 8 feet 

2 " Melons, citrons, in hills 4 by 4 feet^ 
50 " Onions, in beds for sets. 

7 " Onions, in rows for large bulbs. 

5 " Parsnip, in drills 2% feet. 

4 " Parsley, in drills 2 feet. 
10 " Radish, in drills 2 feet. 

3 " Squash, bush, in hills 4 by 4 feet 
3 " Turnips, in drills 2 feet. 

3 " Turnips, broadcast. 



The Xong^est Rivers in the WorlM 

Miles. 

233 — Thames. 

300 — Kenebec. 

350 — Hudson. 

400 — D ela war e. 

450 — Connecticut, 

500 — James. 

\qo — Potomac. 

500 — Susquehanna. 

600 — Alabama. 

000 — Cumberland. 

700 — Red River of the North. 

800 — Tennessee. 

900 — Kansas. 

950 — Rhine. 

950 — Ohio. 
^ ,000 — Yellowest one. 
1,100 — Colo rada, in California. 
1,200 — Red River. 
1,200 — Nebraska. 
1 ,200 — Columbia. 
1,300 — San Francisco. 
1,600 — Danube. 
1,800 — Rio Grande. 
2,000 — Volga. 
2,000 — Arkansas. 



•56 

-/,ooo — Madeira. 

2,200 — St. Lawrence. 

2,500 — Obe. 

2,600 — Niger, or Jobila. 

2,600 — Lena. 

2,800 — Mississippi, proper. 

4,100 — Missouri, to the sea, forming longest in the world. 

2,900 — Missouri, to its junction with the Mississippi. 

3,600 — Amazon. 

3,000 — Nile. 



GOVERNORS' SALARIES, TERMS OF OFFICE 
AND STATE CAPITALS. 

Terms of States and Yearly 

Ojffice. Territories. Capitals. Salaries. 

One year. . . . Massachusetts. . . Boston $ 4,000 

One year. . . . Rhode Island. . . . Newport 1,000 

Two years. . . Alabama Montgomery... 3,000 

^wo years. . . Arkansas Little Rock. . . 3,000 

Two years. . . Colorado Denver 5, 000 

Two years. . . Connecticut .... Hartford 2,000 

Two years. . . Georgia Atlanta 3,cxx) 

Two years. . . Iowa Des Moines. , . 3,000 

Two years. . . Kansas Topeka 3,ooo 

Two years . . . Maine Augusta 2,000 

Two years. . . Michigan Lansing 1,000 

Two years. . . Minnesota St. Paul. 3,300 

Two years. . . Nebraska Lincoln 2,500 

Two years. . . New Hampshire.. Concord 1,000 

Two years. . . Ohio Columbus .... 4,000 

Two years. . . South Carolina . . Columbia .... 3,500 

Two years . . . Tennessee Nashville 4,000 

Two years . . . Texas Austin 4,000 

Two years. . . Vermont Montpelier. . . 1,000 

Two years. . . Wisconsin Madison 5,000 

Three years.. New Jersey Trenton 5, 000 

Three years.. New York Albany 10,000 

Four years. . Arizona Territory Prescott 2,600 

Four years. . California. ...... Sacramento.... 6,000 

Four years. .Dakota Territory. Yankton 2,600 

Four years. . Delaware Dover 2,000 



Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 
Four 



years . 
years . 
years . 
years, 
years, 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years . 
years , 
years . 
years . 
years, 
years . 
years . 



157 






Florida 


. Tallahassee. . 


3»5oo 


Idaho Territory. 


. Boise City. . . 


2,600 


Illinois 


. Springfield. . 


6,000 


Indiana 


, Indianapolis. 


5,000 


Indian Territory 


Tahlequah . . 


2,600 


Kentucky 


. Frankfort . . . 


5,000 


Louisiana 


Baton Rouge. 


4,000 


Maryland 


. Annapolis . . . 


. 4,500 


Mississippi 


Jackson .... 


4,000 


Missouri 


Jefferson City 


5,000 


Montana Ter. .. 


Helena 


2,600 


Nevada 


Carson City . . 


5,000 


New Mexico Ter 


Santa Fe. , . . 


2,600 


North Carolina. . 


Raleigh 


3,000 


Oregon 


Salem 


1,500 


Pennsylvania... . 


Harrisburg. . . 


10,000 


Utah Territory., 


Salt Lake Cit> 


' 2,600 


Virginia 


Richmond . . . 


5,000 


Washington Ter . 


Olympia. . . . 


2,600 


West Virginia. . . 


Wheeling . . . . 


2,700 


Wyoming Ter.... 


Cheyenne . . . . 


2,600 



VALUE OF A TON OF GOLD OR SILVER. 

A ton of pure gold is worth $602,799.21. 
$1,000,000 gold coin weighs 3,685.8 pounds. 
A ton of silver is worth $37,704.84. 
$1,000,000 silver coin weighs 58,929.9 pounds. 



CURIOSITIES OF THE BIBLE. 

The Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 
31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The word 
AND occurs 46,277 times. The word lord occurs 1,855 
times. The word reverend occurs but once, which is 
in the 9th verse of the I nth Psalm. The middle verse 
is the 8th verse of the 11 8th Psalm. The 21st verse of 
the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the 
alphabet, except the letter J. The longest verse is the 
9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest 
verse is the 35th verse of the nth chapter of St. John« 
There are no words or names of more than six syllables- 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES 

Wisconsin — Badger State. 
Massachusetts — Bay State. 
Mississippi — Bayou State. 
Arkansas-^Bear State. 
Louisiana — Creole State. 
Delaware — Diamond State. 
N"ew York — Empire State, 
N"ew York — Excelsior State. 
Connecticut — Freestone State. 
New Hampshire — Granite StatCc 
Vermont — Green- Mountain State. 
Iowa — Hawkeye State. 
Indiana — Hoosier State. 
Pennsylvania — Keystone State, 
Michigan — Lake State. 
Texas — Lone-Star State. 
Maine — Lumber State. 
Virginia — Mother of Presidents. 
Virginia — Mother of States. 
Connecticut — Nutmeg State. 
Massachussetts — Old Colony. 
Virginia — Old Dominion. 
North Carolina— Old North State. 
South Carolina — Palmetto State. 
Florida — Peninsular State. 
Maine — Pine-Tree State. 
Illinois — Prairie State. 
North Carolina — Turpentine State. 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF CITIES, 

Hannibal, Missouri — Bluff City. 
Philadelphia — City of Brotherly Love. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. — City of Churches. 
158 



159 

New Haven, Conn. — City of Elms. 
Washington — City of Magnificent Distano©?' 
Boston, Mass. — City of Notions. 
Nashville, Tenn. — City of Rocks. 
. Lowell, Mass. — City of Spindles. 
Detroit — City of the Straits. 
New Orleans — Crescent City. 
New York — Empire City. 
Louisville, Ky. — Falls City. 
Rochester, N. Y.— Flour City. 
Springfield, 111. — Flower City. 
Cleveland, Ohio — Forest City. 
Portland, Me. — Forest City. 
Chicago, 111. — Garden City. 
Keokuk, Iowa — Gate City. 
New York — Gotham. 
Boston, Mass. — Hub of the Universe 
Pittsburg, Pa. — Iron City. 
Baltimore — Monumental City. 
St. Louis, Mo.— Mound City. 
Philadelphia, Pa. — Quaker City. 
Cincinnati, Ohio — Queen City. 
Buffalo, N. Y.— Queen City of the Lakes. 
Indianapolis, Ind. — Railroad City. 
Pittsburg — Smoky City. 

Periodicals in Japan. 

There are some 130 periodicals issued weekly, semii' 
monthly, or monthly, on religion, government regula-^ 
tions, politics, laws, army and navy, agriculture, trade 
and commerce, shipping and navigation, literature, edu- 
cation, science, fine arts, medicines, etc. , in Japan. 

It is a peculiarity of the Japanese daily newspapers 
that in each of them the editorial article is made about 
the same length every day. In some papers it covers & 
column and a half, while in others it is longer. One- 
editorial is published in each number, and it is only in 
very rare cases that two or more editorials are printed r 



i6o 



Commencial Statistics of the City of 
New York. 

COTTON EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS. 





Future Sales. 


Highest AND- Lowest Price. 


Month. 


1884. 
Bales. 


1885. 
Baics. 


1884. 
Cents. 


1885. 
Cents. 


■ fanuary 

jrebruary 

March 

April 


2,091 900 
1,313,500 
1,783,100 
3,475,400 
1,587,300 
2,075,100 
1,524,000 
1,316,500 
1,530,200 
2,477,200 
2,012,700 
2,895,700 


2,619,400 
2,042,300 
2,885,400 
1,848,000 
1,840,000 
1,858,000 
1,722,600 
828,200 
2,088,900 
2,070,900 
2,119,400 
2,618,700 


11.29 a 9.69 
11.40^ 9.80 
11.46^ 9.93 
12.00 a 10.05 
12.06 a 10.13 
12.14 a 10.57 
12.14 ^ 10.57 
12.25 a 10.66 
ii.i2^z 9.82 

11.30 « 9-69 
11.15^ 9.59 
11.25 ^ 9-6i 




37^ 9-52 

54 « 9-6i 

55 « 9-73 
60 a 9.83 
70 a 9.93 
80 a 10.02 
88 a 10. II 
94 a 9.81 
57 « 9-68 
30 a 9.46 
10 a 9.39 
15^ 9-43 


Mav 


T ^ 

June 

July 

August 

September . . . 

October 

November 

December 



GRAIN EXPORT FROM THE PORT OF NEW YORK. 



Nationality. 



Bushels. 



No. of 
Vessels. 



American . . 
Austrian . . , 

British 

Belgian . . . . 
Brazilian. . . 
Danish . . . . 

Dutch 

French . . . . 
German. . . , 

Italian 

Norwegian . 
Portuguese . 
Spanish .. . . . 
Swedish . . . . 



none. 

624,324 

20,374,334 

4,518,177 

8,125 

1,134,022 

1,461,728 

1,404,855 

4,904,792 

1,280,301 

69,310 

450,628 

835,691 

32,907 



20 
690 

73 
I 

30 

41 

41 

204 

45 

4 

21 

20 



Totals [47,103,264 



i,i9J 



i6i 

Ccmmepcial Statistics, Etc. — Continued. 

CUSTOM HOUSE TRANSACTIONS. 

1885. hnJ>orts. Foreign Exports. Domestic Exports. 

January. . $28,461,271 $1,199,012 $31,480,982 

February. 28,847,070 802,969 22,903,198 

March . . . 35,646,728 894,739 25,277,817 

April „ . . . 32,259,481 928,313 26,060,326 

May 28,101,855 854,049 27,487,435 

June 30^973^698 939>953 27,594,945 

July . o . . . 33.370,601 769,731 25,792,822 

August.. 34,990,145 766,661 26,355,140 

September 32,930,402 600,625 27,548,584 

October . 34,404,319 869,893 27,291,289 

November 32,037,924 600,615 24,362,286 

December 34,000,000 600,000 25,000,000 

Total. .$386,084,494 $9,819,568 $317,154,796 

The total receipts for customs for 1885 were $128,292,- 
636.80; in 1884 they amounted to $132,416,696.94; show- 
ing, therefore, a falling off for the year 1885. 

CLEARING HOUSE TRANSACTIONS. 

1885. Exchanges. Balances. 

January. ., $2,185,377,595.52 $123,227,916.54 

February 1,900,176,637.44 90,550,296.16 

March 2,012,757,921.16 98,136,918.79 

April, e 1,867,988,743.35 105,431,1^2.32 

May. .» 1,997,837,280.91 106,158,666.84 

J^ne 1,922,335,680.53 108,187,995.69 

July 2,376,114,984.64 114,525,111.11 

August 2,041,097,444. i6 97,918,800.35 

September 2,101,128,912.62 102,619,902.29 

October 3,189,746,197.10 136,009,947.30 

November. . . „ . 3,318,946,571.72 120,799,054.50 

December 3,238,393,366.88 152,901,882.68 

Total $28,152,201,336.02 $1,356,470,654.57 

The Clearing House has now a membership of 64. 



162 

Commercial Statistics, Etc. — Continued, 

IMPORTS OF FOREIGN DRY GOODS AT 

NEW YORK. 

Vear. Value. Year. Value. 

1850 $60,106,375 1868 80,905,834 

1851 62,846,731 1869 94,725,417 

1852 64,654,154 1870 109,498,523 

1853 93,704,21 1 187I 132,480,777 

1854 80,842,936 1872 136,831,612 

1855 64,974,062 1873 114,160,465 

1856 93^362,893 1874 106,520,453 

1857 90,534,129 1875 99,816,025 

1858 60,154,509 1876 86,716,163 

1859 113,152,624 1877 %ll,is^^ll^ 

i860 103,927,100 1878 74,863,197 

1861 43,636,689 1879 91,549,600 

1862 56,121,227 1880 119,844,120 

1863 67,274,547 1881 111,537,020 

1864 71,589,752 1882 132,262,730 

1865 91,965,138 1883 121,508,817 

1866 126,221,855 1884 113,906,176 

1867 86,263,643 1885 100,542,360 

STOCK EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS. 

No. of Shares 0/ Government State ^ R. R, 

1885. Stock. Bonds. Bonds. 

January 6,957,971 $i,573j5oo $3i»99o.'30o 

February... 7,081,480 928,000 36,119,000 

March.- 6,708,015 657,000 28,249,400 

April 4,594,046 903,800 24,537;3oo 

May 5,174,715 1,915,200 39.500,050 

June 4,508,444 2,912,200 48,054,500 

July 8,019,782 1,236,900 74,565,000 

August.... 6,887,444 1,062,000 56,284,689 

September . 5,846,679 1,069,500 48,993,100 

October . ..12,681,182 1,275,000 108,426,850 

November .13,508,025 707,000 90,156,803 

December. .11,206,594 1,339,100 75,^95,050 



Total, 1885 $93,184,478 +$15,570,200 +$662,772,042 
^' 1884.95,052,052 14,879,700 508,815,800 

^Estimated two days, +Less one day. 



. 5 CO Ml 

"-^ fOC3\N H OvN t 
^^ M r 



163 



b^ -^ ro -^ d> ro h'vo'' m" ro t? cT o" 
r'vO '*-roQ ^^•rO'^M moo 0\0 

^ NHMcoMMHcTprcrcrcr 



D 
C 

c 
o 
O 



o 
-p 
LlS 



CO 

o 

-P 

CO 



£ 

E 
o 
O 



pq 

o 

w 
12; 

w 

H 

O 

o 



. VJ w w w W t^ 
ts. N »0 fOOO O t*- 

" "> »ooo "O" -^ ro o" 
) ONoo en N <» 'I- 



. p. M H N N O) 
H \> N v6 « 00 00 



00 . Q vo VO N 0\ fO\0 'O 

*S ^ M t^OO ^ pT en H t^ 




. -d u w V 
. . ii « I, w •!-• ■" 



rt « "i^ ^^ 3 3 5 l* ^ .2 ^ 



164 

Commercial Statistics, Etc. — Continued. 

IMPORTS OF DRY GOODS AT NEW YORK 
FOR THREE YEARS. 



1883. 

Manufactures of wool $31,462,217 

Manufactures of cotton 25,918,700 

Manufactures of silk 36,841,942 

Manufactures of flax 17,1 15,046 

Miscellaneous dry goods .... 10, 120,912 



$28,862,874 
22,842,717 
35,069,781 
15,868,015 
10,462,789 



1885. 

$25,970,061 

21,022,164 

28,974,925 

4,897,591 
9,677,619 



Total imports $121,508,817 $113,906,176 $100,542,360 

Size of Lakes, Seas and Oceans. 



LAKES. 



Miles 
Long. 

Cayuga 36 

George 36 

Constance 45 

Geneva 50 

Lake of the Woods . . 70 

Champlain 123 

Ladoga 125 

Maracaybo 150 

Great Bear 150 

Ontario 180 

Athabasca 200 

Winnipeg 240 

Huron 250 

Erie , 270 

Great Slave 300 

Michigan 330 

Baikal 360 

Superior 380 



Miles 

Wide. 

4 

3 



75 
60 
40 
40 
20 
40 
90 
50 
45 
60 

35 
120 



SEAS. 
Aral. 



Miles 
Long. 

250 

Baltic. . . , 600 

Black 932 

Caribbean 1,800 

China 1*700 

Caspian 640 

Japan 1,000 

Mediterranean 2,000 

Okhotsk 600 

Red 1*400 

White 450 

OCEANS. ™^^^ 

Square. 

Arctic 5,000,000 

Southern 10,000,000 

Indian 20,000,000 

Atlantic 40,000,000 

Pacific 80,000,000 



Oappying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight 
Cap. 



Flour 90 barrels. 

Lime 70 " 

Salt 70 " 

Whisky 60 " 

Flour 200 sacks. 

Eggs 130 to 160 barrels. 

Wood 6 cords. 

Sheep 80 to 100 head. 

Hogs .'..... 50 to 60 " 

Cattle 18 to 20 " 



Butter 20,000 pounds. 

Lumber 6,000 feet. 

Wheat 340 bushels. 

Barley 300 " 

Apples 370 " 

Corn 400 " 

Potatoes 430 " 

Bran 1,000 " 

Oats 680 " 

Flaxseed 360 " 



165 
Tlie Greatest Battles in History. 

The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the com- 
bined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by 
Octavius, and imperialism established in the person of 
Octavius. 

The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Persians, 
under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedonians and 
Greeks under Alexander the Great. 

The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the 
Athenians, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, under 
Datis. 

The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the 
Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their 
allies. 

The Battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the Car= 
thagenians, under Hasdrubul, were defeated by the 
Romans, under the Consuls, Caius, Claudius, Nero and 
Marcus Livius. 

Tiie Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and 
Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate 
of the Republic was decided. 

The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the 
French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were 
defeated by the English and their allies, under Marlbor- 
ough. 

The Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which theHunSj 
under Attila, called the "Scourge of God," were de- 
feated by the confederate armies of Romans and Visi- 
goths. 

Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, 
commanding the English army, was defeated by William 
the Conguerer of Normandy. 

The Battle of Lutzen, 1632, which decided the 
religious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus was 
killed. 

The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles 
XII. of Sweden, was defeated by the Russians, under 
Peter the Great. 

The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Saracens 
were defeated by Charles Martel. Christendom was res- 
cued from Islam. * 

On the 2ist of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battle 



i66 

of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the 
French and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as to a suc- 
cessful hivasion of England. 

The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an invading 
army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the 
command of the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by 
the French, under Dumouriez. 

The Battle of Waterloo, 181 5, in which the French, 
mider Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of 
Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, under the Duke of 
Wellington. 



A Woman's Cliance to Marry, 

% oi I per cent. , from 50 to 56 years of age. 
J^ of I per cent., from 45 to 50 years of age. 
2%, per cent., from 40 to 45 years of age. 
ZH per cent., from 35 to 40 years of age. 
I5^percent., from 30 to 35 years of age. 
18 per cent., from 25 to 30 years of age. 
52 per cent., from 20 to 25 years of age. 
14 j^ per cent., from 15 to 20 years of age. 



SOME GOOD MAXIMS. 

There is nothing better in heaven than religion. 

Our actions of to-day are the thoughts of yesterday, 

A truthful woman is the greatest adornment of a home. 

If you live in impure thoughts you will be impure in 
four lives. 

Profanity is more or less a profession of your loyalty 
to the devil. 

Nobody ever went to sleep indifferent to religion and 
waked up in heaven. 

A child is loved by God because it has no opinions 
and wants to learn something. 

Don't get into anybody's way with your naturalness, 
but try to be yourself wherever you go. 
jRun into heaven barefooted and bareheaded rather 

lu miss it on account of anything in the world. 



i67 
How to Preserve Eggs. 

To each pailful of water, add two pints of ^^sh slacked Umg 
and one pint of common salt; mix well. Fill y^"'* ^f^^^^.^^^^^^ j^ 
with this fluid, put your eggs down m it any time after June, anrf 
they will keep two years if desired. 

Facts Worth Knowing. 

There are 2,754 languages. 
America was discovered in 1492. 
A square mile contains 640 acres. 
Envelopes were first used in 1839, 
Telescopes were invented in 1590. 
A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. 
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. 
A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. 
A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds. 
The first steel pen was made in 1830. 
A span IS ten and seven-eighth inches. 

A hand (horse measure) is four inches. 

Watches were first constructed in 1476- 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 

The first horse railroad was built m 1826-7. 

The average human life is thirty-one years. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

Modern needles first came into use m 1545. 

Space has a temperature of 200 degrees below zero. 

Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes in 1826. 

The first newspaper was published in England m i5»»- 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared "\'.^5^- ^^c^d S 

Robert Bonner refused $100,000.00 for the famous trotter Maud S 

Until 1776 cotton-spinning was performed by the hand-spinning 

'"" Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square acre 
"Th^fir'srsewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, Jr., in 
'^lie first steam engine on this continent.was brought from Eng- 
^^Tii'fiV/t'kniveswere used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriages in Fran<-e in 1559. . , ^ „j„„t,H hv Con- 

The national colors of the LTnited States were adopted by L-on 

^The'"coIt"of coal burned by an ocean steamer on a trip wil« 
"Thf L*n tsT^-,50o,oao m.les from the earth The .atter receives 
only one two-oillionth of the solar heat. ^:ofront- and takes 

The nearest fixed star is 16,000,000,000 miles distant, ana taKc» 
three years for light to reach the earth 



i68 



^ fl <u s 

Ol C y t, (<=^ 

c t: 

•sll 



0\ t^ moo O O\0 ^rofno^rotxN ""^-woocavo rovO 



0\ W N CO -^ o\ N c^co "<*• c 



1 CO -"t-oo CO irj ►■ 



,V C4 Ih Ih 



•H O ^ «o rovo ^vo loroONM r^in (n t^ONH 

MWVOfOMO\WMl^N^O'OVOOOrOOfOH ..^ 

N W ■<1- ■'l-OO W O O ONCJnNCO -<i-« OiiON H -"l-OM 



I ^ Q 
I COVO 






lOt^OwvoOI^CO 



O co'O Oi ro Tj-oo t>N M 00 (N covo H rovo O >o N O * 
00 wt^t-i'«j-CMi-t >OfO rorooONOOO 0\^0 
row ■*'<t-rorONfOW 



O t« 



< o 
-.2 rt 



OwNlOMrO-^O -^^ N 00 O v-« W to -"^-OO fO N ■* 

C3\ r> 0\ o >o ro x^oo o ro^O t^oo oo ooo low Osfol>« 

t^ N VO lO N COOO lOVO lOOO lOt^O CONGO <» a>-«l-t^ 

cT cT o'vo h" i-T tC -^vcT •-rt^iodviooocrd%row->fo' 
Cv N VO t^ O 'i- lO mvo OvOvw OsroM OJ Hivo CON « 
'^ M CO M M lO O^vo ir> ro lo m ro CO tH 






O N VO w o CO o\vo r>. o O VT) lo m w t^oo o 0\ ■* m 

00 N t>.vo (S O "^lOO lO'^O >-< 0^■^0^0^ t^vO vo 00 
t^ OVOO O C» COOO 00 0\V0 000 COOVO eg ^QVO COM 
h" pT "-T n'oo" tC d^ 0*"vcr ■<? CO IT) 6\00 hT '(f CO o\ <> >o N 
»o CO ooo m On a> H rooo T^c^vOvOco ovo -"I-h o%ro 

00 lOvO '1'^ hhmO Ntj-(-^--^- 



"I vo »OVO Tj- 






s 
5 









- (A 

iS'CTl^'rt'o §rtl3.2^ Si^-^'2 ^ rt S o JHJH^ 



ID9 



.7 U. -t fi ID t- 



I t^ O N W O IJ^ f^co a^ N -^ N I 
^ cKoo'oo'oo'co' cT 'i? C^ ro cT t^ocTvi 



) 00 <S VO N -^ 0\V0 00 O 0\ 
> Onoo ^ m h lo o^oo w 00 

■ivOOfONNONN >OVO 



I OsioO'O^O 0\iocM '<1- Oivo m own t^vo oo Ch Os moo m ro o m 



CJ ■<f"^^»OO^t^rON t^OOO ro fovo t^vO W i 



^ M H vo vo vo ^ O. 



iDoo t>fOt^0 "«^O^0 t«»»nH «»on i 
roroOsM Ooo &>« rovo ro On 0\ h -^ q > 
mO^N tO»OM ""J-N M ■<*-o>-<4-0 H OnVO I 



O H OS "^ T 

■<*• CO ro »o 



cot»«0 w Onmoo h 0> 
lo H lo »o Onoo ^s o CO 
M CO lO M O t>. m OsvO 

■*■ »o H r-,v5 osc< O M OsONiOMiriinH o o\ 
rococo COONCO N MM 



CO O 
00 t>. 



vo 00 

lO CO 



t^oo 

O vo 



O <N 
t>» M 

VO^ 0> 



■* V)VO (y\^r) '<t- rooo OsN tot^iocot^OsN O coiotj-q n OMO"^ 

Q N O "^ »0 H COVO t^ W -"^-OO C^ Tj-VO t>N O t^ CO lOOO '«^ N OMOOO 
« M U-) 0\ (N^'O W "^TO 00 vo "^'t'~^'^->'^'^ ^ *^ ^ 'C'^ "^ *^ '*°° 

d\ in lo ff pT cT w" cfvo" o" ">? o" '^ tCvo vd" w t^ cT o^oo" m^ cTvcT t^ocT 

\0 lOH OnW IOCO-<J-ON -"i-OO 00 OSVO lOM 0\-<*-N ■<*■"-• 0\COt^i-i 
lO « -^VO M MCO OO-^Ov ■^l-tCO-«*-lO M-^ MT^ 



On CO 
0\ N 
O^ ON 

cT »n 

ON o 
CO »n 



\0 tv.cOM O\MVO00 Hvooo H t^iomHVO ovo -"t-oj -^o t>»N On 
00 t^ On COOO t^VO 00 ONVO N lOVO vo wvo u^COONO^lOCOMOO M t^ 
vo ONVO vo Onwvo m ioOn"<<-Oncou^N -"i-Tt-M m h Q Q t>,iot^T^ 
vo' On CO t^ h'oo O^vo" intCM'dNONo''coo''t^cr-<?i>^-<?C3N looo" lOvcT 
CO lO 10 m CO H lOOO VOOOOO lOONCOO CIVOVOVO OnVO lO IT) c) \0 m 
N»Ot^>0 CO MCO ONONCOHOICJVOOO 040 -"i-ON 















2'bioc: 



5 bfl 



2'L 
fi.S g'-^ c-i^ 



(u<ua)iu(uo-c2:gxgCSi3^.ij^^--'>» 



Ht-" 



€0 

CO 

O 

if 

^ 00 

^ g 
o o 

c 
o 

3 
Q- 
O 

1. 



170 






|-pwoio3 



T^^ox 






£ 



nuog 
uSiaao^ 



•SAUBJiJ 



gi 'paxBi 

JO'AlDSU^pUI 






•088I 
'psaoio3 



•ogsi '351MAV 



•OggI UOpBJ 



^ 



CON t«.O»0 « (HVOOO OsM'OvO Os»om« 

N ION O N rO-<*-O»lH00 txtNOO rONVO -^ 

"^ roao 00 »o »ovo fOO^-«^•<f^Hvo t^ O t^vC 
30 efvcTvo' Hco vorot^c^rofocTco cToo 



M vo o f^oo vo w M 100 o^onmoo mo^ 
o "^ u^co 00 mvo o ioi-iO"Ovo O\ro-<a-t^ 

■^ t-t fovo oxt^mcorrjcot^Moooo w ir>M 



ro'JO »r)'«*-fONvo u-)m ov rocx) Ovo CO m r^i 
O mt^t^t^Moo loONinw rooo 'ii- o 0( M 
""l- w ■<*- rooo O -^ "^ HI 00 Ov COCX3 ■*• M m N 



00 O »0 0\ 10 t^vo t«»"<*-iH i^M PJ NO ■*« 
lOOit^O i-t ■^t^'-^vo lO-ffCt^iOQO 10 NO 
O t>.vo w N ^^'^^■<f^^fOO fow w lororo 

ro CJVOvOm NNOOt^ Omooooo 

M MM M M lO-^NNC* 



roro>ot>-»«-iOM miTiO -^loo^vo loo 

MOvO>t>»»OtOON OONVO-"*- •^VO M lA 

N-'J'MNMNrO «,HMMM •^00 



'^^ N fooo N Oioo M 1^00 t^ a» N c^ ro o> 

fOrOMMNfOMMMMt^MpiCnMK 

vOmnvOmcj row 



to irjvO 00 to fH M M vO C 
O lOvO M CO ■«*• O -^ OS C 
M MSO O ■^>0'*-<«- lOVC 



CO coco 00 vo t^ M 

CO lovo cj w o «ri 

M CO C4 vo M -^ 



NO Ovvo »0 

N 10 N <N 
M C^ 



00 M MVO Ovt^OVO tOVO CO M 00 »o ( 
5 vO COOO N VO ■«*-vO 00 O MioOvO 101 



N lOM t^M o coooo covO On M 00 ^ pj r»- 
vc CO Ovvo Cvi-irociji->'<*-MNcoiOMior>. 

vo lOC^MVOMMMMOO O 0\VO O^ f} 



t^OO '4' C-, O M I 



lOvo Q 
M Ov Q> 
)VO O NO 



N O M ■<*• '^ N «OVO tN. » N N t>.0C 14-VO 00 
O "^OVO OVN CO-^ tN,>0 -*- CO t^ r>. N Oi^ 
N OOOOMVOMMMMIO O OSVO OWO 



CO M M M 



eg 



C C S? '" 

3 o o 



u ^ 



-^»5>5CJOOi'«--Ji 



rt rt o rt.2 ' y; <2 * 



f 



fl 



j«>\0 oo »o fOOO t^ -^ ( 
OSO lO 0\ M o w vo < 



■* W t^ O «0 O>00 VO fONVO roO CTviO-'ht^ChTtO 0> 

rhM mt^O\»OM O On 0\CO 00 »OfOO\H mHOO lOfO 

^00^O^^^O00Ot^ 0\cx) oooo wvovo rON ■<*-fOioo\ 



On M N r>. On -^ »OvO CXSCOhiohNNhiVONNO 
M to <N On m On xr>vo fOONOOOMDOO ONrot^mOkH o 

00 ^ loNO »omoj t-ivo w"o onon on^o t^oo NO in On 
cxrvd" rovcT t-T pToo'oo' onoo" in '<? on o'cxT o\ ■<? m" o" lovd" 
O 00 00 Onno mqcmmmooo rooo oo o »o t^ t^oo 

WMMH»-Tj-NIHlO H MN mwOO O 



O t^O f*1N N C^OsW 

o" t-T N lovo"" T? pToo c5n 
mo mONQ N cOfO 
N CO M M CO 



rOVO NO OOO t-.rt■^0'«j■■<^^-( « OnOO 00 lOvO O O 
rooo ro Onoo t~^ t^ ■<»■ t>.vo On m o lo On Onoo mvo 
O '«^ ONNO O t^NO 00 -"i-OO w M ro »0 lo O roNO 00 



00 O NO On fO ro H fOOO On On 
O Onm moo ror^ONO"0 On 
w Onh t^M tOONfOO "^iH 



yfvo IT) ro M 



h t^ »OVO N ■<*• O ONOO lO T^ t^oo On CO N 
. . _. . .. _^ cooo o coo H COM o^r^t^ lovo vo ■<*■ 
■) ><*• c>.NO ■'j-ONO T^o ioononOno ^s^^(Noo in-«*-o 



M If -^VO toOO W NO N CO M 00 I 

OONO ■<*-N00O0 O O^mOO woo ' 

M M ro cs M ro I 



NO N r^ cooo f^ t^ N O NO CO t^OO K 
> M moo M CO On -^00 t^ t*- M ^s ON •- 

00 ti vo t^ WW H 



CO m m On On 

■^ CJ M NO rf 
00 NO CO C4 



comcoco'i-N ono O •^■>!«-t^M N M t>.M mmoNM o 
NO coO^O t>.t^M coco Onoo t^comONO hoo O «vo ■^ 

>^ «. ^ f^oQ t^HVOH MCOONCO -^ MM 



cooo M NO N 00 



Onoo »o t>«.oo m M M moo on ■«<- n f>.NO h n n vo tv o\ mvo m . vo i^ mvo • 

00 CO « N m OnVO MMMt^iOP) MMmN ncoo* oo mi 

^ W t>.'<**MONH»r)H Hm'M I 



m M o t^ 
m m ro ON 
NC ■* « n6 



> -^ M o VO moo m CO m ■>^^ fv 
5 VO On m T^oo oo oo m h o t^ 

■< m N CO CO CO Tj-NO 00 O H N 



coHOoomHom 
00 M H M m Tf- 
■^ M VO w 



■"^-m-'t^rOM CON ONO coco tx N 
00 M m M o» mvo T? CO CO 
ro NOcot>. 00 QOOn 
m v5 4 CO 



Tt- N CO ei O -^00 VO m ■^vo On t^ m m n O mvo On m m t>N cooo oo On t^oo rx 
m m Onoo NOooosojoovomoiMNN-^Mt^McoococowMiooNcoMco 
Onoj no t>» moo cooo cot~*mM O t^O « Ono O Onmoo w rfWOO m iono tJ- 

■^fvcT r? CO "^vcT On pr m c5n cono'' eToo'vo tC tC ro tC on hToo" t> n" m*" o" t^ c^" O^ On 
m-'t-NNc M t^t^N m'^m'<<-o\o hvo mno onvo on co on ■<*- cooo vo on o m 



^vo t>. t^NO t^ "i- O 



"i- cnOHOoowMMcsfOf 



vONOromt^cot^OONNNOMNomMO _,,__, 

•<*■ CO ^00 CO t^ Onoo m o no on m vo t^ mNO vo On ro t^ m rj-vo oo vo 
ononOno ONt^mcoM -"^N onm moo t>. o t^oo m m co t^ On pj m 
OnocT -^ coNO o 

CO '<j- ' 

Onvo 



w c^ On O^ covo mvo t^ tx On 

^ ►. ,« -^"" ~" "" ■ ■ m Onoo 

1*- ■<*■ t>. 



DO '«^ CONO oi-iooONCirfvoMONN onoo ■»*-NvomNMcow(N moo m o 

rj- cooo cooo covo CO mvo r^ CO M 00 On On t^^oo t^0N'<<-0N'<i-C0M c>.m m S 
O On t^vO t>.MM ■^ COMMOcOMMNNONmmMCom voco 






S S«'; 






S.3 c> ; 



gc!Jrtrt.^.^.2.-Ol,(uv«(u«o^£;gx5Ssi25.t:J*^^•^r 



i3 



172 

NOTES TO TABLE ON PRECEDING PAGES. 

* Includes 148 Japanese. 

t Colored includes also Indians taxed (or civilized), 
Chinese and Japanese. In California most of the popu- 
lation classified as colored are Chinese, and are not 
voters. 

Note. — Alaska and the Indian Territory are not 
included in the above, not having been organized when 
the census of 1880 w^as taken. The population of Alaska 
(1880) was 30,178, mostly natives. The population of 
the Indian Territory was estimated at 70,000. Indians 
not taxed are excluded by law from the census. The 
estimated number in 1881 was about 245,000, excluding 
Alaska. The whole population of the United States in 
1880 was estimated by Spofford at 50,500,000. The 
estimated population of the United States at the begin- 
ning of 1886 is 57,500,000. 

The total male population of the United States in 
1880 was 25,518,820; female, 24,636,963. The total 
native population was 43,475,840 ; foreign bom, 
6,679,943. 



POINTS OF LAW. 



{By a Supreme Court Lawyer, ) 

The advice on matters in the following pages has been 
acquired at a great expense, and is absolutely correct. It 
can be relied upon as such. 

Lawyers fees can be saved and much annoyance and 
expense avoided by acting on the advice given here. * 

NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS. 

Introduction. — The laws governing mercantile transac- 
tions, and particularly such as relate to negotiable instru- 
ments, are, in the main, of very ancient origin, and are 
derived for the most part from the well established 
usages of merchants, ^hich have been adopted, sanctioned 
and confirmed by the courts, and in '^nany instances 



*Copyright 1887 — All rights reserved 



173 

redeclared by statute. These usages and customs consti- 
tute what is called, in the language of the books, the law- 
merchant. 

Promissory Notes. — A note of hand, as it is called, is 
ii written promise to pay to a person certain, his order, 
or bearer, at a specified time, a given sum of money. To 
render it negotiable, that is, so that it may be transferred 
by indorsement or delivery, it must be payable to " order " 
or " bearer," and unless these words appear it will not be 
negotiable. Further, the promise must be absolute and 
uncoupled with any condition, and the time of payment 
must be certain and not dependent upon any contingency, 
Again^ the promise must be for a definite sum and must 
be payable in money. These are all of the essence of 
negotiability. Failing in any of the foregoing particu- 
lars, the note may still be good as a contract, but it will 
not be a negotiable instrument. 

It may be written upon anything capable of receiving 
written characters, in any language susceptible of trans- 
lation, and with any substance that will leave a perma- 
nent mark; hence a note written in pencil is just as valid 
as one written with ink. It need not be dated, for deliv- 
ery gives it effect, although a date is customary and 
proper, and when no time is specified it is payable on 
demand. It need not be signed at the bottom, provided 
the name of the maker elsewhere appears and was writter 
with intent to bind, as: " I, John Smith, promise," etc., 
but the better way is to subscribe the note. 

The payee must be named or designated, unless the 
note is drawn to bearer, and if drawn to the maker's own 
order possesses no validity until he has indorsed it. A 
note payable to bearer is transferable by simple delivery 
and passes from hand to hand without anything 
further, and the same is true of a note payable to the 
payee's order after he has indorsed it. In such a case 
any holder may write over such indorsement an order to 
pay to himself. But if indorsed in full, that is to pay to 
some person certain, it can only be transferred by the 
subsequent indorsement of such designated person. 

^It is customary to write notes for " value received," 
but this is not necessary, for a negotiable note imports a 
consideration, and, except as between the parties, want 



174 

of consideration cannot be shown if the note was negoti- 
ated in good faith and before maturity, while as between 
the parties consideration may always be disproved, even 
though expressed. The better practice, however, is to 
write them as expressing consideration. 

One who places his name on the back of a note as an 
indorser thereby enters into an undertaking with his 
assignee, as well as others into whose hands the note may 
come, that he will pay it if the maker does not; but he 
may protect himself against the claims of subsequent 
indorsers by making his indorsement " without recourse." 
On the other hand, a party, by simply receiving and pass- 
ing a note while under a blank indorsement, and without 
putting his name to it, assumes no responsibility in rela- 
tion to it. • 
^The holder or indorsee of a note has a right of action 
against every one whose name appears on the same, 
whether as maker or indorser, but it is his duty to present 
the note promptly at maturity and demand payment; if 
payment is refused, he should immediately notify the 
mdorsers, and a failure so to do wdll, in most cases, dis- 
charge the indorser from liability. He should further use 
all reasonable means to compel payment by the maker ~ 
before resorting to the indorsers, and the law only excuses fli 
him from this duty where at the time of maturity the m\ 
maker is hopelessly insolvent and a suit against him would 
be unavailing. 

Prior to maturity, any person who takes a note with- 
out notice of any defect, and pays therefor a valuable 
consideration, will be protected against any equities 
existing in favor of the maker; but one who takes it as a 
mere volunteer, paying no value therefor, or one who 
receives it after it has become due, even though in good 
faith, and for value, will take it subject to all its infirm- 
ities, and any defense that would have been availing as 
against the payee may be interposed as to them. 

D7^e Bills are not distinguishable in general effect 
from promissory notes, and are governed by the s?me 
rules and assignable in the same manner. ^ 

^Certificates of Deposit are, in effect, promissory 
notes, and subject to the same rules and principles 
applicable to that class of paper. 



175 

Warehouse Receipts are not technically negotiable, but 
stand in the place of the property itself; the delivery of the 
receipts has the same effect, in transferring the title to the 
property, as the delivery of the property itself. They are, 
however, frequently declared negotiable paper by statute. 

Drafts, — The draft, or bilj of exchange, is the oldest 
form of negotiable paper, and is said to have existed as 
early as the first century. Drafts are governed by the 
same general rules as notes, and all the remarks of the 
foregoing paragi'aphs concerning negotiability are equally 
applicable here. 

It is the duty of the holder of a bill to present it for 
acceptance w^ithout delay, and if it is payable at sight, or 
at a certain time after sight, no right of action will 
accrue against any person until it has been so presented. 
If it be not accepted, when properly presented, or, if 
accepted, be not paid when due, the further duty devolves 
on the holder to have it regularly protested by a notary 
public. This is essential, however, only in case of for- 
eign bills, and is not required for inland exchange or 
notes. Simple notice in tha latter case is sufficient. 

Checks. — A check on bank is a species of bill of ex- 
change, but is governed by somewhat different rules from 
the ordinary bill. It need not be presented for acceptance, 
for a bank is bound to pay at any time if it have funds of 
the drawer on deposit; nor is it material that the holder 
delay presentment for payment. A check should, how- 
ever, be presented im_mediately; this the drawer has a 
right to expect, and the delay is at the holder's risk, for 
if the bank fails in the meantime, the loss falls on him, if 
the drawer had funds on deposit sufficient to have paid 
the check had it been timely presented. 

Certifying a check practically amounts to an acceptance 
and binds the bank as an acceptor. 

Checks should be drawn to order to guard against loss 
and theft, and at the same time it acts as a receipt of the 
payee. A check is not a payment until it has been cashed. 
^ In paying a forged check the loss falls on the bank, 
which is bound to know the signature of its own deposit- 
ors, and, in like manner, if the check has been fraudu- 
lently raised, the drawer is chargeable only with the 
original amount. 



176 

INNS AND INN-KEEPERS. 

An Inn is a public house for the lodging and enter- 
tainment of travelers for compensation, and the person 
who conducts such house is called an inn-keeper. To 
enable him to obtain his compensation the law invests an 
inn-keeper with peculiar privileges, giving him a lien upon 
the personal property brought into the inn by the guest, 
and on the other hand holds him to a strict degree of 
responsibility to the guest if the goods are lost or stolen. 

The essential character of an inn is, that it is open for 
all who may desire to visit it ; hence, a mere private 
boarding-house, or lodging-house, cannot, in any proper 
sense, be regarded as an inn; nor will a coffee-house or 
restaurant come within the term. A person who enter- 
tains travelers occasionally, although he may receive com- 
pensation, is not an inn-keeper, nor liable as such, pro- 
vided he does not hold himself out in that character. 

An In7t-keeper is bound to receive all travelers and way- 
faring persons who may apply to him, and to provide en- 
tertainment for them, if he c^n accommodate them, imless 
they are drunk, or disorderly, or afflicted with contagious 
diseases. If a person be disorderly he may not only refuse 
to receive him, but even after he has received him may 
eject him from the house. 

He is further bound to exercise a high degree of care 
over the person and property of his guests, and is held to 
a strict responsibility for all loss or damage which may 
occur through his negligence. This responsibility extends 
not only to his own acts, and the acts of his servants, but 
also to the acts of his other guests. The liability of an 
inn-keeper commences from the time the goods are 
brought into the inn or delivered to any of the inn-keep- 
er's servants; and a delivery into the personal custody of 
the inn-keeper is not necessary in order to make him re- 
sponsible. He is not liable for what are termed the acts 
of God, or the public enemy; nor for property destroyed 
without his negligence by accidental fire; and, generally, 
the inn-keeper will be exonorated if the negligence of the 
guest occasion the loss in such a way that the loss would 
not have happened if the guest had used the ordinary care 
that a prudent man may be reasonably expected to have 
taken under the circums^^ances. 



177 

The strict liability of an inn-keeper has been much 
modified by statute, particularly in regard to money and 
valuables, and where the inn-keeper provides, in the office 
or some other convenient place in the hotel, an iron safe 
for the keeping of money,, jew^els, etc., and notifies his 
guests of that fact, and the guest neglects to avail himself 
of the opportunity thus afforded, the inn-keeper will not 
be liable for the losses sustained by the guest by theft or 
otherwise. 

A guest, in the restricted and legal sense of that term, 
is the only person who is entitled to the privileges of 
protection, and to entitle him to this he must have the 
character of a traveler, a mere sojourner or temporary 
lodger, in distinction from one who engages for a fixed 
period, and at a certain agreed rate; but if a party is in 
fact a wayfarer, and his visit is only transient, it matters 
not how long he remains, provided he retains this charac- 
ter Thus, regular boarders by the week or month are 
not guests, nor are they entitled to the privileges of guests; 
and on the other hand, in the absence of an enabling 
statute, the landlord is not, as to them, an inn-keeper, 
and as such entitled to a lien on their effects for his com- 
pensation. 

COMMON CARRIERS. 

Generally. — A common carrier is one who undertakes 
for hire to transport the persons or goods of such as 
choose to employ him, from one point to another, and 
who does this as a business. The law compels him to 
take the goods or persons of all who may apply and to 
make due transport of them; it gives him a lien on such 
goods or on the baggage of passengers for his compensa- 
tion, but at the same time holds him liable for all loss or 
injury, even though occurring without any fault or neg- 
lect on his part. Included under this head are dray and 
truckmen, hackmen, stage coach, railway and steamboat 
companies, and indeed all who hold themselves out as 
transporters, either of persons or goods, whether by land 
or water. 

'^ Carrie}' s of Passengers. — A carrier of passengers is 
bound to receive all who apply; to treat all alike; to 
provide proper carriages and not to overload them; to 



178 

Stop at proper intervals for rest or food; to carry his 
passengers over the whole route contracted for, and to 
exercise the utmost care in protecting them from peril 
while on the journey. Failing in any of these particulars 
he is responsible, not only to the extent of the actual 
damage caused thereby, but frequently for pain and 
injury to the feelings. 

In the sale of a ticket for transportation the foregoing 
is the implied agreement on the part of the carrier, and 
the passenger on the other hand accepts such ticket and 
contracts for passage subject to the reasonable regulations 
of the company. 

A carrier of passengers is liable for any loss or damage 
to the baggage of his passengers, but only to the extent 
of what may reasonably and naturally be carried as bag- 
gage. This would not include large sums of money, nor 
merchandise, and, as a rule, damages in this respect are 
limited to such articles of necessity and personal conve- 
nience as are usually carried by travelers. Nor will the 
carrier be liable for any baggage not delivered to him or 
his servants; and hence, if the passenger keeps his bag- 
gage about his person, or in his own hands, or within his 
sight and immediate control, he assumes the risk of loss, 
and the carrier will not be held liable unless himself in 
fault. 

Carriers of Goods. — ^A common carrier is an insurer 
of the safe transportation and delivery of all property in- 
trusted to him for carriage, except as against such losses 
as are caused by the immediate act of God or the public 
enemy, and this liability continues until the goods have 
arrived at their destination and for a reasonable time after 
they are unloaded. But after safe delivery in the freight 
depot of the carrier and a reasonable time has elapsed for 
their removal, and particularly if notice of their arrival 
has been given to the consignee, the liability of the carrier 
as such ceases, and he will hold the property as a ware- 
houseman only. In this latter event he will be bound to 
no more than ordinary care. 

The acts of God are held to extend only to such inevit- 
able accidents as occur without the intervention of man's 
agency. Hence, the carrier is not respv>nsible for losses 
occurring from natural causes, such as frost, fermenta- 



179 

tion, evaporation or natural decay of perishable articles, 
nor for the natural and necessary wear in the course of 
transportation, provided he exercises all rea.sonable care 
to have the loss or deterioration as little as practicable. 

Carriers, both by land and water, are bound to take 
the goods of all who offer, and if they refuse, without 
just excuse, are liable to an action; yet they may restrict 
their business within such limits as they may deem expe- 
dient, and are not bound to accept goods out of the usual 
line of their business. They may also qualify theh 
responsibility by notice brought to the knowledge of the 
shipper and assented to by him, but cannot even then 
excuse gross negligence on their part. 

Warehousemen are persons who receive goods and 
merchandise to be stored for hire, and is the character 
sustained by a carrier after the goods have reached their 
destination. A warehouseman is bound to use ordinary 
care in preserving such goods and merchandise, and his 
neglect so to do will render him liable for any damage 
that may accrue. His liability commences as soon as the 
goods arrive at the v/arehouse. 

Sleepi7ig Cars. — Though sleeping cars are, compara- 
tively, a modern invention, their wide use and general 
adoption by the public has already created quite a vol- 
uminous mass of law upon the subject, and the rights, 
both of the companies and the public, have become tol- 
erably well defined. The service of the railway com- 
panies and of the sleeping car companies, though 
rendered in connection, are entirely separate and distinct. 
The business of the former is to furnish transportation, 
of the latter to provide accommodations that travelers 
may sleep, and in so doing they deal only with persons 
who are provided with tickets entitling them to trans- 
portation by the railway company over whose lines thev 
operate. - ^ 

The sleeping car companies are not common carriers, 
like the railway companies, nor^are they subject to the 
duties or responsibilities of carriers, nor can they be con= 
sidered as inn-keepers, though performing many of their 
offices. • They are not, therefore, insurers of the safety 
of all property taken into the car by one who has pur= 
chased the use of a berth. They are, however, bound to 



I So 

afford protection to a sleeping passenger, and to exercise 
a reasonable care that he does not suffer loss. The 
faithful performance of this undertaking is the limit of 
their duty in this respect. They must keep a watch dur- 
ing the night to see that no unauthorized persons intrude 
themselves into the car, and take reasonable care to 
prevent thefts by the occupants; failing in this, they are 
liable for neglect. 

The measure of their liability is limited to the value of 
such articles as are usually and ordinarily carried for 
comfort and convenience: the small articles usually 
carried in the hand, the clothing and personal ornaments 
of the passenger, and a reasonable sum of money for 
traveling expenses. 

The nature of the employment of the sleeping car 
companies is public, and in this respect is the same as a 
common carrier or inn-keeper. They must treat all 
persons with fairness, and without unjust discrimination. 
Where there are berths not engaged, it is their duty to 
furnish them to unobjectionable applicants on tender- of 
the customary price. e 

,The passenger, when he is assigned a berth, impliedly 
agrees to conduct himself in a quiet and orderly manner, 
to take good care of the berth while in his possession, 
and surrender the same at the end of his journey in as 
good condition as when assigned to him, necessary wear 
excepted. The company, on the other hand, impliedly 
agrees that it will use ordinary and proper means to pre- 
serve order in the car during the journey, and especially 
during the sleeping hours; that it will furnish such con- 
veniences as are necessary to the health and comfort of 
the passenger and permit him to quietly and peaceably 
occupy the berth engaged by him during the journey. 

THE LAW OF THE ROAD. 

General Principles. — To prevent collisions, and to se- 
cure the safety and convenience of travelers meeting and 
passing each other upon the highway, a code of rules has 
been adopted which constitutes what is called the law of 
the road. ^ These rules, originally established by custom, 
have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by 
statute, and are of general and uniform observance ^^»*all 



i8i 

parts of the United States. In general, they apply tc 
private ways, as well as public roads, and, indeed, extend 
to all places appropriated, either by law or in fact, for 
the purposes of travel. 

The fundamental rule, applicable alike to all who use a 
traveled way, is, that every person must exercise reason- 
able care, adapted to the place and circumstances, to 
prevent collision and avoid accidents, and to this all other 
rules are subsidiary. No one will be entitled to redress for an 
injury sustained on the highway where his own negligence 
contributed to such injury, nor will the fact that a fellow- 
traveler fails to observe the law in the use of the road 
absolve another who is in the right from the duty of ex- 
ercising ordinary care to avoid injury to himself or to 
prevent injury to the party who is in the wrong. At the 
same time, a person lawfully using a public highway has a 
right to assume that a fellow-traveler will observe the law 
and exercise ordinary care and prudence, and to govern 
his own conduct in deterrfiining his use of the road 
accordingly. This assumption he may rely on, not to 
justify carelessness on his own part, but to warrant him in 
Dursuing his business in a convenient manner. 

Vehicles. — It is a primary rule that vehicles meeting on 
a highway must bear or keep to the right. This, how- 
ever, applies only to passing vehicles, for a person having 
before him the entire road free from carriages or other 
obstructions, and having no notice of any carriage behind 
him, is at liberty to travel upon any part of the way as 
suits his convenience or pleasure, and no blame can be 
imputed tc him. But while a traveler may well occupy 
any part of the road if no other is using any portion of it, 
he must, upon all occasions of the meeting of another, 
reasonably turn to the right; and in all cases of a crowded 
condition of a thoroughfare must keep to the right of the 
center or traveled part of the way. A driver may, indeed, 
pass on the left side of the road, or across it, for the pur- 
pose of stopping at a house, a store, or other object on 
that side; but he must not interfere or obstruct another 
lawfully passing on that side; and if he does, he acts at 
his peril, and must answer for the consequences of his 
violation of duty. ^ In such case he must pass before® or 
vait until the person on that side of the way has passed on 



:82 

\Vhere two drivers are moving m the same directioB, 9{ 
the one in advance is entitled to the road, provided he ™ 
does not obstruct it, and is not bound to turn out for the 
other if there is room for the latter to pass on either 
side ; if, however, there is not sufficient room to pass, the 
foremost traveler should yield an equal share of the road, 
on request made, if that is practicable. If it is not prac- 
ticable, then they must defer passing until they reach 
more favorable grounds. If the leading traveler then 
refuses to comply with the request to permit the other to 
pass him, he will be answerable for such refusal. Ordi- 
narily, when a driver attempts to pass another on a 
public road, he does so at his peril, and will be held 
responsible for all damages which he causes to the one 
whom he attempts to pass, and whose right to the proper 
use of the road is as great as his, unless the latter is 
guilty of such recklessness, or even gross carelessness, as 
would bring disaster upon himself 

The rule requiring persons meeting upon the highway 
to keep to the right is not imperative, however, and where 
a driver cannot safely turn to the right on meeting another 
vehicle, the law will absolve him from negligence in not 
attempting impossibilities; but where it is not practica- 
ble to pass to the right, either of the travelers should 
stop a reasonable time until the other passes ; nor will 
the rule apply in the winter season, when the depth of 
snow renders it difficult or impossible to ascertain where 
the center of the road is. In such cases the center of the 
road is the beaten or traveled track, without reference to 
the worked part of the road. Again, the rule does not 
apply when one vehicle is passing along one street and 
another is passing into said street from a cross street. 

A traveler is bound to keep his harness and carriage in 
good condition, and is liable for any damage that may 
result from a failure to do so; he must not drive at an 
immoderate rate of speed, and must yield the road to a 
heavier or loaded vehicle. 

9 Equestrians are not governed by the same stringent rules 
that apply to drivers of vehicles, and usually all that is 
required of them is to exercise prudent care under the 
existing circumstances. They need not tm"n out in any 
particular direction or meeting another horseman or a 



i83 

vehicle, but in crowded thoroughfares must keep to the 
proper side in passing, and must yield the traveled part 
of the road to a wagon. 

Pedestrians have a right to use the carriage-way as 
well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise reasonable 
care to avoid injuring them, but a foot-passenger in 
crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way 
over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act with 
prudence to avoid an accident, and it is as much the 
duty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles as 
it is for the driver to see that he does not run over 
any one ; nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to 
the right apply to carriages and foot-passengers, for, as 
regards a foot-passenger, a carriage may go on either 
side. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

The relation of landlord and tenant exists by virtue of 
a contract for the use or occupation oi lands or tene- 
ments, either for a definite period, for life, or at will. It 
is usually created by express contract, but its existence 
will be implied by law whenever there is an ownership 
of land on the one hand and an occupation of it by per- 
mission on the other. In every such case it will be pre- 
sumed that the occupant intends to compensate the owner 
for such use. While the relation may be inferred from a 
variety of circumstances, the most obvious acknowledg- 
ment is the payment of rent. If a tenant under an express 
contract hold over after the termination of his»term, the 
landlord may consider him as a tenant, and, indeed, is so 
understood, unless he takes some steps to eject him. If 
the landlord recei\ es rent from him, or by any other act 
admits the tenancy, a new leasing begins, and can only 
be terminated by a proper notice to quit. 

The rights and obligations of the parties are usually 
considered as having commenced from the date of the 
lease, if there be one, and no other time has been desig- 
nated as the commencement of the tenancy, or, if there 
be no date from the delivery of the papers, and if there 
be no writings, from the time the tenant entered into 
possession. ® 

The Landlord is bound to protect the possession of 



1 84 

his tenant, and to defend him against every one asserting 
a paramount right. Nor can the landlord do any act 
himself calculated to disturb the enjoyment of the tenant. 
He must, unless otherwise agreed, pay all taxes and assess- 
ments on the property, and bill other charges of his own 
creation; and if the tenant, in order to protect himself in the 
enjoyment of the land, is compelled to make a payment 
which should have been made by the landlord, he may 
call upon his landlord to reimburse him, or deduct the 
amount from the rent. 

The landlord has no right of possession during the con- 
tinuance of the lease, nor indeed any substantial rights 
in the property further than such as may be necessary to 
protect his reversionary interests. He may go upon the 
premises peaceably and during reasonable hours, for the 
purpose of viewing same and ascertaining whether any 
waste or injury has been committed, and may make such* 
repairs as are necessary to prevent waste; but he is under 
no obligation to make any repairs, nor does he guarantee 
that the premises are reasonably fit for the purposes for 
which they wei*e taken. Nor can the tenant make any 
repairs at the expense of the landlord in the absence of a 
special agreement. 

The tenant is entitled to all the rights incident to 
possession, and to the use of all the privileges appendant 
to the land, and, on the other hand, is personally liable 
for any misuse of same, or any nuisance or obstruction 
he may erect. He must use the premises in such a man- 
ner that no substantial injury shall be done them, and 
that they may revert to the landlord at the end of the 
term unimpaired by any negligent or willful conduct on 
his part. He must keep the premises in fair repair at his 
own expense, but is not bound to rebuild structures which 
have accidentally become ruinous during his occupation; 
nor is he answerable for incidental wear and tear, nor 
accidental fire, or flood. 

5 He must further punctually pay the rent reserved, or 
if none have been specifically reserved, then such reason- 
able compensation as the premises are fairly worth, v In 
the absence of special agreement he must pay only for the 
Ume he has had the ^feneficial enjoyment, but if he has 
iigreed to pay for an entire term, as a rule nnthino' short 



i8s 

of an eviction will excuse him from such payment. If 
he is evicted by a third person, or if the landlord annoys 
him by the erection of a nuisance, or renders the prem- 
ises untenantable, or makes his occupation so uncomfort- 
able as to justify his removal, he will be discharged from 
the payment of rent. 

The rights and liabilities of the relation are not con- 
fined to the immediate parties, but attach to all persons 
to whom the estate is transferred, or who may succeed to 
the possession of the premises. A landlord may not 
violate his tenant's rights by a sale of the property, nor 
can the tenant avoid his responsibiiity by assigning his 
term. The purchaser of the property becomes, in one 
case, the landlord, with all his rights and remedies, while 
in the other the assignee of the tenant assumes all the 
responsibilities of the latter, but the original lessee is not 
thereby discharged from his obligations. 

TAe tenancy may be terminatea in a variety of ways. 
If for a definite time, or conditioned on the happening of 
a certain event, it expires by its own limitation, and 
usually^ when depending upon the express conditions of a 
lease, no notice to quit is necessary. If from year to 
year, or at will, a notice is always necessary. This must 
be in writing, and explicitly require the tenant to surren= 
der up the premises. It must be served upon the tenant 
and afford the statutory notice in regard to time. A 
breach of any of the covenants of the lease will forfeit 
the tenant's rights, and when a tenancy has been termi- 
nated, by whatever cause, the landlord's right to re-enter 
becomes absolute. 



The largest bell in the world is the great bell of Mos- 
cow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at 
the bottom is nearly 6S feet, and its height more than 21 
feet. • In its stoutest part it is 23 inches thick, and its 
weight has been computed to be 443,772 lbs. It has 
never been hung, and was probably cast on the spot 
where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken off. 
The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned b}^ 
water having been thrown upon it when heated bv the 

ilding erected over it being on fire. '^ 



i86 



s 

o 

Q 
< 



^ fi ^ o 
g 2 *" o o 

Z!i - _ <U dJ 03 

< 

3; .£ 



U 

< 






;3 d 



tj fl ^ O 

a g rt ^ r- 

J3 fl c3 >» a> 
c^ OW:3 '^ 

O U ^-T^ O I/} 

g § d.S-'5 

K ^ O w ^ >H 

w o U^ -I^ -5 ^ ^ pv ) 
o ^ S S-. '-' ^ 

"" ^ . S ^ '" 
5 o W5 ■ " 
\:2 »§ o i> 



«i ^ ci 
5h c: '^ 



W 



t^g S O d 
^ O O fl .«^ 






■5 o 

w ^ 05 

P o 2 



^ 



;a .'3 -S .1= 

c/i U CJ c/3 fi< 1^ f^ P^ f=^ 






j o «5i 






:S 






o 
I— « 
a 



a; 25 g a> 

C3 flj in CJ .^ .,-. .f- .^ 
U P3H > U fii P^ P< 1^ 



S^ 



- >. 

fl 



b/3 O 

rt o 

. . . . ^. . . . 






•';jdrtc3cJrtcicJ-c3cicdrt 

) S ^^ T^vo 00 o c» N •'i-vo 00 o 



<y 



05 



lb; 

SUNSET COLORS. — A gray, lowering sunseC or 
one where the sky is green or yellowish green, indicates 
rain. A red sunrise, with clouds lowering later in the 
morning, also indicates rain. 

HALO (SUN DOGS).— By halo we mean the large 
circles, or parts of circles, about the sun or moon. A 
halo occurring after fine weather indicates a storm. 

CORONA. — By this term we mean the small colored 
circles frequently seen around the sun or moon. A 
corona growmg smaller indicates rain; growmg larger, 
fair weather 

RAINBOWS. — A morning rainbow is regarded as a 
sign of rain; an evening rainbow of fair weather. 

SKY COLOR. — A deep blue color of the sky, even 
when seen through, clouds, indicates fair weather; a grow- 
ing whiteness, an approachmg storm. 

FOG- — Fogs indicate settled weather. A morning 
fog usually breaks away before noon. 

VISIBILITY, — Unusual clearness of the atmosphere, 
unusual brightness or twinkling of the stars, indicate rain, 

CLOUDS. — In observing clouds, we observe their 
kinds, motions and outlines. The clouds frequently 
called " mare's tails " we term Cirri. They are marked 
by their light texture, fibrous and sundered as in the 
*' mare's tail," or interlacing as in the far-spreading white 
cloud, which produces the halo. Small, regularly formed 
groups of these clouds aie frequently seen in fair and set- 
tled weather. The Cirri are also the clouds on the fore- 
part of the storm. In this case they are usually more 
abundant, their outline is very ragged, and they generally 
blend into a white, far-reaching cloud-bank. The cloud 
well known as " cotton bales," or " thunder heads," we 
term cumulus. When they appear during the heat of the 
day and pass away in the evening, continued fair weather 
may be ^expected. When they increase with rapidity, 
sink into the lower part of the atmosphere, und remain 
as the evening approaches, rain is at hand. If loose 
patches appear thrown out from their surfaces, showers 
may be expected. The clouds usually seen after night- 
fall, lying in one horizontal plane, and not of great extent, 
are attendant on fine weather. Small^ blacks inky cloudg 
and dark scud indicate rain. '^ 



i88 

BAROMETER.— In using the barometer, we should 
notice whether it be greatly above or below the mean 
height and the rapidity of its rise or fall If it be higher 
and steady, continued fair, though not cloudless weather 
may be expected. If it be lower and falling, rain, or at 
least damp, cloudy weather, is at hand. A rapid rise or 
fall (greater than o.oi inch per hour) indicates continued 
unsettled weather and much wind. 

FROST. — The first frost and last frost are usually 
preceded by a temperature very much above the mean. 



HEIGHTS OF WATEKFAULS. 

FEET. 

Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland 2,400 

Falls of Arve, Savoy - . , , . 1,100 

Falls of St. Anthony, Upper Mississippi. . . . , 60 

Falls of Terni, near Rome 30Q 

Fryer's, near Lochness, Scotland , 20Q 

Genesee Falls, Rochester, N. Y 96 

Lanterbaum, Lake Theen, Switzerland. 900 

Lidford Cascade, Devonshire, England . 100 

Missouri Falls, North America 90 

Natchikin Falls, Kamschatka 300 

Niagara Falls, North America. , 164 

Mont Morency Falls, Canada, Quebec 250 

Nile Cataracts, Upper Egypt ....... . . . ...... 40 

Passaic Falls, New Jersey ,.,. 71 

Tivoli Cascade, near Rome 40 

Waterfall Mountain Cascade, South Africa. ...... 85 

Great fire at Washington, broke out December 15, 
1883. Great fire in New York occurred in December, 
1885. Over 500 buildings and $20,000,000 worth of 
property was destroyed. The second great fire occurred 
on September 6, 1839. Over $io,ooo,oooworthof prop- 
erty was destroyed. Great fire at Chicago, IlL, was in 
October, 1871. 

* James Fisk was shot in the Grand Central Hotel on 
Broadway, N. Y., on January 6, 1872- 



189 





*j 










! uj 




















.' uj 












•d 




•S 

'0 








I (fl t/3 '. V) t/i tn 




I-S w w 








.h 










• G >> >> 
'Odd 








*3 

V 


Pt 






• 13 %; . -o -o -o 

* ^000 




• G'O'd 
^00 










M M ro . vo 




i . ro CO • rovo re 




. vo M M 










(A U) i • (A 


I 01 U3 * 


1 • I i W) 


w 
















•0 


c 



rt • 5 ojSjS jS • c^ 


• G 

i 






:^ oj • 


•0 


(A 

3 


vo 








;vg : 


^ 




'.'.'.{/)' • • • • «/5 !/) 03 • • t/3 • 


i 05 (fl to i wj OJ 


.2 


V 


• • .J3 ^^^- -^ . 


• ^j::^ -^JH 


'> 


rt 


uuC'^uuuuuGGC'^^cCuGacCac 


i) 


rtrtcSoc^cTSdrtrtooofortortrtooortoo 


£t 


W 


HMHVOMi-i\-tHMVOvO'ONHroi-iMro -"^-^O M vo vo 


2 
















C 
































"o 
















ij 






























(A 
















•T3 






























>> 










)-< 


























t/J w 






JS 




!/ 










0) tA 




C4 




C G 


c 




73 




c 


■, • G 


C 






C G 


C G C 









,0 




<u 




,c 


• 












.2.2.2 


(«■ 




•S'^ 






-o 








•*3 






■a*x3 




^ 




G C 






^ 




c 


: c 


G 






G G 


C C G 


It 


^3 


H 2 








i 


• *i 


V 






a B 


i) V 






+J 


















■w -w 4!^ 


s 


.S.S 


.s 




rt 




^ 


'.S 


.s 






.s.s 


G G G 






4h 


















^ 




13 -d 


t) 


t ^ 






•T3 


t3 






-o-o 


nOnS-O 




<u <u 


<D 


V 




Z 


. (U W5 <y 






(U D . 


<U 1; 4>' 






)-i >-. 




K^ !/3 




u 


• ^-. C ^-i 






fc- t, . 


U, U )h 


«1 




ji ji 


^ 




c 


• rt 0) rt 






j^ji ' 


rt oS d 


3 
























'o'o 


13 


Oh S 






."0 .t3 13 






T)'c3 ; 


13 T) "o 


s 




a; <u 


<u 






4 


. "j.ti <y 






<U V . 


V V i> 




•T3T3 


nj 


rt.t: 




12 


.'O oX) 






•ax) . 


tJ-OTJ 






<U 1) 


D 






(U 


■ (U <U D 






1) ; 


1) <U 03 






>>tA>tfl^,":tA(A> 


tfl > "^ > I/: (T 




> > (A > > > 



> 




«Jrtc5rtc.>^!i^c:c!rt 


G 3 2 rt fi c • 


rt rt c cs rt rt 






a;^:: 


"5- i; (u 4) J5 

.N 5 Ct.N N ^ 


^X v^^M 


• !^ u 






O.t: O.t: Orn.tJ.ti 


•ti o,-^ o.tJ.ti • 


o;^ 






W«_CtAUUt/)t/3c/:Oc/]tfl,fl 






C C--j C----3 T) — -; C 


-3 C ^ C— ;— C C C— C C fi 
rtiu<urtrfi;o<uaJv(ua> 






(l>a>c3(urtrai;rtrto 






.2.E2 ^.ti B 2-"^ ^ 5-" 


3_N (U,N D 3.Ji,N_N 3.N_N_N 






.tJ.'S o.ti So o.t 


t3 ,tl vi . - u t) .tl . - .ti .tJ .tJ ,tj 


V 




ii 


.go 



t 

c 




a! 

3 


'5 


rt 






V 

G 


13 

c 


3 



c 

.« 

Ig 




G 


"a, .* 

f^ G 

•1^ !^ 


i- 


3 






< 




3 


'0 


6 


13 


c 


8 



G 




1^ 




3 




c5 


d 
IS 


u 

s 


G 




1 


J3 


> 



I go 



■^1 
6 a 



• « o 



l-^Slo^^.g 



c c >» 
o o j5 

o 

»0 ■» On 









- 03 o ci rt ctJ £- 

"' g « 0) 4> ft 



TO ro c t' 
m lU ft u 



;^ Ui o ^ ^ •- 



i >.>.;>^^ >>>», 



ft ft 

N N 



> tfl 

ft ft ft rt c 

N N N 



<U V^ " o C 2 

•^ rt ft-i2 <u'^ ?i 

V ^ ft rtJ^ v.'"^ 

3 c § 1;^ "H -^ • - 



^^ rt S ^ rt - 

(U r w •" ft"^ 



? ^ 



rt ft ft 



,ft (L> (U lUrft 



J <J (J O tf, O i 

5 rt rt rt 1) rt "< 
3 3 3 3 N 3 : 



r! «•.-!• rt i; • !-; • 



J u o u 



,■1:1 .ti o 

(fl U U O w; 

di .^ ^ .^ c 
a> rt cj rt (U 

,N 3 3 3.N 

.ti o o u.ti 



5 o 
ftv^ 



3 i2 
^^ (/I 



•> > s.'S o bJOft'^ 
? !? ;? I-,.X (U fl O 
(U (U (U Oj3 2 £j3 

«:2;:z;:z;OO^f^ 






• o t« *; J 
o bflft^'^ 



WH 



t« g ftj o 



z^ 



rt ft*^ rt c.5> 
n t/^*"^ ;> ft ft r'^ ^ 

'--II sis 

lu cu: a3 ;i 5 rt 
§-^^ft1^-- 



gKo- 



' a 



Si'o ( 



o « 



! < V 0.2"" -^ ft 
: S*^ o rt-3 rt-;3 



M wj I— I bfl ft_S.23 

{z;^u: o 5 a 



191 

INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES 
LIMITATIONS. 



OF 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

Arizona 

California 

Colorado ... 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District of Columbia 

Florida , 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois , 

Indiana , 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland , 

Massachusetts .... 

Michigan , 

Minnesota , 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. . . 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York* 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 



Interest Laws. 



Legal 
Rate. 



perct 
8 
6 



Rate Al- 
lowed by 
Contract. 



J>er ct. 



Any rate. 
Any rate. 
Any rate. 
6 



Any rate. 



i8 



Any rate. 

6 
Any rate. 



Any rate. 

ID 

Any rate. 
6 
6 



Statutes 
OF Limitations. 



Judg- 
ments, 
Years. 



5 
15 



Notes, 
Years. 



Any rate. / 20 



6 

5 
3 
4 
6 

17 
6 
6 
3 
5 
7 
5 



5 

15 
5 
6 

3 
6 
6 
6 
6 



5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
3 
15 
6 
6 
6 



^^ ' |. 'AfPIJipPJip, 



192 



INTEREST LAWS, Etc.— (Continued). 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington Ter 
West Virginia. . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Interest Laws. 



Legal 
Rate. 



j>erct 

7 
6 



Rate Al- 
lowed by 
Contract. 



per ct. 
Any rate. 



Any rate. 

6 

8 
Any rate. 

6 

10 

Any rate. 



Statutes 
OF Limitations. 



Judg- 
ments, 
Years. 



15 
5 



Notes, 
Years. 



Open 

Ac- 
counts, 
Years. 



*New York has by a recent law legalized any rate of interest on 
call loans of $5,000 or upwards, on collateral security. 



ANALYSIS OF THE VOTE FOR PRESI- 
DENT IN 1884. 

The following is an analysis of the popular vote for 
President in 1884: 

Northern Democratic vote 3,194,832 

Southern Democratic vote i,7»i6, 143 

Northern Republican vote 3)589,056 

Southern Republican vote 1,255,966 

Republican vote in Republican States , , -2,599,331 

Republican vote in Democratic States 2,246,091 

Democratic vote in Democratic States 2,719,098 

Democratic vote in Republican States , 2,191,777 

St. John vote in Republican States 99.261 

St. ^John vote in Democratic States 52,548 

Butler vote in Republican States 93»327 

Butler vote in Democratic States 40,500 



193 



UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 

(ABRIDGED.) 

. . , r 1 j« i free on Consular cer- 

Animals for breeding purposes ■< jificate 

** otherwise 20 per cent. 

Ale, Porter, and Beer, in bottles 35 cts per gallon 

" ** ** in casks ... 20 cts per gallon 

Books, charts, new 25 per cent 

** ** for Colleges, Libraries, or 

printed more than 20 years, or in 
use abroad more than i year and 

not for sale free 

Boots, Shoes, Leather 35 per cent 

Bronze, manufactures of 45 per cent 

Carpets, Audersson, Axminster, and all j 45 cts per sq yd and 30 

•IP 



** Brussels, Tapestry, printed on j 30 cts per sq yd and 30 
the warp, or otherwise ( per cent 

** Brussels, wrought by the Jac- ] 44 cts per sq yd and 35 
quard machine 1 per cent 

" Saxony, Wilton & Tornay Vel- ( ^ ^.^ ^^^ ^„ , a ^^a 
vet, wrought by the Jacquard ma-] ^^p^^'^ Je^^^ ^^ ^""^ ^o 

** Treble Ingrain, three ply, and j 12 cts per sq yd and 30 
Worsted China Venetian | per cent 

** Velvet, Patent orTapestry,print- f 25 cts per sq yd and 30 

ed on the warp or otherwise ( per cent 

Carriages , 35 per cent 

China — Porcelain and Parian Ware, plain 55 per cent 

** Gilded, ornamented or decorated 60 per cent 

Cigars, Cheroots, and Cigarettes ■{ ^^^^^o per lb and 25 per 

Clocks 35 per cent 

Oothing, wholl)»or in part of wool \ ^""cent^^" ^^ ^""^ ^^ ^^' 

** Linen 40 per cent 

** Silk component 50 per cent 

** All other descriptions 35 per cent 

Coal and Coke, bituminous 75 cts per ton 

Coral, cut or manufactured 25 per cent 

Cutlery, Table, etc 35 per cent 

** Pen, Jack and Pocket Knives. . . 50 per cent 
Diamon/^s and other precious stones, set 25 per cent 

** Unset 10 per cent 

EfFectj, personal, old free on oath 

Kngravings 25 per cent 

Furniture . . . . , 35 per cent 



t;t,'^t^^-:,';^v^ ^r. - 



194 



Furs, manufactured 20 per cent 

Gilt and plated ware, etc 35 per cent 

Glassware 45 per cent 

Gloves, Kid Sopercent 

Gold and silver ware, etc. 45 per cent 

Guns •• 25 per cent 

Hats (ladies'), chip, straw, or other vege- 
table substance, hair, whalebone. . . 20 per cent 
" Trimmed with silk and artificial 
flowers exceeding the value of the 

hat sopercent 

'* With feathers and artificial flowers 50 per cent 

Hay ^^P^'^ *°'' 

Household effects, in use abroad one year 

and not for sale _- ^J^^ 

Instruments, professional, in use tree 

Iron, Pigand Scrap /• $6.72perton 

Tewelry— Gold, Silver or imitation 25 per cent 

■^ *' Jet and Imitation of. 25 per cent 

Laces, Silk Sopercent 

- Silk and Cotton Sopercent 

" Thread t 35 per cent 

Leather, manufactures of 35 per cent 

Linen-Table, Toweling, etc............. 3° P-/-^, 

Machinery, brass or iron 45 per cent 

- ^Copper or Steel 45 per cent 

Musical Instruments ""^ IZ^rlTt 

^^^-^aTof.v.-.;::::::::;:::::;:::::::: l^^^^l^ 

- Olive 25percent 

Paintings : .•••• 30 per cent 

if work of an American artist . . tree 

Frames for ditto 35 per cent 

Photographs ••..•••• 25 per cent 

Pines— Meerschaum, Wood, and ot all 

other material, except common clay 70 per cent 

Prints or Engravings .- • • • 25 per cent 

Rubber Boots, Shoes, and other articles 

wholly of rubber (not fabrics; ...... 25 per c^t 

" Braces, Suspenders, Webbing, 

etc., unless in part silk • • • 30 per cent 

" Silk, Cotton, Worsted or Leather, so percent 

Saddles and Harness ?J ?er cent 

Shawls-Silk • (35ctsperlband4op«r 

Camel's Hair or other wool -j ^^^^ 

Silk-Dress and Piece ^ooercent 

Smokers' Articles .••••; ^^^ P-p-flb 

io^^iiiv::::::::::;:::;,::: • -^^^p- ^^ 

«' Fancy, Perfumed, Toilet, and 

-Windsor iSCtsperlb 



195 

Statuary, Marble 50 per cent 

Stereoscopic Views, on glass or paper. . . . -j ^''gp^'ectivdr'^ ''^''^ ""*" 

Spirits — Brandy, Whisky, Gin, etc $2 per proof gallon 

Umbrellas — Silk or Alpaca 50 per cent 

Velvet — Silk 50 per cent 

** Cotton or mostly cotton 40 per cent 

Watches 25 per cent 

Wines — All sidll Wines, such as Sherry, 50 cts per gallon 

Claret, or Hock, in casks $1.60 per case 

Ditto, in bottles of i pint and less $1.60 per case 

Ditto, in bottles of over i pint and less 

than I quart 1.60 per doz 

All Champagnes and Sparkling Wines 

in bottles of >^ pints or less ■ i. 75 per doz 

Ditto, in bottles of over % pint and not 

more than i pint $3- 50 per doz 

Ditto, in bottles of over i pint, and not 

more than one quart 7.00 per doz 

Ditto, in bottles of over i quart (extra) ... 2.25 per gallon 

ARTICLES FREE OF DUTY. 

Actors' costumes and effects intended for personal use. 

Animals for breeding purposes. 

Antiquities not for sale. 

Articles and tools of trade. 

Art works of American artists. 

Bed feathers. 

Birds, land and water fowl. 

Books printed over twenty years. 

Coal — anthracite. 

Cocoa. 

Coffee. 

Collections of antiquities, etc., for use in colleges, mu- 
seums, incorporated societies, etc. 

Diamonds, rough. 

Effects of American citizens dying abroad, if accompanied 
by Consular certificate. 

Engravings (engraved over 20 years). 

Farina. 

Fertilizers. 

Fruits and nuts. 

Furs, undressed. 

Hides, raw. 

Household effects in use abroad over one year and not for 
sale. 



196 

India rubber. 
Mineral waters, natural. 
Mother of pearl, unmanufactured. 
Natural history specimens (not for sale). 
Newspapers. 
Periodicals. 

Personal effects when old and in use over one year. 
Plants, trees and shrubs. 
Rags, other than wool. 
Rubber — crude. 
Scientific instruments. 
Skins — raw. 
Tapioca. 
Tea. 

United States manufactures forwarded to foreign coun- 
tries and returned. 
Wax, Vegetable and Mineral. 



Largest Cities of the Earth. 

POPULATION ACCORDING TO LATEST CENSUS. 

London, England , 3,832,441 

Paris, France 2,269,023 

Canton, China (est. ) 1 ,500,000 

New York, United States 1,206,577 

Berlin, Prussia 1,122,330 

Vienna, Austria 1,103,857 

Tschantshau-fu, China (est.) 1,000,000 

Singau-fu, China (est. ) 1,000,000 

Siangtau, China (est. ) 1,000,000 

Tientsing, China (est.) 950,000 

St. Petersburg, Russia 927,467 

Philadelphia, United States 847, 170 

Tschingtu-fu, China (est. ) 800,000 

Moscow, Russia ; , 748,000 

Calcutta, India 683,329 

Bombay, India 644,405 

Constantinople, Turkey (est. ) 600,000 

Bangkok, ^ndia (est. ).,..... 600,000 

Tschungking-fu, China (est. ) 600,000 



197 

Hankow, China (est. ) 6oo,cxx> 

Foochow, China (est. ) 600,000 

Tokio, Japan 594.283 

Brooklyn, United States 566,689 

Glasgow, Scotland 555.289 

Liverpool, England 552,423 

Chicago, United States. 503, 185 

Sutchau, China (est, ) 500,000 

Schaohing, China (est. ) 500,000 

Peking, China (est. ) ..,.,... 500,000 

Naples, Italy , 494,314 

Nangkin, China (est. ) 450,000 

Birmingham, England , .. . . . , 400,757 

Hangtseheu-fu, China, (est. ) „ 400,000 

Fatschau, China (est. ) 400,000 

Madrid, Spain .... 397,690 

Madras, India 397>552 

Manchester, England 393^76 

Boston, United States 390,406 

Warsaw, Poland 3^3.973 

Brussels, Belgimn 377 P^4- 

Lyons, France 376,613 

Buda-Pesth, Hungary. . 365,051 

Marseilles, France 360,099 

Jangtschau, China 360,000 

St. Louis, United States ^ 350j5i8 

Baltimore, United States 332,313 

Amsterdam, Holland 328,047 

Cairo, Egypt 327,462 

Milan, Italy. 321,839 

Leeds, England 309, 126 

Rome, Italy 360,467 

"iamburg, Germany 289,849 

Lucknow, India , 284,779 

Sheffield, England 284,410 

Osaka, Japan . 284, 105 

Breslau, Prussia 279,212 

Shanghai, China , 278,000 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , 274,972 

Copenhagen, Denmark 273,727 

Cincinnati, United States 25 S,8o9 

Turin^ Italy 252,832 



:' ;^^si^c?^?f5R5^s^ff'^r: 



198 



Melbourne, Australia 252,000 

Weihein, China (est. ) 250,000 

Taijuen-fu, China (est.) » 250,000 

Leinkhong, China (est. ) 250,000 

Dublin, Ireland 249,486 

Barcelona, Spain 249, 106 

Lisbon, Portugal 246,343 

Palermo, Italy 244,991 

Mexico, Mexico 236,500 

Taiwau-fu, China (est. ) 235,000 

San Francisco, United States 233,959 

Munich, Bavaria 230,023 

Tengtschau-fu, China (est.) 230,000 

Kioto, Japan 229,810 

Edinburgh, Scotland 228,075 

Bordeaux, France 221,305 

Bucharest, Roumania 221,000 

Dresden, Saxony 220,818 

New Orleans, United States 216,690 

Belfast, Ireland 207,671 

Bristol, England 206,503 

Kagoshima, Japan (est. ) 200,000 

Hyderabad, India (est. ) 200,000 

Gwelior, India (est. ) 200,000 

Tsinau-fu, China (est. ) 200,000 

Jongping, China (est. ) 200,000 

Hutscheu, China (est. ) 200,000 

Teheran, Persia (est. ) 200,000 

Odessa, Russia I9355I3 

Sydney, Australia 187,381 

Nottingham, England 186,656 

Bradford, England 183,032 

Genoa, Italy 179)5^5 

Lisle, France 178,144 

Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic i77j7^7 

Stockholm, Sweden ^ I7^?74S 

Salford, England, 176,233 



Population of Cities in the United States. 

In response to a personal letter sent to the mayor of each of the 
following cities, their estimate of the present population is under 
the heading 1887. Where no 1887 estimate is given, no replies were 
received, and it is therefore to be supposed no ckange of any im- 
portance has taken place. 

1887. 
1,500,000 
1,125,000 

750,000 

750,000 

362,000 

450,000 

460,000 

300,000 

310,000 



New York City . 
Philadelphia, Pa 
Brookiyiij N. Y . 
Chicago, 111 ... . 
Boston, Mass. . . 
St. Louis, Mo . . 
Baltimore, Md. . 
Cincinnuti, Ohio , 
San Francisco, C; 
New Orleans, La 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Pittsburgh, Pa . . 
Buffalo, M. Y. .. 
Washington, D. C 
Newark, N. J . . . 
Louisville, Ky , . 
Jersey City, N. J 
Detroit, Mich. . . 
Milwaukee, Wis. 
Providence, R. I 
Albany, N. Y . . . 
Rochester, N. Y 
Allegheny, Pa . . . 
Indianapolis, Ind 
Richmond, Va. . 
New Kaven, Conn 
Lowell, Mass . . . 
Worcester, Mass 

Troy, N. Y 

Kansas City, Mo 
Cambridge, Mass 
Syracuse, N. Y . . 
Columbus, Ohio . 
Paterson, N. J , . 
Toledo, Ohio... 



230,000 



240,000 

203,459 
160,000 
185,000 

220,000 

175,677 
122,050 
105,000 
125,000 



90,000 
80,000 
80,000 
70,000 
68,389 
65,000 
80,000 
62,000 
80,00c 
74,215 
62,000 

73,500 
199 



lo3o. 


1870. 


I,206;299 


942,292 


847,170 


674,022 


566,663 


396,099 


503,1^5 


293,977 


362,839 


250,526 


350,518 


310,864 


332,313 


267,354 


255,139 


216,239 


233,959 


149,473 


216,090 


191,418 


160,146 


72,829 


156,389 


86,076 


155,134 


117,714 


147,293 


109,199 


136,508 


105,059 


123,758 


100,752 


120,722 


82,546 


116,340 


79,577 


115,5-7 


71,440 


104,857 


68,904 


90,758 


69,422 


89,366 


62,386 


78,682 


53,i8o 


75,056 


48,244 


63,600 


51,038 


62,882 


50,840 


59,475 


40,928 


58,291 


41,105 


56,747 


46,464 


55,785 


32,260 


52,669 


39,634 


51,792 


43,051 


51,617 


31,274 


51^031 


33.579 


50,137 


31*584 



2CX> 

Charleston, S. C . , . . , » 49,984 48,956 

Fall River, Mass 48,961 26,766 

Minneapolis, Minn 46,887 13,066 

Scranton, Pa. . , S6,666 45,850 35,092 

Nashville, Tenn. . , , . 43,350 25,865 

Reading, Pa 56,300 43^278 33.930 

Wilmington, Del. .... 56,000 42,478 30,841 

Hartford, Conn , . .... 42,015 37,i8o 

Camden, N. J . , . . . 41,659 20,045 

St. Paul, Minn 145,000 41,473 20,030 

Lawrence, Mass. ^ .... 39, 151 28,921 

Dayton, Ohio 38,678 30,473 

Lynn, Mass , 38,274 28,233 

Atlanta, Ga 60,846 37,409 '27,789 

Denver, Col 70,000 35,629 4,759 

Oakland, Cal . 45,ooo 34,555 10,500 

Utica, N. Y 33,914 28,804 

Portland, Me 40,000 33,8io 3i,4i3 

Memphis, Tenn 75, 000 33,592 40,226 

Springfield, Mass 40,000 33,34© 26,703 

Manchester, N. H 40,000 32,630 23,536 

St. Joseph, MoV 32,431 10,565 

Grand Rapids, Mich. . . 32,016 16,507 

Hoboken, N. J 30,999 20,297 

Harrisburg, Pa 40,000 30,762 23,104 

Wheeling, W. Va 30,737 19,280 

Savannah, Ga 45,492 30,709 28,235 

Omaha, Neb , . . . 85,000 30,518 16,083 

Trenton, N. J 47,000 29,910 22,874 

Covington, Ky. ....... 40,000 29,720 24,505 

Evanston, Ind , ...... 29,280 21,830 

Peoria, 111 45, 000 29,259 22,849 

Mobile, Ala 29,132 32,034 

Elizabeth, N.J 28,289 20,832 

Erie, Pa 27,737 19,646 

Bridgeport, Conn . 42,000 27,643 18,969 

Salem, Mass 28,500 27,563 24,117 

Quincy, 111 27,268 24,052 

Fort Wayne, Ind 26,888 17,718 

New Bedford, Mass . ... 35,000 26,845 21,320 

Terre Haute, Ind ... 26,042 16,103 

Lancaster, Pa® 30,000 25,769 20,233 



20I 

Somerville, Mass .32,000 24,933 Hfi^5 

Davenport, Iowa . .26,000 24,831 20,038- 

Wilkesbarre, Pa 40,000 23,339 10,174. 

Des Moines, Iowa. 35»ooo 22,408 12,025 

Dubuque, Iowa 22,254 18,434. 

Galveston, Tex . .40,000 22,248 13,818 

Norfolk, Va 21,966 19,229^ 

Auburn, N. Y 26,000 21,924 17,225. 

Holyoke, Mass 21,915 10,735 

Augusta, Ga 21,891 15,389 

Chelsea, Mass . .28,000 21,782 18,547 

Petersburg, Va . .23,000 21,656 18,95a 

Sacramento, Cal 21,420 16,283. 

Taunton, Mass. o 21,213 18,629 

Oswego, N. Y 21,116 20,91a 

Salt Lake, Utah 20,768 12,854 

Springfield, Ohio 33A^^ 20,730 12^6^2 

Bay City, Mich 32,000 20,693 7,064 

San Antonio, Tex 42,500 20,550 12,256 

Elmira, N. Y . . .' . . , 20,541 15,863 

Newport, Ky . . , 20,400 20,430 15,087 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y 20,207 20,080 

Springfield, 111 28,584 19,743 17,364 

Altoona, Pa 19,710 10,610 

Burlington, Iowa 27,000 I9,450 14,930 

Cohoes, N. Y 25,000 19,416 I5>357 

Gloucester, Mass .22,000 19,329 15,389 

Lewiston, Me 19,083 13,600 

Pawtucket, R. 1 19,030 6,619 

East Saginaw, Mich 16,000 19,016 11,350 

Williamsport, Pa 18,934 16,030 

Yonkers, N. Y 18,892 12,733 

Haverhill, Mass. 25,000 18,472 13,052 

Zanesville, Ohio 18,113 10,011 

Newburgh, N. Y , . . .21,500 18,049 17,014 

Council Bluffs, Iowa 27,000 18,063 10,020 

AUentown, Pa 18,063 13,884 

Waterbury, Conn 35,ooo 17,806 10,826 

Portland, Oregon , 17,577 8,293 

Wilmington, N. C .20,000 i7j35o 13,446 

Binghamton, N. Y 23,500 17,3^7 12,692 

Bloomington, 111 17,180 14,590 



New Brunswick, N. J . . .25,000 17,166 15,058 

Newton, Mass 16,995 12,825 

Bangor, Me 16,856 18,289 

Montgomery, Ala. , 16,713 10,588 

Lexington, Kansas 16,656 14,801 

Leavenworth, Kansas. ... .29,150 16,546 17,873 

Houston, Tex 16,513 9,382 

Akron, Ohio 16,512 10,066 

New Albany, Ind 16,423 14,396 

Jackson, Mich 16,105 ii?447 

Woonsocket, R. 1 20,000 16,059 ^^^5^7 

Racine, Wis \ 16,031 9,880 

Lynchburg, Va 22,240 i5?959 6,825 

Sandi^sky, Ohio ^Sy^3^ 13,000 

Oshkosh, Wis 25,000 i5>748 12,663 

Newport, R. I 19,560 15,693 12,251 

Topeka, Kan 30,000 i5j452 5, '790 

Youngstown, Ohio ^5?435 ^y^7S 

Norwich, Conn ... 15? 1 12 16,653 

Atchison, Kan ...21,000 i5jI05 7,054 

Chester, Pa. I4?997 9>4§5 

La Fayette, Ind 25,000 14,860 13,506 

La Crosse, Wis 31,000 i4>5o5 7j7^5 

Norwalk, Conn I3j956 12,119 

York, Pa .20,000 I3)940 11,003 

Concord, N. H.^ 13^843 12,241 

Lincoln, R. I. .' 13^765 7,889 

Alexandria, Va 15,000 13,659 i3,57o 

Schenectady, N. Y. . ..18,000 13,655 11,026 

Brockton, Mass . 13,608 8,007 

Newburyport, Mass ... . I3>538 12,595 

Lockport, N. Y 18,000 1 3^522 12,426 

Nashua, N. H 16,000 I3j397 io?543 

Pittsfield, Mass I3>364 11,112 

South Bend, Ind 22,000 I3j28o 7,206 

Pottsville, Pa . . 13^253 12,384 

Orange, N. J .16,000 13^207 9,348 

Little Rock, Ark 29,000 I3»i38 12,380 

Rockford, 111 . 20,000 I3>i29 11,049 

Fond du Lac, Wis. ... .16,000 I3>094 12,764 

Norristown, Pa 17,000 I3j063 10,753 

Chattanooga, Tenn. . ..36,000 12,892 6,093 



203 

Macon, Ga . 35»ooo 12,749 10,810 

Richmond, Ind 17,000 12,742 9,44-5 

Biddeford, Me 14,000 12,651 10,282 

Georgetown, D. C 12,578 11,384 

San Jose, Cal .20,000 12,567 9,089 

Fitchburg, Mass 16,500 12,429 11,260 

Canton, Ohio 12,258 8,660 

Rome, N. Y 12,194 11,000 

Northampton, Mass 12,172 10,160 

Warwick, R.I 12,164 10,458 

Rutland, Vt 12,149 9^834 

Hamilton, Ohio 17,000 12,122 11,081 

Keokuk, Iowa 18,000 12,117 12,766 

Steubenville, Ohio , . 16,000 12,093 8,107 

Maiden, Mass 12,017 12,017 7,367 

Easton, Pa 13,000 11,924 10^987 

Aurora, 111 20,000 11,873 11,162 

Vicksburg, Miss . 18,105 11,814 12,443 

Waltham, Mass... ... ,15,000 11,712 9,065 

Dover, N. H 11,687 9,204 

Danbury, Conn 1 1,666 8,753 

Rock Island, 111 1 3,000 1 1 ,659 7,890 

Joliet,Ill. ...o ..18,000. 11,657 7,263 

Derby, Conn 11,650 8,020 

Galesburg, 111 1 1,437 io> ^S^ 

Portsmouth, Va ii,390 10,590 

Burlington, Vt 1 1,365 14,3^7 

Portsmouth, Ohio.: ..... 12,000 H,32l lo,592 

Stamford, Conn .11,298 11,297 9^7 H 

Chicopee, Mass .11,528 11,286 9,607 

Muskegon, Mich 11,262 6,002 

Logansport, Ind 15,283 11,198 8,950 

Los Angelos, Cal 55,ooo 11,183 5,728 

Attleborough, Mass Ii,iil 6,769 

Hannibal, Mo 14,000 11,074 10,125 

Austin, Tex , . 24,000 11,013 4,428 

Chilhcothe, Ohio 12,500 10,938 8,920 

Woburn, Mass 10,931 8,560 

Jacksonville, 111 10,929 9>202 

Virginia City, Nev 10,917 7,058 

Watertown, N. Y . 14,000 10,697 9,336 

Cumberland, Md 12,000 10,693 8,056 



:i04 

Belleville, IlL 10,683 ^,146 

Quincy, Mass 14,000 10,570 7,442 

Weymouth, Mass 10,570 9,010 

New London, Conn . . ..... 10,537 9>576 

Saginaw, Mich 10,525 7,460 

Ogdensburgh, N. Y. . ... 11,659 I0j34I 10,076 

Madison, Wis. 13,500 10,324 9,176 

Stockton, Cal ..... 16,000 10,282 10,066 

Winona, Minn 10,208 7, 192 

Shenandoah, Pa. , . , 10,147 2,951 

Marlborough, Mass 10,127 8,474 

Columbus, Ga .... , 10,123 7,40i 

Eau Claire, Wis. 10, 1 19 2,293 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa 20,000 10,104 5,940 

Columbia, S. C . . 15,000 10,036 9,298 

Key West, Fla 9,890 5,oi6 

Mansfield, Ohio 9^859 8,029 

Knoxville, Tenn. 9,^93 8,682 

Portsmouth, N. H 9,690 9,2ii 

Newark, Ohio 14,000 9,600 6,698 

Sedalia, Mo 9,561 4,560 

Auburn, Me 9,555 6,169 

Decatur, 111 9,547 7,161 

Amsterdam, N. Y 9,466 5,426 

TefFersonville, Ind 9?357 7,^54 

Jamestown, N. Y 9,357 5,336 

Milford, Mass 9,3io 9,890 

Raleigh, N. C i4;(i(i(i 9.265 7,790 

East St. Louis, 111 9,185 5,644 

Ithaca, N. Y .....[ 9,105 8,462 

Stillwater, Minn i7j343 9?^55 4>i24 

Clinton, Iowa 9,052 6,129 

Titusville, Pa 10,000 9j046 8,039 

Peabody, Mass 9,028 7,343 

Janesville, Wis !!.*'!.' 9,019 8,798 

Cairo, 111 ,,,,,[ 9>oii 6,267 

Ottumwa, Iowa 9,004 5,214 

Alton, 111 _ 14,^ 8,975 8,665 

Madison,* Ind , 8,945 10,709 



205 

Places of Nativity of the Foreign-Bonn 
Inhabitants of the United States. 



(Census 
Germany. ....... 1,966,742 

Ireland 1,854,571 

British America. . 717,084 

England 662,6^6 

Sweden I94j337 

Norway 181,729 

Scotland 170,136 

France 106,97 1 

China 104,467 

Switzerland 88,621 

Bohemia 85,361 

Wales 83,302 

Mexico 68,399 

Denmark , 64, 196 

Holland. , 58,090 

Poland 48,557 

Italy 44>230 

Austria 39j663 



of 1880.) 

Russia 

Belgium 

Luxemburg 

Hungary 

West Indies. . . . 

Portugal 

Cuba 

Spain 

Australia 

South America . . 

India 

Turkey 

Sandwich Islands. 

Greece 

Central America . 

Japan 

Malta 

Greenland 



35,722 

15,535 

12,836 

11,526 

9,484 

8,138 

6,917 

5,121 

4,906 
4,566 
1,707 
1,205 

«i,i47 
776 
707 
401 

305 
129 



The great fire in London commenced on September 2, 
1866, burned three days and three nights, destroyed 
eighty-nine churches, including St. Paul, the City Gates, 
the Royal Exchange, Custom House, Guildhall, and 
13,200 houses, laying waste 400 streets. 

The High Bridge and Obelisk which spans the river 
Witham, at Lincoln, England, was erected in 1763, occu- 
pies the site of the ancient chapel of St. Thomas the 
Martyr, in which the corporation founded a chantry in 
the reign of Edward I., probably that the priests might 
pray for the redemption of souls of ancient officials; for, 
as the reader will by this time know, they were no small 
sinners, whatever may be said of their reformed successors 
of the nineteenth century. In 1863 it underwent great 
alterations, and a fountain was erected and opened on the 
Prince of ©Wales' wedding-day, and called the " Albert 
Foimtain," by Charles Doughty, Esq., Mayor. 



2o6 





^ 




j5 




w 




IS 




;2; 




p^ 




w 




> 




o 




o 




fe 




o 




m 


CO 


1^ 


c_ 


rt 


<D 


O 


13 


fe 


DC 


ni 




<1 


c 


H 






SI 


> 


-P 


'^u 


-D 


u^ 


L. 


^ . 


(Tl 


^ m 




"^ C4 


CO 


W 


c 


W J 


o 


p^ p 


-p 


-1-, f^ 

^ 

c 

w 


c 


^ 


bD 


•"• 


0> 


<J 


c 


w 


o 


p^ 


Ll 


<< 




^ 




o 








H 




<J 




h:i 




^ 




Ph 




o 




p^ 



•jossaDoy 



luamuaaAOQ 
JO uiao^ 



•S31IH -bs 



•uop-epdOtj 



t^ rooo t^OO vo ■'^vo ^ tv t>sOO 
0000<X3000000CX)0000000000 



a 3 6 5! 2i 6 S 6.S3.S 33 



3.y 





:.c 


: :ti : 


^07^ 




. .-d • 










• 








X gw i; 




cij 

u 


Mutsi 
WilHa 
Abdul 
Humb 



vg :: 



!3 :q 
.22 w 

5 C o w 

3^ o Jg 
; o « J5 






Oooooooco 



fi a, a. fl 

O lA 'Ji o 



t« C 01 a CX d 

< hJ] << p^ p:; H-l 



6 6 aj g 6 



P^fa< 



diJ 



PHu-i^7:Pi^W>HHU^ 



Lo 10 N c^ ONCo c^>o 00 00 M 




^ M c\ o N 00 >-i t-^oo M w I 
- C^ tJ- On'O « W m tv t^ m I 



vo 



O O -^00 0>-'NOOCOO"-ihOOO( 

oocM^o^ioMrnoi^NOor' 

OOhOOOOi-'cnO -^vo o O ( 
o" iJ^ rn fT o^ -^J-vcT cTfTo'cyiW C^C^cf 
oooooof-^O'^OO'^omr^O'-'O' 
-- .- .- .„ ^, „ .^ „ Q ^^ vo in N ( 



-I 00 'O "O IT) N ( 



M 10 w m t^ ID c>i>0 roNcxj-^piOOOOOt^ 



nj O 



u?;? 



. a 



5^ ^S 






u 






207 



•9^V 3U5S9JJ I 5;^« 



•JOSS3D3Y 



vo t^ i>. t^'O ^ vo oo 00 00 CO c^ c>»oo CO 00 CO 00 00 vo r».>o 

COOOOOOOOOCOCOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOO 



't5 ^ i5 :^ 't5 5 i 



Si £ Ji 33.5 



ii^£^ £ ci; '^ ci; '^ 



•5U9UIUJ3AOf3 

JO uuo^ 



J <, O ^ _] ^ij U 



i.>i^^Q <5 ^ ^ 

c: u^ p X p: (A G 



§ -^ :2 ^ "^ 

13 t:^ ^ c V 
^-5 2 c ^ 53 

O yi U 00 (/J o 

•^ 1) -j:; (u <u I— ( 
Ou ■/) P- «■ t/j p 



:ftU 



<2 



o rt : 
^S : 

3 3 g"^ 3 3.. 

acxac/i aad c 



^ >- '-> J - 



-< ^ 





^ rt 




__ 









b/3j= 


^ 




C 






C u 


tn n 


lU 











rt 






X 


2^X 




U 


23 


< 



! S ^ 



^ 13 1) rt i 



•s3nH -^s 



m o c 



O O <>> 10 (N Q t 

Q O 10 (N -* O t 

NVO ro M 1000 C^ C 



fg O w 00 C>i>0 O •-• N C 

M 00 Tf 10 fO 



O '-' CO r^ O O 

tooo Th o o 5 o 
o m -"J- o 00 o o 



OiOONOOOOOOC 
OOOOOOOOTt-t-^C 
OooO'-'OOOroiHC 



•uopBindo^j 



C^>0 -^oOO^OO^OONO'OinOHioioQ" 
■<*■0"^0c^^ot^O0^^O0t^t^'^N<^N•-''*■Ol 
0)00 tOLOC^t^rOO O O O O O OnOO ro h hi m O O i 
cCvo'vcTvo in 10 in ■<? ■«? r^ CO ro cf cT ci oT cT «~ eT cT N I 



U 



. O 



o 
U 



; ex -3 



O tJ3 ^^1 






C--^ •- .5 rt c .^ 









iP8 



2o8 



' 'aSy }U3S3j<j I 



UOSSSDDy 



VO >0 t^OO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOVOCO -t^t^ 
00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OO 00 00 00 00 '00 00 



C G— (u<y^<u4;<ut>a)<u (U-5 « u D c 
••^•-', D »- 1-1 ° J-> i-i ^- »-< If >-. u, »H )m )_ U.-W 



•^ 12 S.I 



• • in o 

. N O Si 

"5 S=5 f^ S-; 



u ^ c/:_^h5<< ^ ;i- ;^ o hj < c ;z;^h^ fi 



JO UIJO j[ 



o o o JiJ o o y.y.iij.^ oooooooo 



■^12 '^ < P^fi^<:p!^ft^g^p!^P<P^p:^<:c^C<P^HJ 



• ^T^ S cJ 0! S 

c/:. ?Q g ;zi OH Oh c/: ^ < H ^ c/: O ^-,23 p^ S 



•S3IIIM -bs 



^ » - w ^ >.. O fOOO (N C 00 O VO VO . , _ - 

mu-)0 t>H o c^ioj •-< O i^vo ONOO 00 00 r^.oo 

int^O t-^roo M N w QvOvO t^)';J-0^ tJ-oo lO 

t^ocT i-Tvo'oo'' 0\ o" t^ n" (n" cT -T o" ro d\ w" a%vo'' 

w00■<f•<^O^p-l"•^.O^■<i-tO(N MTl-T^ 



•uop-BindOjj 



iMOOOOVOOO' 

ii-iOOOOfOOO 

icr)OCOOinoo< 



IHOOOOVOOO-*OVOOOOO"^0<^ rovo 
t^C^ O t^M-w O ION r^iOO O "^00 m 0^0 
O\00 VO N 11 OOO >Oir>"*Tf-'«*-mN M w 



s 



2 rt I- 






209 

How TO Conduct a Successful Business. — That short credit 
and small profits forms the golden rule for success in trade may be 
seen from the following tat)le, exhibiting the amounts realized for 
$ioo at various percentages during various periods. 

Am'tat Am't at Am't at Am't at 
3 pr. ct. 5 pr. ct. 8 pr. ct. lo pr. ct. 
Ifturnedoverevery 3 months, $326.20 $703.99 $2,172.45 $4,525.92 
" " " 6 " 180. 6i 265.32 466.09 672.75 

" " " 8' " 155-79 207.89 317.21 417-72 

" " " 12 " 134-39 162.88 215.89 25Q.37 

" " " 2 years, 115.92 127.62 146.93 161.05 

" " " 5 " 106 09 110.25 116,64 121.00 

Concerning Coal and Iron. — First notice of stone coal is 
B. C. 371. 

The coal fields of England were the first practically developed. 

First record of stone coal used in England was A. D. 820. 

Records of regular mining in England first made in 1180. 

Coal first used in London in 1240. 

First tax laid on coal in England in 1379. 

Tax was repealed in 1831, having been taxed 400 years. 

First patent for making iron with pit coal was granted to Simeon 
Sturtevant, in 1612, but was not successful. 

Iron first made in a blast furnace with pit coal with success by a 
Mr. Darby, of Colebrook Dale, England, in 1713. 

On Coal, Steam Heating, Etc. — In 1747 iron was made in 
England with pit coal, suitable for the manufacture of cannon. In 
1788 the production of iron with pit coal in England was 48,300 
tons; with charcoal, 13,000 tons. In 1864 the production of iron in 
Great Britain was 5,000,000 tons. Wooden rails in mines were 
used in 1777. Cast-iron rails in mines were used in 1790. Wrought- 
iron rails in mines were used in 1815. Coal gas first made use of 
practically in 1798. 

American Coal Fields. — First coal fields worked in America 
were the bituminous fields at Richmond, Va., discovered in 1750. 
This coal was used at Westham, on the James river, to make shot 
and shell during the War of Independence. The first use of 
anthracite coal was in 1768-69. First used for smithing purposes 
in 1790. First used to burn in a common grate in 1808. First suc- 
cessful use of anthracite coal for the smelting of iron was in 1839, 
at the Pioneer Furnace, at Pottsville, Pa. It had been tried on 
the Lehigh in 1826, but was unsuccessful. The great shaft of the 
Philadelphia and Reading Iron Company has been sunk to a 
depth of 1,569 feet from the surface to the great mammoth coal vein 
which attains a thickness of 25 feet, in that distance passing 
through no less than 15 coal seams, of which 6 are workable and 
have an average thickness together of 64 feet. Even then there 
are a number of coal seams underlying these. 

Hov/ TO Remove Rust. — If you immerse the articles in kero- 
sene oil and let them remain for some time, the rust will become so 
much loosened as to come off very easy. 

How TO Make 32 Kinds ok Solder. — i. Plumbers' solder. — 
Lead 2 parts, tin i part. 2. Tinmen's solder. — Lead i part, tin 



2IO 

1 part. 3. Zinc solder. — Tin i part, lead i to 2 parts. 4. Pew- 
ter solder. Lead i part, bismuth i to 2 parts. 5. Spelter solder. 

— Equal parts copper and zinc. 6. Pewterers' soft solder. — Bis- 
muth 2, lead 4, tin 3 parts. 7. Another. — Bismuth i, lead 1, tin 

2 parts. 8. Another pewter solder. — Tin 2 parts, lead i part. 9. 
Glazier's solder. — Tin 3 parts, lead i part. 10. Solder for cop- 
per. — Copper 10 parts, zinc 9 parts. 11. Yellow solder for brass 
or copper. — Copper 32 lbs., zinc 29 lbs., tin i lb. 12. Brass sol- 
der. — Copper 61.25 parts, zinc 38. 75 parts. 13. Brass solder, yel- 
low and easily fusible. — Copper 45, zinc 55 parts. 14. Brass 
solder, white. — Copper 57.41 parts, tin 14. 60 parts, zinc 27.99 parts, 
15. Another solder for copper. — Tin 2 parts, lead i part. When 
the copper is thick heat it by a naked fire, if thin use a tinned cop- 
per tool. Use muriate or chloride of zinc as a flux. The same 
solder will do for iron, cast iron, or steel ; if the pieces are thick, 
heat by a naked fire or immerse in the solder. 16. Black solder. 

— Copper 2, zinc 3, tin 2 parts. 17. Another. — Sheet brass 20 
ibs., tin 6 lbs., zinc i lb. 18. Cold brazing without fire or lamp. 

— Fluoric acid i oz., oxy muriatic acid i oz., mix in a lead bottle. 
Put a chalk mark each side where you want to braze. This mix- 
ture will keep about 6 months in one bottle. 19. Cold soldering 
without fire or lamp. — Bismuth J^ oz., quicksilver ^ oz., block 
tin filings I oz., spirits salts i oz., all mixed together. 20. To 
solder iron to steel or either to brass. — Tin 3 parts, copper 39^ 
parts, zinc •]% parts. When applied in a molten state it will firmly 
unite metals first named to each other. 21. Plumbers' solder. — 
Bismuth i, lead 5, tin 3 parts, is a first-class composition. 22. 
White solder for raised Britannia ware. — Tin 100 lbs., hardening 
8 lbs., antimony 8 lbs. 23. Hardening for Britannia. — (To be 
mixed separately from the other ingredients). Copper 2 lbs., tin 
lib. 24. Best soft solder for cast Britannia ware. — Tin 8 lbs., 
lead 5 lbs. 25. Bismuth solder. — Tin 1, lead 3, bismuth 3 parts. 
26. Solder for brass that will stand hammering. — Brass 78.26 
parts, zinc 17.41 parts, silver 4.33 parts, add a little chloride of 
potassium to your borax for a flux. 27. Solder for steel joints. — 
Silver 19 parts, copper i part, brass 2 parts. Melt all together. 

28. Hard solder. — Copper 2 parts, zinc i part. Melt together. 

29. Solder for brass. — Copper 3 parts, zinc i part, with borax. 

30. Solder for copper.— Brass 6 parts, zinc i part, tin i part, 
i©elt all together well and pour out to cool. 31 - Solder for pla- 
tina. — Gold with borax. 32. Solder for iron. — The best solder 
for iron is good tough brass with a little borax. 

N. B.— In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made per- 
fectly clean and smooth, and then covered with sal. ammoniac, 
resin or other flux, the solder is then applied, being melted on and 
smoothed over by a tinned soldering iron. 

Soldering Fluid. — Take 2 oz, muriatic acid, add zinc till 
bubbles cease to rise, add Yz teaspoonful of sal-ammoniac. 

Th ; United States Government Tempering Secret. — The 
follov ing process and mixtures, patented by Garman att:~^^ Sieg- 
fried, and owned by the Steel Refining and Tempering *^o., of 
Bost( n, Mass., cost the U. S. Government $10,000 for the frieht o 



using in their" shops, and is said to impart extraordinary hardness 
and durability to the poorest kinds of steel. Siegfried's specifica- 
tion reads as follows : " I first heat the steel to a cherry red in a 
clean smith's fire, and then cover the steel with chloride of sodium 
(common salt), purifying the fire also by throwing in salt. I work 
the steel in this condition, and while subjected to this treatment, 
until it is brought into nearly its finished form. I then substitute 
for the salt a compound composed of the following ingredients, 
and in about the following proportions: One part by weight of 
each of the following substances; chloride of sodium (salt), sul- 
phate of copper, sal-ammoniac, and sal-soda, together with % part 
by weight of pure nitrate of potassa (saltpetre), said ingredients 
being pulverized and mixed; I alternately heat the steel and treat 
it by covering with this mixture and hammering it until it is 
thoroughly refined and brought into its finished form. I then 
return it to the fire and heat it slowly to a cherry red, and then 
plunge it into a bath composed of the following ingredients, in 
substantially the following proportions for the required quantity: 
of rain water, i gal. ; alum, sal-soda, sulphate of copper, of each 
ij^ ozs. ; of nitrate of potassa (saltpetre), i oz., and of chloride of 
sodium (salt), 6 ozs. These quantities and proportions^ are stated 
as being what I regard as practically the best, but it is manifest 
that they may be slightly changed without departing from the 
principles of my invention." 

^ow TO Petrify Wood. — Gum salt, rock alum, white vine- 
gai% chalk and pebbles powder, of each an equal quantity. Mix 
well together. If, after the ebullition is over, you throw into this 
liquid any wood'or porus substance, it will petrify it. 

How TO Construct an ^olian Harp. — Make a box with 
the top, bottom and sides of thin wood, and the ends x%, inch 
beech, form it the same length as the width of the window in which 
it is to be placed. The box should be 3 or 4 inches deep, and 6 or 
7 inches wide. In the top of the box, which acts as a sounding 
board, make 3 circular holes about two inches in diameter, and an 
equal distance apart. Glue across the sounding board, about 2^ 
inches from each end, 2 pieces of hard wood % inch thick and 
J^ inch high, to serve as bridges. You must now procure from 
any musical instrument maker twelve steel pegs, similiar to those of 
a piano-forte, and 12 small brass pins. Insert them in the follow- 
ing manner into the beech; first commence with a brass pin, then 
insert a steel peg, and so on, placing them alternately %, in. apart 
to the number of twelve. Now for the other end, which you must 
commence with a steel peg, exactly opposite the brass pin at the 
other end, then a brass pin, and so on, alternately, to the number 
of 12; by this arrangement you have a steel peg and a brass pin 
always opposite each other, which is done so that the pressure of 
the strings on the instrument shall be uniform. Now string the 
instrument with 12 first violin strings, making a loop atone end of 
each string, which put over the brass pins, and wind the other ends 
round the opposite steel pegs. Tune them in unison, but do not 
draw them tight. To increase the current of air, a thin board may 
be placed about two inches above the strings, supported at each 



212 

end by 2 pieces of wood. Place the instrument in a partly opened 
window, and to increase the draft open the opposite door. 

How Sound Travels. — In dry air at 82 dcg. 1,142 ft per 
second, or about 775 miles per hour; in water, 4,900 ft. per second; 
in iron, 17,500 ft. ; in copper, 10,378 feet; and in wood from 12 to 
16,000 ft. per second. In water, a bell heard at 45,000 ft., could be 
heard in the air out of the water but 656 ft. In a balloon the barking 
of dogs can be heard on the ground at an elevation of 4 miles. 
Divers on the wreck of the Hussar frigate, 100 ft. under water, at 
Hell Gate, near New York, heard the paddle wheels of distant 
steamers hours before they hove in sight. The report of a rifle on 
a. still day may be heard at 5,300 yds. ; a military band at 5,200 yds. 
The fire of the English on landing in Egypt was distinctly heard 
130 miles. Dr. Jamieson says he heard, during calm weather, 
every word of a sermon at a distance of 2 miles. 

Weights of Famous Bells.— The bell of Notre Dame, Mont- 
real, Que., weighs 28,560 lbs.; that of the City Hall, New York, 
22,300 lbs.; of St. Paul's, London, 11,470; "Big Ben," West- 
minster, 30,350; " Great Tom," of Oxford, 18,000; St. Peter's, 
Rome, 18,607; Rouen, France, 40,000 ; St. Ivan's, Moscow, 
127,830; one unhung at Moscow, 440,000, and one in China weighs 
120,000 lbs. 

How TO Repair Cracked Bells. — The discordant tones of a 
cracked bell being due to the jarring of the rugged, uneven edges 
of the crack against each other, the best remedy that can be 
applied is to cut a thin slit with a toothless saw driven at a very 
high velocity, say 3 or 4,000 revolutions per minute, in such a man- 
ner as to cut away the opposing edges of the fracture wherever 
they come in contact. This will restore the original tone of the 
bell. 

How TO Test Quality ok Steel. — Good tool steel, with a 
white heat, will fall to pieces ; with bright red heat will crumble 
under the hammer; with middling heat may be drawn to a needle- 
point. 

To test hardening qualities, draw under a low heat to a grad- 
ually tapered square point and plunge into cold water; if broken 
point will scratch glass, the quality is good. 

To test tenacity, a hardened piece will be driven into cast-iron 
by a hardened hammer — if poor, will be crumbled. Excellence 
will be in proportion to tenacity in hard state. Soft steel of good 
quality gives a curved line fracture and uniform gray texture. 
Tool steel should be dull silver color, uniform, entirely free from 
sparkling qualities. 

Aquafortis, applied to the surface of steel, produces a black 
spot; on iron the metal remains clean. The slightest vein of iron 
or steel can be readily detected by this method. 

How to Destroy the Effects of Acid on Clothes. — -Dampen 
as soon as possible, after exposure to the acid, with spirits am- 
mo-nia. It will destroy the effect immediately. 

How TO Wash Silverware. — Never use a particle of soap on 
your silverware, as it dulls the lustre, giving the article more the 
appearance of pewter than silver. When it wants cleaning, rub it 



213 

with a piece of soft leather and prepared chalk, the latter made 
into a kind of paste with pure wate4-, for the reason that water not 
pure might contain gritty particles. , 

How TO Cleanse Brushes. — The best method of cleansing 
watchmakers' and jewelers' brushes is to wash them out in a 
strong soda water. When the backs are wood, you must favor that 
part as much as possible; for being glued, the water may injure 
them. 

How TO Keep Fresh Meat a Week or Two in Summer. — ■ 
Farmers or others living at a distance from butchers can keep 
fresh meat very nicely for a week or two, by putting it into sour 
milk, or buttermilk, placing it in a cool cellar. The bone or fat 
need not be removed. Rinse well when used. 

How TO Write Inscriptions on Metals. — Take Yq, lb. of nitric 
acid and i cz. of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it 
is ready for use. Cover the place you wish to mark with melted 
beeswax; when cold, write your inscription plainly in the wax clear 
to the metal with a sharp instrument; then apply the mixed acids 
with a feather, carefully filling each letter. Let it remain from i Xx> 
lo minutes, according to appearance desired ; then throw on water, 
which stops the process and removes the wax. 

Rules for Accidents on Water, — When upset in a boat or 
thrown into the water and unable to swim, draw the breath in well; 
keep the mouth tight shut; do not struggle and throw the arms up, 
but yield quietly to the water; hold the head well up, and stretch 
out the hands only below the water; to throw the hands or feet up 
will pitch the body below the water, hands or feet up will pitch the 
body head down, and cause the whole person to go immediately 
under water. Keep the head above, and everything else under 
water. 

Every one should learn to swim; no animal, aquatic, fowl, or 
reptile, requires to be taught this, for they do it naturally. Few 
persons exist who have not some time or other seen a bullfrog per- 
form his masterly movements in the water, and it would detract 
from no one's dignity to take a few lessons from him. In learn- 
ing, the beginner might sustain himself by a plank, a block of 
wood, an attachment composed of cork, an inflated bladder, a 
flying kite, or a stout cord attached to a long rod held by an 
assistant on the land. Learn to swim, cost what it will. 

Trichina is the term applied to a minute, slender and transpar- 
ent worm, scarcely i-2oth of an inch in length, which has recently 
been discovered to exist naturally in the muscles of swine, and is 
frequently transferred to the human stomach when pork is used as 
food. Enough of these filthy parasites have been detected in half 
a pound of pork to engender 30,000,000 more, the females being 
very prolific, each giving birth to from 60 to 100 young, and dying 
soon after. The young thread-like worm at first ranges freely 
through the stomach and intestines, remaining for a short time 
within the lining membrane of the intestines, causing irritation, 
diarrhea, and sometimes death, if present in sufficient numbers. 
As they become stronger, they begin to penetrate the walls of the 
intestines in order to effect a lodgment in the voluntary muscles^ 



214 

causing intense muscular pain and severe enduring cramps, and 
sometimes tetanic symptoms. After 4 weeks migration they encyst 
themselves permanently on the muscular fibre, and begin to secrete 
a delicate sac which gradually becomes calcareous. In this torpid 
state they remain during the person's lifetime. 

The Vitality of Seeds may be tested by placing almost any of 
the larger seeds or grains on a hot pan or griddle; when the 
vitality is perfect the grain will pop, or crack open with more or 
less noise. When the vitality is defective, or lost, it remains 
immovable in the vessel. A botanist's recipe for improving and 
fertilizing all kinds of seed, consists in the preparation of a solu- 
tion of lime, nitre, and pigeon's dung in water, and therein steeping 
the seed. Tested on wheat, the produce of some of these grains 
was reported at 60, 70 and 80 stems, many of the ears 5 inches 
long, and 50 corns each, and none less than 40, The same botanist 
produced 500 plants from i grain, and 576,840 grains, weighing 
47 lbs. Grains of wheat in different countries yield from 6, 10, 16, 
and even 30 to 1 : Cape wheat 80 to i. Barley yields from 50 to 
120. Oats increase from 100 to 1,000. Wheat and millet seed 
germinate in one day, barley in 7, cabbage in 10, almond and 
chestnut and peaches require 12 months, and rose and filbert 24. 
A field of wheat buried under an avalanche for 25 years, proceeded 
on its growth, etc., as soon as the snow had melted. A bulbous 
root found in the hand of a mummy, above 2,000 years old, lately 
produced a plant. Potatoes planted below 3 feet do not vegetate; 
at % foot they grow quickest, and at 2 are retarded 2 or 3 months. 

Comparative Value of Food for Horses. — 100 lbs. of good 
hay is equivalent in value to 59 lbs. of oats, 57 lbs. of corn, 275 
of carrots, 54 lbs. of rye or barley, 105 lbs. of wheat bran, 400 lbs. 
of green clover, 275 lbs. of green corn, 374 lbs. of wheat straw, 
442 lbs. of rye straw, 400 lbs. of dried corn stalks, 45 lbs. of whea^ 
59 lbs. of corn, 62 lbs. of sun-flower seeds, 69 lbs. of linseed cake, 
195 lbs. of oat straw, 105 lbs. of wheat bran; i lb. of oil cake is 
equal to 14 lbs. cabbage. 

TABLE SHOWiNG THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF VARIOUS BODIES. 

Per hour. Per sec. 

A man walks '3 miles, or 4 feet. 

Slow rivers flow 3 ** or 4 " 

Rapid rivers flow 7 ** or 10 ** 

A horse trots 7 '* or 10 ** 

A moderate wind blows 7 *' or 10 '* 

Sailing vessels run ' 10 '* or 14 ** 

Steamboats run 18 " or 26 " 

A horse runs 20 " or 29 '* 

A storm moves 36 " or 52 ** 

A hurricane moves 80 ** or 117" 

Sound moves 743 " or 1 142 ** 

A rifle ball moves 1000 " or 1466 ** 

Light moves 192,000 miles. 

Electricity moves 288,000 miles. 



215 



COPYRIGHT LAWS OF TME UNITED 
STATES. 

Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, 
who is the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor oi 
any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, 
engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, 
or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and 
of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of 
the fine arts, and the executors, administrators or assigns 
of any such person, may secure to himself the sole liberty 
of printing, publishing, completing, copying, executing 
and vending the same, and, if a dramatic composition, of 
publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be 
performed or represented by others. 

Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly 
the name and residence of the claimant, and whether 
right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No 
affidavit or formal application is required. 
^A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print or 
photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing, 
chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work 
of the tine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be 
sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed: " Librarian 
of Congress, Washington, D. C. " This must be done 
before publication of the book or other article. 

A fee of 50 cents, for recording the ti^le of each book 
or other article, must be inclosed with the title as above, 
and 50 cents in addition (or one dolkr in all) for each 
certificate of copyright under seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, which will be transmitted by early mail. 

Within ten days after publication of each book or 
other article, two complete copies must be sent prepaid, 
or under free labels, furnished by the Librarian, to per- 
fect the copyright, with the address, " Librarian of Con- 
gress, Washington, D. C." G 
©Without the deposit of copies above required the copy- 
right is void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. 



2l6 

No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting 
jn every copy published: 

*'■ Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 

, by ., in the office of the Librarian of Con- 

gress at Washington^'*'* or, at the option of the person 
entering the copyright, the words: " Copyright, i8 — -, 
by ." 

The law imposes a penalty of $ioo upon any person 
who has not obtained a copyright who shall insert the 
notice, " Entered accordi7tg to act of Congress,''^ or 
" Copyright,'''* ox words of the same import, in or upon 
any book or other article. 

Each copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing 
the book or article copyrighted for the term of twenty- 
eight years. Six months before the end of that time, the 
author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure 
a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, raaking 
forty-two years in all. 

Any copyright is assignable in law by an instrtiiftefit 
of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the 
office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from 
its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one 
dollar. 

Any author may reserve the right to translate or to 
dramatize his oa\ti work. In this case notice should be 
given by printing the words " Right of Translation 
Reserved," or "All Rights Reserved, " below the notice of 
copyright entry, and notifying the Librarian of Congrest 
of such reservation, to be entered upon the record* 

In the case of books published in more than one vol- 
ume, or of periodicals published in numbers, or oi 
engravings, photographs, or other articles published with 
variations, a copyright is to be entered for each volume 
or part of a book, or number of a periodical, or variety, 
as to style, title, or inscription, of any other article. 

Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor 
upon labels intended to be used with any article of manu- 
facture. If protection for such prints or labels is desired, 
application must be made to the Patent Office, where 
they are registered at a fee of $6 for labels, and $25 for 
trade-marks. 



217 



NOTES OF INTEREST. 

Barnum^s Museum, at the corner of Broadway and Ann 
street, was destroyed by fire, July 13, 1865. Barnum's 
second museum, Broadway and Spring street, was 
destroyed by fire, March 13, 1868. 

Baseball. — The distance from the home plate to the 
pitcher's position is 50 feet, so that must be the distance 
the ball is pitched. The distance from the home plate to 
the first base is 90 feet, and 127 feet 4 inches to second 
base. 

Blondin walked a tight rope over the Falls of Niagara, 
June 30, 1859. 

Brooklyn Bridge was first proposed by Col. Julius 
W. Adams in 1865. The act of incorporation was. 
passed in 1866. Survey began by John Roebling in 
1869. Construction began January 2, 1870. The first 
rope thrown across the river August 14, 1866. 

The largest empire in the world is that of Great 
Britain, comprising 8,557,658 square miles — more than 
a sixth part of the land of the globe, and embracing under 
its rule nearly a sixth part of the popi^ation of the 
world. 

The largest gun in the United States, mounted, is the 
20-inch Rodman smooth-bore at Fort Hamilton, N. Y. H. 
Its dimensions are as follows: Extreme length, 243.5 
inches; maximum diameter, 64 inches; minimum diame- 
ter, 34 inches; length of bore in calibers, 10.50 inches. 
The service charge is 200 poimds of powder, and the 
weight of the projectile is 1,000 pounds. There is also a 
i2X-i^ch rifle (wrought-iron lined) at Sandy Hook. 
Weight, ",89,350 pounds; extreme length, 262.8 inches; 
maximum diameter, 55 inches; minimum diameter, 27.55 
inches; length of bore 'in calibers, 18.53. This gun is 
used for experimental purposes, principally in testing 
powder. Charges from 70 to 200 pounds are used. 
Weight of projectile, from 700 to 800 pounds. 

Jumbo, the famous elephant, was bought from a wan* 



2l8 

dering band of Arabs — according to Sir Samuel Baker — 
when four years of age. Then was brought to the Jardin 
des Plantes, Paris from there he was transferred to the 
London Zoological Gardens, in 1866, and remained there 
until purchased by Barnum, Bailey & Hutchinson, in 
1882. Was killed by a locomotive at Ontario, Canada, 
in 1885. 

Maud S. was sold to Robert Bonner for $40,000, by 
William H. Vanderbilt, 1885. 

New York, during the Rebellion, furnished more sol- 
diers than any other State. The following is the number 
of men furnished by the six States that furnished the 
largest quota: First, New York State, 445,568; Penn- 
sylvania, 366,326; Ohio, 317,133; Illinois, 258,217 j 
Indiana, 195,147; Massachusetts, 151,785. 

The largest stake ever rowed for was $6,000, in the 
four-oared race for the championship between ths Samuel 
Collyer and the Floyd T. Field, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 
July 18, 1865, and won by the Samuel Collyer. Thecre\« 
of the latter were Denny Leary and the Biglin brothers, 
while Stevens, Wooden, Burger and Benway rowed the 
Floyd T. Field. 

The greatest billiard match ever played in America 
was 2,000 points up, four caroms, for $10,000, between 
Phelan and Sweereiter, at Detroit, Mich., on April 12, 
1859. Phelan was the winner, scoring 2,001 points t. 
his opponent's 1,994. 

The fastest time made by a steamer from New York to 
New Orleans was made by the Louisiana. On March 7, 
1885, at 4:45 p. m. she left Pier 9, passing Sandy Hook 
at 5 :50, and arrived at New Orleans, La., on March 13, 
1885, at 2 p. m. She made the trip from wharf to wharf 
in 5 days, 9 hours and 15 minutes, and from bar to bar 
in a little less than five days. This is a little faster than 
the former rapid passage of this steamer, and is the 
quickest ever made between New York and New Or- 
leans. ^ 

The Great Republic is the largest wooden sailing vessel 
ever built in this country. The largest iron sailing vessel 
<* rcr built in this country was the Clarence S. Bennett- 
built by Henry W. Gorringe. 



219 






o 













Is 







PI 

.t:; ^ <i^ "2 

f3 S S 513 

ill's o^ 






W 



o 



o 

•5 
u 

a 

o 
.2 

o 



^ 
> 



O 



88888 

O »jooo (N to 

o" ^"^ hT w'^ h;^ 



O O Q O O 

88888 
8'8888 

CO <^ a\ •-< "^ 



Ti- NH 00 ro Tt 
00 O OsO 



o <u 



.2 -2 



d.; 



o i3 



2.s-„ - 



o 



RELIGIOUS 



220 
DENOMINATIONS 
UNITED STATES. 



IN THE 



Denominations. 



Adventist, Second 

Adventist, Seventh-Day. . 

Baptist 

Baptist, Anti-Mission. . . . 

Baptist, Free- Will 

Baptist, Seventh-Day. . . . 
Baptist, Six-Principle. . . . 
Christian (Disciples of 

Christ) 

Congregational 

Dunkards (The Brethren) . . 

Episcopal, Protestant 

Episcopal, Reformed 

Evangelical Association 

Friends . . .- 

Jews 

Lutheran 

Monnonite 

Methodist, Episcopal 

MethodistjEpiscopal (South) 
Methodist, Episcopal Afri- 



Methodist, Episcopal Afri- 
can Zion 

Methodist, Episcopal Col- 
ored 

Methodist, Free 

Methodist, Congregational . 

Methodist, Primitive 

Methodist, Protestant 

Methodist, Welsh Calvinistic 

Methodist, Wesleyan 

Moravian 

Mormon 



Churches. 



800 

640 

26,060 

900 

1,432 

94 
20 

5,100 

3,^04 
250 

3»oi3 

1,576 
392 
269 

5.553 
300 

17,935 



1,134 



84 
654 



Ministers. 



600 

144 

16,596 

400 

1,213 

1 10 

12 

3,782 

3,713 
200 

3,725 
100 

1,545 

200 

202 

3,132 

350 

24,658 

11,703 

1,738 

1,800 

638 
260 
225 
52 
1,385 
600 
400 

3.906 



Members. 



70,000 

15,570 

2,296,327. 

40,000 

78,012 

8,539 
2,000 

591,821 

381,697 

100,000 

398,990 

9,448 

117,027 

60,000 

13,683 

950,868 

50,000 

1,724,420 

860,687 

387,576 

300,000 

112,938 

12,318 

13,75a 

3,369 

135,000 

118,979 

17,087 

9,491 
110,377 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS— (Continued). 



Denominations. 



New Jerusalem (Sweden 
borgian). ..♦ 

Presbyterian 

Presbyterian (South) , 

Presbyterian, Cumberland. 

Presbyterian, Reformed. , . 

Presbyterian, United 

Reformed Church (late 
Dutch) 

Reformed Church (late Ger- 
man) 

Roman Catholic 

Shaker 

Unitarian, Congregational. . 

United Brethern in Christ . . 

Universalist 

Winebrennerians (Church of 
God).-. 



Churches. 


Ministers. 


93 


89 


5,858 


5,218 


2,010 


1,081 


2,457 


1,386 


167 


143 


826 


719 


509 


545 


1,405 


748 


6,241 


6,546 


18 


68 


335 


394 


4,524 


2,196 


956 


729. 


400 


350 



Members. 



3,994 
600,695 
123,806 
111,863 

17,273 
84,573 

80,167 

155,857 

2,400 
17,960 

157,835 
27,429 

^0,000 



^According to Roman Catholic publications there are 
6,883,954 adherents of that faith in the United States, 
though church-membership is not reported. 

ENGLISH-SPEAKING RELIGIOUS COMMUNI- 
TIES OF THE WORLD. 

Episcopalians 21,100,000 

Methodists of all descriptions 15,800,000 

Roman Catholics 14,340,000 

Presbyterians of all descriptions 10,500,000 

Baptists of all descriptions S, 180,000 

Congregationalists 6,000,000 

Unitarians i ,000,000 

Free Thought i , 100,000 

Minor Religious Sects 2,000,000 

Of no particular religion 9,000,000 



English-speaking population 89,020,000 



222 

Weights and Measures for Cooks, etc. 

I pound of wheat flour is equal to , ..i quart 

I pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal make i quart 

I pound of .soft butter is equal to i quart 

I pound and 2 ounces of best brown sugar make i quart 

I pound and i ounce of powdered white sugar make 1 quart 

I pound of broken loaf sugar is equal to ... . i quart 

4 large tablespoonfuls make , . ....... . , , . .]^ gill 

I common- sized tumbler holds ^ pint 

I common-sized wine-glass is equal to % giU 

I tea-cup holds- i gill 

I large wine-glass holds , 2 ounces 

I tablespoonful is equal to J^ ounce 

Number of Yards in Miles of Different 
Nations, 

YARDS. 

Swedish . . ,- ii>704 

Hanover , ..11,559 

Oldenburg . . 10,820 

Hesse. .... io>547 

Bohemian 10, 187 

Luthenian . . 9,784 

Saxon 9*905 

Swiss 9, 166 

Hungarian , 9, 1 13 

Prussian 8,498 

Danish 8,244 

Hamburg . . . , 8,244 

German Geographical 8, 100 

Polish 8,100 

Arabian . . .' 2, 148 

Brebant 6,082 

Burgundy 6, 183 

Chinese Ills 628 

Dutch 6,395 

United States 1,760 

English Geographical 2,025 

Flemish , 6,869 

French 4,860 

Irish 3,338 

Italian 2,025 

Persian paisang 6,086 

Portuguese 6,760 

Roman 2,o3S 

Russian 1,167 

Scotch « , 1,984 

Silesian .^ 7,083 

Spanish , 7,4i6 

Turkey ..o .0 . 1,821 



223 

Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of 
Food. 

loo^arts. Water. Muscle^ Fat. 

Cucumbers 97,0 1.5 i.o 

TuTnips 94,4 I.I 4.0 

Cabbage 90.0 4,0 5.0 

Milk — cows 86.0 5.0 8.0 

Apples 84.0 5.0 lo.o 

Eggs, yolk of 79.0 15.0 27.0 

Potatoes 75.2 1,4 22.5 

Veal 68.5 lo.i 16.5 

Eggs, white of 53.0 17.0 .0 

Lamb... 50.5 11, o 35.0 

Beef 50.0 15.0 30.0 

Chicken 46.0 18.0 32.0 

Mutton 44.0 12.5 40.0 

Pork 38.5 lo.o 50.0 

Beans 14.8 24.0 57.7 

Buckwheat 14.2 8.6 75.4 

Barley 14.0 15.0 68.8 

Corn 14.0 12.0 73.0 

Peas 14.0 23.4 60,0 

Wheat 14.0 14.6 69.4 

Oats....... 13.6 17.0 66.4 

Rice 13.5 6.5 79.S 

Cheese lo.o 65.0 19.0 

Butter 100.0 

Most Northern Point Reached by Arctic 
Explorers. 

Year. Explorers. No. Latitude. 

x^o-j — Hudson Sod 23m 00s 

1773 — Phipps (Lord Musgrove) 8od 48m cos 

1806 — Scoresby 8id 12m 42s 

1827 — Parry 82d 45m 30s 

1874 — Meyer (on land) 82d 09m cos 

1875 — Markham (Nare's expedition) 83d 20m 26s 

1876 — Payer 83d 07m 00s 

1884 — Lock wood (Greely's party) 83d 24m oos 

The distance from the farthest point of polar discovery to the 
pole itself is 460 miles. But this polar radius, though only 460 
miles in extent, is covered by ice gorges and precipices of incred- 
ible difficulty; and frost is so severe that no instrument of human 
invention can measure its intensity, and it blisters the skin like 
extreme heat. ^5 

The greatest progress that has ever been made across these 
wildernesses of storm, of fury and desolation, was at the rate of 
six miles a day, the explorers often resting as many days as the»» 
had before traveled miles in a single day. 



224 



There is a good deal of amusement in the following magical table 
of figures. Itwill enable you to tell how old the young ladies are. 
Just hand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell you in 
which column or columns her age is contained, and add together 
the figures at the top of the columns in which her age is found, 
and you have the great secret. Thus, suppose her age to be 17, 
you will find that number in the first and fifth columns; add the- 
first figures of these two columns. 

Here is me magic table : 



I 


2 


4 


8 


16 


3a 


3 


3 


5 


9 


17 


33 


5 


6 


6 


10 


18 


34 


7 


7 


7 


11 


19 


35 


9 


10 


12 


12 


20 


3^ 


n 


II 


X3 


13 


21 


3Z 


n 


14 


14 


14 


22 


3» 


15 


IS 


15 


15 


23 


39 


17 


18 


20 


24 


24 


40 


^9 


»9 


21 


25 


25 


41 


21 


22 


22 


26 


26 


4a 


23 


23 


23 


27 


27 


43 


25 


26 


28 


28 


28 


44^ 


27 


27 


29 


29 


29 


45 


29 


30 


30 


30 


30 


46 


3t 


31 


31 


31 


31 


47 


33 


34 


36 


40 


48 


4S 


35 


35 


37 


41 


49 


49 


37 


38 


38 


42 


50 


50 


39 


39 


39 


43 


51 


51 


41 


42 


44 


44 


52 


52^ 


43 


43 


45 


45 


53 


53^ 


45 


46 


46 


46 


54 


54 


47 


47 


47 


47 


55 


55 


49 


- 50 


52 


56 


56 


56 


5t 


51 


53 


57 


57 


' 57 


53 


54 


54 


58 


58 


58 


55 


55 


55 


59 


59 


59 


57 


58 


60 


60 


60 


60 


59 


59 


61 


61 


6i 


61 


6i 


62 
63 


62 


62 


62 


63 


63 


63 


63 


63 


63 



Another Method. -^Girls of a marriageable age do not like to 
tell how old they are, but you can find out by following the sub- 
joined instructions, the young lady doing the figuring. Tell her 
to put down the number of the month in which she was born; thea 
to multiply it by two; then to add five; then to multiply it by 50; 
then to add her age; then to subtract 365; then to add 115; then 
tell her to tell you the amount she has left. The two figures to the 
right will denote her age, and the remainder the month of her birth. 
For example, the amount is 822, she is twenty-two years old, and 
was born in the eighth month (August) . Try it 



225 

Rate of Annual Income on Investments, 

PAR VALUE BEING $ioo, BEARING INTEREST AT 



Price Paid. 


Five 


Six 


Seven 


Eight 


Ten 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


$50 


10.00 


12.00 


14.00 


16.00 


20.00 


55 


9.09 


10.90 


12.72 


14.55 


18.18 


60 


8.33 


10.00 


11.66 


13-33 


16.66 


65 


7.69 


9-23 


10.76 


12.30 


15.38 


70 


7.14 


8.57 


10.00 


11.42 


14.28 


75 


6.66 


8.00 


9.33 


10.66 


13.35 


80 


6.25 


7.50 


8.75 


10.00 


12.50 


82^ 


6.06 


7.27 


8.48 


9.69 


11.12 


85 


5.88 


7.05 


8.23 


9.41 


11.76 


87M 


5-71 


6.85 


8.00 


9.T4 


11.^2 


90 , 


5-55 


6.66 


7.77 


8.88 


11. II 


92K 


5.40 


6.48 


7.56 


8.64 


10.80 


95 


5.26 


6.31 


7.36 


8.42 


10.52 


96 


5.20 


6.25 


7.29 


8.33 


10.41 


97 


5.15 


6.18 


7.21 


8.24 


10.30 


97'A 


5.12 


6.15 


7.17 


8.20 


10.25 


98 


5.10 


6.12 


7.14 


8.16 


10.20 


99 


5.05 


6.06 


7.07 


8.08 


10.10 


xcx> 


5.00 


6.00 


7.00 


8.00 


10.00 


XOI 


4.95 


5.94 


6.93 


7.92 


9.90 


102, 


4.90 


5.88 


6.86 


7.84 


9.80 


X03 


4.85 


5.82 


6.79 


7.76 


9.70 


104 


4.80 


5.76 


6.73 


7.69 


9.61 


«os 


4.76 


5.71 


6.66 


7.61 


9-52 


no 


4.54 


5.45 


6.36 


7.27 


9.09 


IIS 


4.34 


5.21 


6.08 


6.95 


8.69 


t20 


4.16 


5.00 


5.83 


6.66 


8.33 


»25 


4.00 


4.90 


5.60 


6,40 


8.00 


130 


3.84 


4.61 


5.38 


6. IS 


7.69 


135 


370 


4.44 


5.18 


5.92 


7.40 


140 


3.57 


4.28 


5.00 


5-71 


7.14 


145 


3-44 


4.13 


4.82 


5-51 


6.89 


150 


3-33 


4.00 


4.66 


5.33 


6.66 


160 


3.20 


3-75 


4.40 


5-00 


6.40 



Greatest Tunnels in the World. 

Mount St. Gothard, 49,170 feet long (the longest in the world); 
Mount Cenis, 40,620 feet long; Hoosac, 23,700 feet long; Thames, 
1,680 feet long; Harecastle, 8,778 feetlbng; Kilsby, 6,210 feetlong; 
Baltimore, 32,400 feet long. 

PLAYING-CARDS. — In 1882 there were manufactured, In 
German'' V '•, 4,500,000 packs of playing-card s. 



226 



Cost of Articles by the Piece, from i to i Dozen. 



12 cost 

11 cost 
lo cost 
9 cost 
8 cost 
7 cost 
6 cost 
5 cost 
4 cost 
3 cost 

2 cost 

I cost 



$IOO 


$125 


$1 50 


$175 


$2 00 


$225 


92 


I 15 


X38 


I 60 


183 


2 06 


83 


104 


125 


146 


167 


I 88 


75 


94 


1 13 


1 29 


I 50 


169 


^1 


83 


1 00 


1 17 


I 33 


I 50 


58 


73 


88 


1 02 


I 17 


131 


50 


63 


75 


88 


I 00 


I 13 


42 


52 


63 


73 


83 


94 


33 


42 


50 


56 


67 


75 


25 


31 


38 


44 


50 


^t 


17 


21 


25 


29 


33 


38 


8M 


I loK 


12K 


14^ 


^^% 


18M 



12 cost 


$275 


$300 


$325 


$350 


$3 75 


$400 


$425 


11 cost 


2 52 


275 


2 98 


321 


3 44 


367 


389 


,10 cost 


229 


250 


2 73 


2 92 


3 13 


3 33 


3 54 


9 cost 


2 06 


225 


2 44 


263 


2 81 


300 


3 19 . 


8 cost 


183 


2 00 


2 17 


2 33 


2 56 


267 


283 


7 cost 


I 60 


I 75 


I 90 


2 04 


2 19 


2 33 


2 48 


6 cost 


138 


1 50 


163 


I 75 


1 88 


2 00 


2 13 


5 cost 


1 15 


I 25 


136 


146 


1 56 


167 


I 77 


4 cost 


92 


I 00 


109 


I 17 


I 25 


I 33 


I 42 


3 cost 


69 


75 


82 


88 


94 


I 00 


106 


2 cost 


46 


50 


55 


58 


63 


^1 


71 


I cost 


23 


25 


28 


29K 


3i^X 


33^3 


3551 



12 cost 


$4 50 


$4 75 


$500 


$525 


$5 50 1 


$5 75 


$600 


11 cost 


4 13 


423 


458 


481 


504 


527 


550 


ID cost 


3 75 


396 


4 17 


438 


458 


4 79 


500 


9 cost 


338 


356 


3 75 


3 94 


4 13 


431 


450 


8 cost 


300 


3 17 


3 33 


3 50 


367 


383 


400 


7 cost 


2 63 


277 


2 92 


306 


321 


3 35 


350 


6 cost 


2 25 


234 


2 50 


263 


275 


287 


300 


5 cost 


188 


I 98 


2 08 


2 19 


2 29 


.240 


2 50 


4 cost 


150 


158 


167 


1 75 


183 


192 


2 00 


^3 cost 


I 13 


I 19 


I 25 


I 31 


138 


144 


I 50 


2 cost 


75 


79 


83 


88 


92 


96 


I 00 


1 cost 


375^ 


39>^8 


41^/3 


43K 


46 


48 


50 



12 cost 


$625 


$650 


$675 


$700 


$725 


$750 


$776 


11 cost 


5 73 


596 


6 19 


642 


6 ts 


6 88 


7 II 


10 cost 


5 25 


542 


563 


583 


6 04 


625 


646 


9 cost 


469 


488 


5 06 


525 


5 44 


563 


581 


8 cost 


4 17 


4 33 


450 


467 


4 93 


500 


517 


7 cost 


365 


3 79 


3 94 


408 


4 23 


438 


452 


6 cost 


313 


325 


338 


3 50 


363 


3 75 


388 


5 cost 


2 60 


2 71 


g8i 


2 92 


302 


3 ^3 


323 


4 cost 


208 


2 17 


2 25 


2 33 


242 


2 50 


258 


3 cost 


156 


I 63 


169 


I 75 


181 


188 


194 


2 cost 


I 94 


I 08 


I 13 


I 17 


1 21 


I 25 


129 


1 cost 


52K8 


54K 


56K 


58K^ 60K 


62K 


64>< 



C 

o 



CO 
<D 
4^ 

CO 

■D 

rif 

"c 

3 



CO 

.E 
"o 
O 

c 

CD 
C 
O 
li- 

o 
o 

> 



227 



'H2 



::;: h 






hf) 5 






o N 2 
^ .0 



> 



-T! S i;5 c 'd <^ 

rt**- « c ^ o 
o o O bJOO " 

lOCM Ol.jj 10^ 

"-d -d ;h - fl 

^ r- fl <U O cj 

pSoooo<«o ^ 
' o *^ 1 ft "i^ t ^- 



•d 
o 

. l^ 

— ■ 1) 

M O 
-d ^ 

o ra 
- o c 

O •-' D 

o - 53 

W N ^ 



o d 



^ 



cj N C30 H 0\ moo vo ro in t^ m (»r> 



I'd 






;h 


;-i 


(U 


<u 


> 


> 










1/) 


w 


-d-d 


c 


C 



•dTi 



^ 
t 



u . . ^^ '" . u . '"^ . . '"^ "^ u ''^ u • u 






o o 



•si 





H.5 



3 iH rt ^ 3 « o bfl ^. <H t: t k^ fl i3 ci 






228 



.'.'V'.,^V!WP!Jj|ipppiM. 






(«3 2 "5 
•- 3 " ,/ " 

g w rt o'*^ 






to O ( 



o 00 H M fooo CO t^ -<h w ro 



tS^;^ 


















-^ ^^ o*d o «J *- »- 



3 »- 



^»-,j^-"tfl2(u.t; ex's '^■' G 
"►S«o3a^^"C3-4> 







w c »*- ^ -^ i^ 

'" OJ ' 






Pi 

CO 

H 



^ to g 
^ O 



a> 



a; 2^ c: ^H 






w o 






»^ C^ C/5 '1 



^T5 



'B ^^ 



cJ 



•4:; ,£5 P r-J 

gl-H (L) O 
"X^ ID "^ 'Td 






'o S 



O 73 

S (U ^ c^ 

^ t/5 <U "^ 

e: fi tf 

O rt .in* 

u G <L> 



229 

Gold and Silver Produced in the United 

States. 

The following estimate of the gold and silver produced 
in the United States, since the discovery of gold in 
California, is compiled from the official reports of the 
Director of the United States Mint : 



Year. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Total. 


184.Q 


$40,000,000 
50,000,000 
55,000,000 
60,000,000 
65,000,000 
60,000,000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
50,000,000 
50,000,000 
46,000,000 
43,000,000 
39,200,000 _ 
40,000,000 
46,100,000 
53,225,000 
53,500,000 
51,725,000 
48,000,000 
49,500,000 
50,000,000 
43,500,000 
36,000,000 
36^000,000 
33,490,902 
33,467,856 
39,429,166 
46,897,390 


$50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

50,000 

500,000 

100,000 

150,000 

2,000,000 

4,500,000 

8,500,000 

11,000,000 

11,250,000 

10,000,000 

13,500,000 

12,000,000 

12,000,000 

16,000,000 

23,000,000 

28,750,000 

35,750,000 

37,324,594 

31,727,560 

38,783,016 

39.793,573 


$40,050,000 
50,050,000 
55,050,000 
60,050,000 
65,050,000 
60,050,000 
55,050,000 
55,050,000 
55,050,000 
50,500,000 
50,100,000 
46,150,000 
45,000,000 
43,700,000 
48,500,000 
57,100,000 
64,475,000 
63,500,000 
65,225,000 
60,000,000 


iS^io 


i8';i 


i8';2 


x*^ 

iSi;^ 


JO 

1854 

iS^K 


18^6 


z,J 

18^7 


1858....:.,. 

'859.-. 

i860 


1861 


1862 


1863 


1864 


1865 


i866 


1867 


1868 


i86q 


61,500,000 
66,000,000 


1870 


1871 


66,500,000 
64,750,000 
71,750,000 
70,815,496 
65,195,416 
78,712,182 
86,690,963 


1872 


187^ 


1874 


1875 


1876 

1877.... 0..., 



230 

GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED IN THE 
UNITED STATES— (Continued). 



Year. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Total 


1878 - 


51,206,360 
38,899,858 
36,000,000 
34,700,000 
32,500,000 
30,000,000 
30,800,000 


45,281,385 
40,812,132 
38,450,000 
43,000,000 
46,800,000 
46,200,000 
48,800,000 


96,487,745 
79,711,990 
74,450,000 
77,700,000 
79,300,000 
76,200,000 
79,600,000 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 



Total Gold, $1,638,541,532. Silver, $645,972,290. 
Grand total, $2,296,508,702. 

Force Exerted by Dynamite. 

Nitro-glycerine and dynamite do not, when exploded, 
exert as much force as is popularly believed. To speak 
precisely, the power developed by the explosion of a ton 
of dynamite is equal to 45,675 foot-tons. One ton of 
nitro-glycerine similarly exploded will exert a po^ver of 
54,452 foot-tons; and one ton of blasting gelatine, simi- 
larly exploded, 71,050 foot-tons. These figures, although 
large, are not enormous, and need not excite terror. 
Seventy-one thousand tons of ordinary building stone, if 
arranged in the form of a cube, would measure only 
ninety feet on the side, and if it were possible to con- 
centrate the whole force of a ton of blasting gelatine at 
the moment of explosion on such a mass, the only effect 
would be to lift it to a height of a foot. The foregoing 
figures are derived from experiments made at Ardeer 
with an instrument that gives accurate results in measur- 
ing the force of explosives. 

It would seem that with age people outgrow the ten- 
dency to commit crime. Of 18,000 prisoners in New York 
State 10,000 of them are not more than 30 years of age, 
while probably 8,000 are under i^i^ years. 



231 



Lumber and Log Measurement at Sight. 

Showing net proceeds (fractions of feet omitted) of 
logs in I inch boards, deducting saw kerf and slabs. If 
the required dimension is not in the table, imite two 
or three suitable numbers together. The length will be 
found in the left hand column and the diameter in inches 
on the head of the other columns. 



Length, 
Feet. 

lo 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17...... 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 .. 

32 ....... 

33 '^ 

34.. 

35®-.--- 
36.. = ..,. 





a M 

rt „ 






1? 


i^ 
.^ « 




.2 I-" 


Q 


Q 


Q 


Q 


Q 


Q 


p 


Q 


23 


31 


40 


50 


62 


75 


90 


105 


25 


34 


44 


55 


69 


^3 


99 


116 


27 


37 


48 


61 


75 


91 


108 


126 


29 


40 


52 


66 


81 


98 


117 


137 


32 


43 


56 


71 


SS 


106 


126 


148 


34 


46 


60 


76 


94 


113 


135 


158 


3^ 


49 


64 


81 


100 


121 


144 


169^ 


3^ 


52 


68 


S6 


106 


128 


153 


179 


41 


55 


72 


91 


112 


136 


162 


190 


43 


5^ 


76 


96 


119 


143 


171 


201 


4b 


61 


80 


lOI 


12^ 


iSi 


180 


211 


48 


64 


84 


106 


131 


158 


189 


222 


50 


67 


Si<> 


III 


137 


166 


198 


232 


52 


70 


92 


116 


144 


174 


207 


243 


54 


74 


96 


122 


150 


181 


216 


254 


5^ 


77 


100 


127 


156 


189 


225 


264 


59 


80 


104 


132 


163 


196 


234 


274 


Pi 


^3 


108 


137 


169 


204 


243 


28s 


^3 


Hb 


112 


142 


175 


212 


252 


296 


65 


89 


116 


147 


182 


219 


261 


306 


68 


92 


120 


152 


188 


226 


270 


316 


70 


95 


124 


157 


193 


234 


279 


327 


72 


98 


128 


162 


200 


242 


288 


338 


74 


lOI 


132 


169 


206 


249 


297 


348 


77 


104 


136 


172 


212 


256 


306 


358 


79 


107 


140 


177 


219 


265 


315 


369 


81 


no 


144 


182 


224 


272 


324 


380 



■ ."■v»>^'T4Pr; ^' p'*. y^W'" 



232 

LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT— (Cont'ed/ 



Length, 
Feet. 






211 

225 

253 
267 
280 
293 
309 
323 
338 

351 
366 
380 

394 
408 
422 
436 
450 
464 
47S 

492 
506 



160 
176 
192 
208 
224 
240 
256 
272 
288 

304 
320 

336 
352 
368 

384 
400 
416 
432 
448 
464 
480 
496 
512 
528 

544 
560 
576 



180 
198 
217 
235 
253 
271 
2S9 
307 
325 
343 
361 

379 
397 
415 
433 
451 
370 
488 
506 
524 
542 
560 

596 
614 
632 
650 



5 ^ 



202 

223 

243 

263 
283 
303 
324 
344 
364 
384 
404 

425 
445 
465 
486 
506 
526 
546 
566 
586 
606 
627 
648 
668 
688 
708 
728 



.2 f< 



1^ 



5 10 P vo 



225 
248 
271 
293 
313 
336 
359 
383 
406 

429 
452 

473 
496 

519 
541 
562 
586 
606 
626 
649 
672 

695 

718 

742 
766 
789 
812 



250 

275 
300 

325 
350 

375 
400 

425 
450 

475 
500 

525 
550 

575 
600 
6 
650 

675 

700 

725 
750 

775 
800 
825 
850 

875 
900 



275 
302 

331 

358 
386 

413 

441 

46S 

496 

523 

550 

579 

605 

6 

662 

689 

716 

744 
772 

799 
826 

854 
882 
909 
936 
964 

992 



302 
333 
363 
393 
433 
453 
484 
514 
544 
574 
605 

635 
665 
695 
726 
756 
786 
826 
866 
886 
906 

937 

968 

998 



330 

363 
397 
430 
463 
496 

530 
563 
596 
630 
661 

693 

726 
760 

794 
827 
860 
893 
926 

959 

992 

1026 

1060 

1093 



1028I1126 
1058I1159 
1088I1192 



WTiate'er her rank, whate'er her lot. 
Where'er her influence ranges. 

The art to bless is ne'er forgot, 
The will to comfort never changes. 



There are two souls whose equal flow 
In gentle streams so calmly run 

That when they part — they part! ah, no? 
They cannot part; their souls are one. 



233 
LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT— (Cont'ed). 



Length, 
Feet, 






360 
396 
432 
468 

504 

540 

576 

612 

648 

68. 

720 

756 

792 

828 

864 

900 

936 

972 

1008 

1044 

1080 

1116 

1152 

1 188 

1224 

1260' 

1296 



5 ON 



391 
430 
469 
508 

547 
586 
625 
664 
703 
742 
782 
820 
860 
898 
93S 
977 
1016 

1055 
1094 

1133 
1172 
1211 

1250 
1289 
1328 

1367 
1406 






422 
465 
507 
549 

633 
676 

718 
761 
803 

345 

887 

930 
972 
1014 
1056 
1098 
1 140 
1182 
1224 
1266 
1309 
1352 
1394 
1436 

1479 
1522 






456 
502 
547 
592 
638 
683 
729 

774 
820 
865 
912 

957 
1004 
1049 
1094 

1 139 
1 184 
1230 
1276 
1321 
1366 
1412 

H58 
1503 
1548 
1594 
1640 



5 ^^ 



490 

539 
588 
627 
686 

735 
784 

333 
882 

931 

980 
1029 
1078 
1127 

1176 
1225 
1274 

1323 
1372 
1421 
1470 

1519 

1568 
1617 
1666 
1715 

1764I 



1^ 

.2 CO 

Q 



526 
578 
6 
684 

736 
789 
842 

895 
946 

999 
1052 
1 103 
1156 
1209 
1262 

1368 
1420 
1472 

1525 
1578 
1631 
1684 

1737 
1790 
1841 
1892 



562 
619 
675 

731 
781 
844 
900 

956 
1012 
1069 
1 125 
1181 
1238 
1295 
1350 
1406 
1462 
1518 

1574 
1631 
1688 

1744 
1800 
1856 
1912 
1968 
2024 



M% 



640 

704 

768 

832 

896 

960 

1024 

1088 

1 152 

1216 

1280 

1344 
1408 
1472 

153^ 
1 60a 
1664 
1728 
1792 
1856 
1920 
1984 
2048 
2112 



601 

66 1 
721 

781 

841 

901 

961 
1021 
1081 
1141 
1202 
1261 
1322 
1381 
1442 
1501 
1562 
1622 
1682 
1742 
1802 
1862 
1922 
1982 

2042 '2 1 76 
2102 2240 
21622304 



Save thy toiling, spare thy treasure. 
All I ask is friendship's pleasure; 
Let the shining orb lie darkling, 
Bring no gem in lustre sparkling. 

Gifts and gold are naught to me; 

I would only look on thee ! 



234 



LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

Square timber and scantling brought down to i inch 
board measure. Example : To find the number of feet 
in a beam 6xio and 24 feet in length, consult the table, 
and opposite 24 and under 6x10 you will find 120, the 
correct number of feet. 





DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 


Feet. 










2x4 


2x5 


2x6 


2x7 


2x8 


3>^3 


3x4 


3x5 


3x6 


6 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


8. 


5.6 


6. 


7.6 


9. 


7 


4.8 


5 10 


7. 


8.2 


9.4 


5.3 


7. 


8.910.6 


8 ..... 


5 4 


(y.'^ 


8 


9-4 


10 8 


6. 


8. 


10. 12. 


9 


6. 


1-^ 


9. 


10.6 


12. 


6.9 


9. 


II. 313.6 


10 


6.8 


8.4 


10. 


II. 8 


13.5 


7.6 


10. 


12.615. 


II . .. 0. . 


7-4 


9.2 


II, 


12. lO 


14.8 


S.3 


II. 


13. 916. 6 


12 


8, 


10. 


12. 


14. 


i6. 


9. 


12. 


15. 18. 


13 


^.^ 


10.10 


13 


15-2 


17.4 


9-9 


13. 


16.319.6 


14 


9-4 


II. 8 


14. 


16.4 


18.8 


10.6 


14. 


'7-^l^'v 


15 


10. 


12.6 


15. 


17.6 


20. 


II-3 


15. 


18.922.0 


16 


10.8 


13.4 


16. 


18.8 


21.4 


12. 


16. 


20. 24. 


17 


11.4 


14.2 


17. 


19. 1022.8 


12.9 


17^ 


21.325.6 


18 


12. 


15. 


18. 


21. 


24. 


13.6 


18. 


22.627. 


19 


12.8 


^5-'^ 


19. 


22.2 


25.4 


14.3 


19. 


23.928.6 


20 


13.4 


16.8 


20. 


23-4 


26.8 


15. 


20. 


25. 


30.^ 


21 


14. 


17.6 


21. 


24.6 


28. 


15.9 


21. 


26.3 


31.6 


22 


14.8 18.4 


22. 


25.8 


29.4 


16.6 


22. 


27.6 


33. 


23 


15. 419. 2 


23. 


26.10 


30.8 


'^3 


23. 


28.9 


34.6 


24 


16. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


18. 


24. 


30. 


3^v 


25 


16.8 


20.10 


25 = 


29.2 


33.4 


18.9 


25. 


31-3 


37.6 


30 


20. 


25. 


30. 


35. 


40. 


22.6 


30. 


37.6 


45. 


34 


22.8 


28.4 


34. 


39-3 


45.4 


25.6 


34. 


4.2.6 


51. 


40 


26.8 


33.4 


40. 


46.8 


53.4 


30. 


40. 


50. 


60. 


42 


28. 


35- 


42. 


49. 


56. 


31.6 


42. 


52.6 


63. 


^i 


29.4 


36.8 


44. 


51.4 


58.1 


33. 


44. 


55. 


66. 



235 



LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— 


[Continued), 




DIMENSIONS EACH 


WAY IN INCHES. 


F 


eet. 








7>^7 


3x8 


4x4 


4x5 


4x6 


4x7 


4x8 


4x9 


5x5 


6 


. . . . 10.6 


12. 


8. 


10. 


12. 


14. 


16. 


18. 


12.6 


7 


. ... 12.3 


14. 


9.4 


II. 8 


14. 


16.4 


18.8 


21. 


14.7 


8 


....14. 


16. 


10. 


13.4 


16, 


18,8 


21.4 


24. 


16.8 


9 


...15.9 


18 


12. 


15. 


18. 


21. 


24. 


27. 


18.9 


lO 


...17.6 


20. 


13.4 


16.8 


20. 


23.4 


26.8 


30. 


20.10 


II 


...19-3 


22. 


14.8 


18.4 


22. 


25.8 


29.4 


33. 


22.11 


12 


... 21. 


24. 


16. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


3^-o 


36. 


25. 


13 


. . . 22 . Q 


26. 


17.4 


21.8 


26. 


30.4 


34.8 


39. 


27.1 


14 


...24.6 


28. 


18.8 


23.4 


28. 


32.8 


37.4 


42. 


29.2 


15 


...26.3 


30. 


20.0 


25. 


30 


35. 


40 


45. 


31.3 


i6 


...28. 


32. 


21.4 


26.8 


32. 


37-4 


42.8 


48. 


33.4 


17 


...29.9 


^' 


22.8 


28.4 


34. 


39 ^ 


45-4 


51. 


35.5 


i8 


.•.31.6 


3^ 


24. 


^''•o 


3^ 


42. 


4^-o 


54. 


Z7.6 


19 


'"Z?>-2> 


38. 


24.4 


31.8 


38. 


44 4 


50.8 


57. 


39.7 


20 


...35. 


40. 


26.8 


33.4 


40. 


46.8 


53.4 


60. 


41.8 


21. 


...36.9 


42. 


28. 


35. 


42. 


49. 


5^-o 


63. 


43.9 


22. 


...38.6 


44. 


29.4 


36.8 


44. 


51.4 


58.8 


66. 


45.10 


23- 


...40.3 


46. 


30 8 


38.4 


46. 


53.8 


61.4 


69. 


47. IS 


24. 


.. 42. 


48. 


32. 


4^-. 


48. 


56. 


^•o 


72. 


50. 


25- 


...43-9 


50. 


33 4 


41.8 


50. 


58.4 


66.^ 


75. 


52.1 


30 


.. . 52.6 


60. 


4C). 


50. 


60. 


70. 


80. 


90. 


62.6 


34 


...59.6 


68. 


45.4 


58.8 


62>. 


79.4 


90.8 


102. 


70.10 


40 


...70. 


80. 


53. 


66.8 


80. 


93-4 


106.8 


120. 


83.4 


42 


...73.6 


84. 


56. 


70. 


84. 


98. 


112. 


126. 


87.6 


44 


...77. 


^^, 


58.8 


73-6 


88. 


102.8 


117. 4 


132. 


90.8 



There's one little tune you can play. 
That I fancy all others above. 

You learned it of" Cupid " one day; 
It begins with and ends with " I love.'* 



Deem it not an idle thing 

A pleasant word to speak; 
The face you wear, the thoughts you bring 

A heart may heal or break. 



236 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— (Continued), 





DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 


Feet. 






5x6 


5x7 


5x8 


6x6 


6x7 


6x8 


6x9 


6x10 


6 


'5-. 


17.6 


20. 


18. 


21. 


24. 


27. 


30. 


7 


17.6 


20.5 


23.4 


21. 


24.6 


28. 


31.6 


35. 


8 


20. 


23-4 


26.8 


24. 


28. 


32. 


36. 


40. 


9 


22.6 


26.3 


30. 


27. 


31.6 


36. 


40.6 


45. 


10 


^5v 


29.2 


33.4 


30- 


25-. 


40. 


45. 


50. 


II 


27.6 


32.1 


36.8 


33. 


38.6 


44- 


49.6 


55 « 


12 


^''•. 


35. 


40. 


36. 


42. 


48. 


H'. 


60. 


13 


32.6 


37.11 


43.4 


39. 


45-6 


^l- 


58.6 


65. 


14 


35. 


40.10 


46.8 


42. 


49. 


56. 


63- 


7^* 


15 


37.6 


43-9 


50. 


45. 


52.6 


60. 


67.6 


75. 


16 


40. 


46.8 


53-4 


48. 


56. 


64. 


72. 


80. 


17 


42.6 


49-7 


56.8 


51- 


59.6 


6^. 


76.6 


85. 


18- . . . 


45- 


52.6 


60. 


54- 


^3^ 


72. 


81. 


90. 


19 


47.6 


55.5 


63.4 


57. 


66.6 


76. 


85.6 


95. 


20 


50. 


58.4 


66.8 


60. 


70 


80. 


90. 


100. 


21 


52.6 


61.3 


70. 


^A- 


73-6 


84. 


94.6 


105. 


22 


55. 


64.2 


73.4 


66. 


77. 


88. 


99. 


no. 


23 


57.6 


67.1 


76.8 


69. 


80.6 


92 


103.6 


115. 


24 


60. 


70. 


80. 


72. 


^•. 


96. 


108. 


120. 


25 


62.6 


72.11 


83.4 


75. 


87.6 


100. 


112. 6 


125. 


30 


75. 


87.6 


100. 


90. 


105. 


120. 


135. 


150. 


34 


85. 


99.2 


113. 4 


102. 


119. 


136. 


153. 


170. 


40 


100. 


116. 8 


133.4 


120. 


140. 


160. 


180. 


200. 


42 


105. 


122.6 


140. 


126. 


147. 


168. 


189. 


210. 


44 


no. 


128.4 


146.8 


132. 


154. 


176. 


198. 


220. 



Oh, dearest of my hearty 
Of life itself you form a part 
I think, I dream, I pray for thee, 
Just as I hope you do for me. 



237 
LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. ' 

ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. 

For Plank, double or treble the product, as may be 
required. If a board or plank is longer or wider than 
the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbers 
together. The left-hand column contains the length in 
feet ; the width in inches heads each column. 



s 


g 6 In 


w 


7m w 


8 in 


w 


9 in 


W loInW 


iilnW 


12 fn W 






-1 ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


8 


... 4 





4 8 


5 


4 


6 





6 8 


7 


4 


8 


9 


... 4 


6 


5 3 


6 





6 


9 


7 6 


8 


3 


9 


lO 


... 5 





5 10 


6 


8 


7 


6 


8 4 


9 


2 


10 


ii 




6 


6 5 


7 


4 


8 


3 


9 2 


10 


I 


II 


12 


. . . 6 





7 


8 





9 





10 


II 





12 


13 


... 6 


6 


^ 7 


8 


8 


9 


9 


10 10 


II 


II 


13 


14 


... 7 





8 2 


9 


4 


10 


6 


II 8 


12 


10 


14 


15 


... 7 


6 


8 9 


10 





II 


3 


12 6 


13 


9 


15 


i6 


... 8 





9 4 


10 


8 


12 





13 4 


14 


8 


16 


17 


... 8 


6 


9 II 


II 


4 


12 


9 


14 2 


15 


7 


17 


18 


... 9 





10 6 


12 





13 


6 


15 


16 


6 


18 


19 


.. 9 


6 


II I 


12 


8 


14 


3 


15 10 


17 


5 


19 ^0 


20 


.. 10 





II 8 


13 


4 


15 





16 8 


18 


4 


20 


21 


. . 10 


6 


12 3 


14 





15 


9 


17 6 


19 


3 


21 


22 


. . II 





12 10 


14 


8 


16 


6 


18 4 


20 


2 


22 


23 


.. II 


6 


13 5 


15 


4 


17 


3 


19 2 


21 


I 


23 


24 


. . 12 





14 


16 





18 





20 


22 





24 


25 


. . 12 


6 


14 7 


16 


8 


18 


9 


20 10 


22 


II 


25 


26 


.. 13 





15 2 


17 


4 


19 


6 


21 8 


23 


10 


26 


""l 


.. 13 


6 


'§ 9 


18 





20 


3 


22 6 


24 


9 


27 


28 


.. 14 





16 4 


18 


8 


21 





23 4 


25 


8 


28 


29 


.. 14 


6 


16 II 


19 


4 


21 


9 


24 2 


26 


7 


29 


30 


.. 15 





17 6 


20 





22 


6 


25 


27 


6 


30 


31 


•• '1 


6 


18 I 


20 


8 


23 


3 


^5 '2 


28 


5 


31 


32 


.. 16 





18 8 


21 


4 


24 





26 8 


29 


4 


32 


33 


.. 16 


6 


19 3 


22 





24 


9 


27 6 


30 


3 


33 


34 


.. 17 





19 10 


22 


8 


^5 


6 


28 4 


31 


2 


34 


35 


.. 17 


6 


20 5 


23 


4 


26 


3 


29 2 


32 


I 


35 


36. 


.. 18 





21 


24 





27 





30 


33 





36 



2X6 



pMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 

( Continued. ) 





isinW i4inW 


151" 


w 


16 ir 


iW 


ijinW 


18 in W 


ipinW 


w o 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


8... 


8 8 


9 4 


10 





10 


8 


II 4 


12 





12 8 


9... 


9 9 


10 6 


II 


3 


12 





12 9 


13 


6 


14 3 


10... 


10 10 


II 8 


12 


6 


13 


4 


14 2 


15 





15 10 


II... 


II 11 


12 10 


13 


9 


14 


8 


15 7 


16 


6 


17 5 


12... 


13 


14 


15 





16 





17 


18 





19 


13..- 


14 I 


^\ ^ 


16 


3 


^l 


4 


18 5 


19 


6 


20 7 


I \.. 


15 2 


16 4 


17 


6 


18 


8 


19 10 


21 





22 2 


ly... 


16 3 


17 6 


18 


9 


20 





21 3 


22 


6 


^Z 9 


16... 


17 4 


18 8 


20 





21 


4 


22 8 


24 





25 4 


17... 


18 5 


19 10 


21 


3 


22 


8 


24 I 


25 


6 


26 II 


18... 


19 6 


21 


22 


6 


24 





25 6 


27 





28 6 


19... 


20 7 


22 2 


23 


9 


^5 


4 


26 II 


28 


6 


30 I 


20... 


21 8 


23 4 


^§ 





26 


8 


28 4 


30 





31 8 


21... 


22 9 


24 6 


26 


3 


28 





29 9 


31 


6 


33 3 


22... 


23 10 


25 8 


27 


6 


29 


4 


31 2 


33 





34 10 


23... 


24 II 


26 10 


28 


9 


30 


8 


32 7 


34 


6 


36 5 


24... 


26 


28 


30 





32 





34 


36 





38 


25... 


27 I 


29 2 


31 


3 


33 


4 


35 5 


37 


6 


3y T 


26... 


28 2 


30 4 


32 


6 


34 


8 


36 10 


39 





41 2 


27,.. 


29 3 


3' ^ 


33 


9 


36 





38 3 


40 


6 


42 9 


28, -. 


30 4 


32 8 


35 





37 


4 


39 8 


42 





44 4 


29... 


31 5 


33 10 


36 


3 


38 


8 


41 I 


43 


6 


45 II 


30... 


32 6 


35 


37 


6 


40 





42 6 


45 





47 6 


31... 


33 7 


36 2 


38 


9 


41 


6 


44 


46 


6 


49 


32... 


34 8 


37 4 


40 





42 


6 


45 6 


48 





50 6 


33... 


35 9 


38 6 


41 


3 


44 





46 6 


49 


6 


52 


34... 


30 10 


39 8 


42 


6 


45 


6 


48 


51 





54 


35... 


37 II 


40 10 


43 


9 


46 


6 


49 6 


52 


6 


55 6 


36... 


39 


42 


45 





48 





51 


54 





57 



239 
LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 

( Contimied. ) 



Feet Long. 



iW 



13 
15 
16 
18 
20 
21 
23 
25 
26 
28 
30 
31 

33 
35 
l^ 
38 
40 

41 
43 
45 
46 
48 
50 
51 
53 
55 
56 
58 
60 



21 in W 



ft. 



14 O 

15 9 
17 6 

19 3 

21 o 



8 22 



24 6 

26 3 

28 o 

29 9 
31 6 
33 3 

35 o 

36 9 



>mW 



ft. 



38 
40 

42 

43 

45 

47 

49 

50 

51 

54 

56 

57 

59 6 

61 o 

63 o 



14 8 

16 6 

18 4 

20 2 

22 o 

23 10 
25 



i 



27 o 
29 4 
31 2 
33 o 
3410 
36 " 



38 6 
40 4 
42 2 

44 o 

45 10 
47 



23 in W 



ft. in. 



15 4 
17 3 

19 2 
21 I 

23 o 

24 II 
26 10 
28 9 
30 8 
32 7 
34 6 



24in W 



ft. in. 



36 
38 
40 
42 

44 
46 

47 II 
49 10 
51 9 
53 8 
55 7 
57 
59 
61 

63 
65 
67 



16 o 
18 o 
20 o 

22 O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 
O 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 



24 
26 
28 

30 
32 

34 

38 

40 
42 

44 
46 

48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 
60 
62 
64 
66 
6^ 
70 
72 



25 in W 



ft. in. 



16 8 
18 9 
20 10 

22 II 



25 
27 
29 

31 

33 

35 

39 

41 

43 



45 10 
47 II 
50 o 



52 
54 
56 
58 
60 
62 
64 
66 
68 
70 
73 
75 



'*:TT:??!fJ^?Sf^ 



240 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

Square Timber- and Scaiiilmg — Measurement at Sight. 
Dimensions in inches head each column, and the length 
will be found in the left-hand column. If the required 
dimensions cannot be found in the table, add two lengths 
or breadths together, or take part of some length or 
breadth, as the case may require. 



^ 


Dimensions Each Way in Inches. 




6. II 6.12 


1^1 


7.8 


7-9 


7.10 


7. II 


7.12 


8.8 


6 


33. 


36. 


24. 6 


28. 


31.6 


35- 


38. 6 


42. 


32. 


7 


z^.(^ 


^l' 


28. 7 


32.8 


36.9 


40.10 


41. II 


49. 


37-4 


8 


44. 


48. 


32. 8 


37-4 


42. 


46. 8 


55. 4 


56. 


42.8 


9 


49-6 


54. 


36. 9 


42. 


47.3 


52. 6 


57. 9 


63- 


48. 


10 


55- 


60. 


40.10 


46.8 


52.6 


58. 4 


64. 2 


70. 


53-4 


II 


60.6 


66. 


40.11 


51.4 


57-9 


64. 2 


70. 7 


77- 


5B.8 


12 


66. 


72. 


49- 


56. 


63. 


70. 


77. 


84. 


64. 


13 


71.6 


78. 


53. I 


60.8 


68.3 


75.10 


83. 5 


9i' 


69.4 


24 


77. 


84. 


57. 2 


65.4 


73.6 


81. 8 


89.10 


98. 


74.8 


15 


82.6 


90. 


61. 3 


70. 


78.9 


%1. 6 


96. 3 


105. 


80. 


16 


%%. 


96. 


64. 4 


74.8 


l^' 


93- 4 


102. 8 


112. 


85.4 


17 


93-6 


102. 


69. 5 


79.4 


89.3 


99. 2 


109. I 


119. 


90.8 


18 


99. 


108. 


n^ 6 


84. 


94.6105. 


115. 6 


126. 


96. 


19 


104.6 114. 


77. 7 


^'^.'^ 


99.9110. 10 


121. II 


133- 


101.4 


20 


no. 120. 


81. 8 


93.4 


105. 


116. 8 


128. 4 


140. 


106.8 


21 


115. 6126. 


85. 9 


98. 


no 3 


122. 6 


134. 9 


147. 


112. 


22 


121. 132. 


89.10 


102.8 


115. 6 


128. 5 


141. 2 


154. 


117.4 


23 


126.6138. 


93.11 


107.4 


120.9 


134. 2 


147. 7 


161. 


122.8 


24 


132. 


144- 


98. 


112. 


126. 


140. 


154. 


168. 


128. 


26 


143. 


156. 


106.2 


121. 4 


136.6 


151. 8 


166.10 


182. 


138.8 


28 


154. 


168. 


114. 4 


130.8 


147. 


163. 


179. 8 


196. 


148.8 


30 


165. 


180. 


122.6 


140. 


157-6 


175. 


192. 6 


210. 


160. 


32 


176. 


192. 


128.8 


149.4 


168. 


186. 8 


205. 4 


224. 


170.8 



241 



LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 






( Continued. ) 




Dimensions Each Way in Inches. 


Feet. 






8.9 


8.10 


8. II 


8.12 


9.9 


9.10 


9. II 


9.12 


6 


l6~ 


40. 


44. 


48. 


40.6 


45 V 


49.6 


54. 


7 


42. 


46.8 


51-4 


56. 


47.3 


52.6 


57.9 


63. 


8 


48. 


53-4 


58.8 


64. 


54- 


60. 


66. 


72. 


9 


54. 


60. 


66. 


72. 


60.9 


6'].6 


74.3 


81. 


10 


60. 


(i(>.Z 


73.4 


80. 


67.6 


IS- 


82.6 


90. 


II. , 


66. 


73-4 


80.8 


'^Z. 


74.3 


82.6 


90.9 




12 


72. 


80. 


^%. 


96. 


81. 


90. 


99. 


108. 


13 


78. 


86.8 


95.4 


104. 


87.9 


97.6 


107.3 117. 


14 


84- 


93-4 


102.8 


112. 


94.6 


105, 


115. 6.126. 


15. 


90. 


100. 


no. 


120. 


101.3 


112. 6 


123.9135. 


16 


96. 


106.8 


117. 4 


128. 


108. 


120. 


132. 144. 


17 


102. 


113. 4 


124.8 


136. 


II4-9 


127.6 


140.3153. 


18 


108. 


120. 


132. 


144. 


121. 6 


135. 


148.6162. 


19 


114. 


126.8 


139.4 


152. 


128,3 


142.6 


156.9171. 


20 


120. 


133-4 


146.8 


160. 


135. 


150. 


165. 180. 


21 


126. 


140. 


154. 


168. 


141. 9 


157.6 


173.3189. 


22 _ 


132. 


146.8 


161. 4 


176. 


148.6 


165. 


181. 6 198. 


23 


138. 


153-4 


168.8 


184. 


155.3 


172.6 


189.9207. 


24 


144. 


160. 


176. 


192. 


162. 


180. 


198. 216. 


26 


156. 


173.4 


190.8 


208. 


175.6 


195.2 


214.6234. 


28 


168 „ 


186.8 


205.4 


224. 


189. 


210. 


231. 252. 


30 


180. 


200. 


220. 


240. 


202.6 


225. 


247.6270. 


32 


192. 


213.8 


234.8 


256. 


216. 


240. 


264. 288. 



Strength of Ice of Various Thicknesses. 

Ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on. 

Ice four inches thick will bear horses and riders. 

Ice six inches thick will bear teams with moderate 
loads. 

Ice eight inches thick will bear teams with very heavy 
loads 

Ice ten inches thick will sustain a pressure of 1,000 
pounds per square foot. 



242 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 
( Continued. ) 





Dimensions Each Way in Inches. 


FttvtI 




10.10 


10. II 


10.12 


II. II 


II. 12 


12.12 


12.13 


12.14 


6 


... 50. 


55. 


60. 


60.6 


66. 


72. 


78. 


84. 


7 


... 58.4 


64. 2 


70. 


70.7 


77. 


84. 


91. 


98. 


8 


. .. 66. Z 


n^ 4 


80. 


80.8 


%%, 


96. 


104. 


112. 


9 


•.. 1S^ 


86. 6 


90. 


90.9 


99. 


108. 


117. 


126. 


lO 


-. 83.4 


91. 8 


100. 


100.10 


no. 


120. 


130. 


140. 


n 


.. 91.8 


100.10 


no. 


no. II 


121. 


132 


143. 


154. 


12 


.. 100. 


no. 


120. 


121. 


132. 


144. 


156. 


168. 


13 


.. 108.4 


119. 2 


130. 


131. 1 


143. 


156. 


169. 


182. 


14 


.. 116. 8 


128. 4 


140. 


141. 2 


154. 


168. 


182. 


196. 


15 


.. 125. 


137. 6 


150. 


151. 3 


165. 


180. 


195. 


210. 


i6 


.. 133.4 


146. 8 


160. 


161. 4 


176. 


192. 




224. 


17 


.. 141. 8 


155.10 


170. 


171. 5 


187 


204. 


221. 


238. 


18. 


.®. 150. 


165. 


180. 


181. 6 


198 


216. 


234. 


252. 


19. 


.. 158.4 


174. 2 


190. 


191. 7 


209. 


228. 


247. 


266. 


20. 


.. 16^.8 


183. 4 


200. 


201.8 


220. 


240. 


260. 


280. 


21. 


.. 175. 


192. 6 


210. 


211. 9 


231. 


252. 


^73- 


294. 


22. 


.. 183.4 


201. 8 


220. 


221.10 


242. 


264. 


286. 


308. 


23. 


.. 191. 8 


210.10 


230. 


231. II 


253. 


276. 


299. 


322. 


24. 


. . 200. 


220. 


240. 


242. 


264. 


288. 


312. 


336. 


z6. 


.. 216.8 


238. 4 
256. 8 


260. 


262.2 


286. 


312. 


338. 


364. 


28, 


..233.8 


280. 


282.4 


308. 


336. 


364. 


392. 


30- 


. . 250. 


275. 6 


300. 


302.6 


330. 


370. 


390. 


420. 


32- 


.. 266.8 


293- 4 


320. 


322.8 


352. 


384. 


416. 


448. 



The Savannah was the first steam-propelled vessel that 
crossed the Atlantic. She was American built, 380 tons 
burden, and in 1819 sailed first to Savannah fr^om New 
^ork, thence direct to Liverpool, where she arrived in 
iighteen days, seven of which she used steam. From 
Liverpool she proceeded to Copenhagen, and to St. Peters- 
burg. ^ 



243 
Timber Measurement Table, 

Showing the cubical contents (fractions of feet omitted) 
of round logs, masts, spars, etc. Length of log is 
shown [in left-hand column. Diameter is shown at 
the head of column. If. the desired dimensions are 
not shown, double some numbers. 



L. 


ft. 10 


II 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 


8 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


10 


II 


12 


14 


16 


9 


..* 5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


II 


12 


14 


16 


18 


lO 


... 5 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


II 


6 




8 


10 


12 


13 


16 


17 


19 


2£ 


12 


6 


8 


9 


II 


13 


15 


'Z 


19 


21 


24 


13 


... 7 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


23 


26 


14 


• . . 7 


9 


II 


13 


15 


17 


19 


22 


^§ 


28 


15 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


21 


23 


26 


30 


i6 


.. 9 


II 


12 


14 


17 


20 


22 


25 


28 


32 


^l 


9 


II 


13 


16 


18 


21 


24 


""l 


30 


r33 


i8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


19 


22 


25 


28 


32 


35 


19 


10 


13 


15 


17 


21 


23 


27 


30 


33 


Z7 


20 


II 


13 


16 


18 


21 


25 


28 


31 


35 


39 


21 


II 


14 


16 


19 


22 


26 


29 


33 


Z1 


41 


22 


12 


15 


17 


20 


23 


27 


31 


35 


39 


43 


23 


12 


16 


18 


21 


24 


28 


32 


36 


41 


45 


24 


.. 13 


16 


19 


22 


26 


30 


34 


38 


42 


47 


25 


.. 14 


17 


20 


23 


27 


31 


35 


39 


44 


49 


26 


.. 14 


17 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


41 


46 


51 


27 


.. 15 


18 


21 


25 


29 


ZZ 


38 


42 


48 


53 


28 


.. 15 


18 


22 


26 


30 


35 


39 


44 


49 


55 


29. 


.. 16 


19 


23 


27 


31 


Z^ 


41 


45 


51 


57 


30. 


.. 16 


20 


24 


28 


32 


Z7 


42 


47 


53 


1^ 


31. 


.. 17 


20 


24 


29 


ZZ 


38 


43 


48 


55 


61 


32 


.. 17 


21 


25 


29 


34 


40 


45 


50 


57 


63 


33. 


.. 18 


22 


26 


30 


35 


41 


46 


52 


58 


65 


34. 


.. 19 


22 


27 


3x 


36 


42 


48 


53 


60 


67 


35. 


•• ^.^9 


23 


28 


32 


37 


43 


49 


55 


62 * 69 


36. 


. . 20 


24 


28 


33 


39 


44 


50 


57 


64 71 



244 
TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— (Continued). 



L. Ft. 



20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


17 


19 


21 


23 


25 


27 


29 


32 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


31 


33 


36 


22 


24 


26 


29 


31 


34 


37 


40 


24 


26 


29 


32 


35 


37 


41 


43 


2b 


29 


32 


34 


3^ 


41 


44 


47 


28 


31 


34 


37 


41 


44 


48 


51 


31 


34 


37 


40 


44 


48 


52 


55 


33 


3b 


40 


43 


47 


51 


55 


59 


35 


3« 


42 


46 


50 


55 


59 


63 


37 


41 


45 


49 


53 


5« 


^3 


68 


39 


43 


48 


52 


57 


61 


66 


72 


41 


45 


50 


55 


60 


^5 


70 


75 


44 


48 


53 


5« 


63 


68 


74 


79 


46 


SO 


55 


61 


66 


71 


77 


«3 


48 


53 


5« 


64 


69 


75 


81 


«7 


50 


5S 


6i 


66 


72 


7^ 


«S 


91 


52 


5« 


63 


69 


75 


82 


88 


9S 


54 


60 


66 


72 


79 


«5 


92 


99 


57 


63 


69 


75 


82 


89 


96 


103 


59 


65 


71 


7« 


^5 


92 


99 


107 


61 


67 


74 


81 


88 


95 


103 


III 


63 


70 


77 


84 


91 


99 


107 


115 


65 


72 


79 


86 


94 


102 


no 


119 


68 


75 


82 


89 


98 


106 


114 


123 


70 


77 


«5 


92 


100 


109 


ir8 


127 


72 


79 


«7 


95 


104 


112 


121 


130 


74 


82 


90 


98 


107 


116 


125 


135 


76 


84 


93 


lOI 


no 


119 


129 


139 


79 


^b 


95 


104 


113 


123 


133 


143 



Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean. 

The greatest depth which has been ascertained by 
sounding i? 25,720 feet, or 4,620 fathoms. The average 
depth between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south i*" 
almost three miles. 



245 
TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— (Continued). 



L. Ft. 



29 


30 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


3^ 


37 


39 


42 


45 


48 


50 


53 


57 


41 


44 


47 


50 


53 


57 


60 


64 


46 


49 


52 


56 


59 


63 


67 


71 


50 


53 


.57 


61 


65 


69 


73 


77 


.S5 


58 


62 


67 


71 


76 


80 


^5 


60 


63 


68 


72 


77 


82 


^7 


92 


64 


68 


73 


7^ 


^3 


88 


94 


99 


69 


73 




84 


89 


95 


100 


106 


73 


7^ 


^3 


89 


95 


lOI 


107 


113 


78 


^3 


8q 


95 


lOI 


107 


114 


121 


82 


88 


94 


100 


106 


114 


120 


128 


87 


93 


99 


106 


112 


120 


127 


135 


91 


98 


105 


112 


118 


126 


134 


142 


96 


103 


III 


117 


124 


132 


140 


149 


loi 


109 


lib 


123 


130 


139 


147 


156 


105 


113 


121 


128 


136 


145 


154 


163 


III 


118 


127 


134 


143 


151 


160 


170 


116 


123 


131 


139 


149 


15^ 


167 


178 


120 


128 


137 


145 


154 


164 


174 


1^5 


125 


133 


142 


151 


160 


170 


180 


192 


129 


136 


147 


156 


166 


177 


187 


198 


134 


143 


153 


162 


172 


1^3 


194 


206 


I3« 


148 


158 


168 


177 


189 


200 


213 


143 


152 


1^3 


173 


182 


195 


207 


220 


148 


157 


169 


178 


188 


202 


214 


227 


152 


162 


174 


184 


194 


208 


220 


234 


157 


167 


179 


190 


200 


214 


227 


241 


161 


172 


182 


196 


205 


220 


234 


248 


1 6b 


177I 


190 


201 


212 


227 


240 


255 



The following shows weight required to tear asunder 
bars one inch square of the following material : 
• Oak, ^Ve tons; Fir, 5^ tons; Cast Iron, 7^ tons j 
Wrought iron, 10 tons; Wrought Copper, 15 tons; Eng- 
lish Bar Iron, 25 tons; American Iron, 37/2 tons; Blis- 
tered Steel, 59>2 tonso 



246 

LrOgs Reduced to Running Board Measure, 
Reduced to One Inch Board Measure. 



Logs 



If the log is longer than is contained in the table, take any two 
lengths. 

The first column on the left gives the length of the log in feet. 
The figures under D denote the diameters of the logs in inches. 
Fractional parts of inches are not given. 

The diameter of timber is usually taken 20 feet from the butt 
All logs short of 20 feet, take the diameter at the top or small end. 

To find the number of feet of boards which a log will produce 
when sawed, take the length of feet in the first column on the left 
hand, and the diameter at the top of the page in inches. 

Suppose a log 12 feet | long and 24 inches in diameter. In the 
l«fthand column is the length, and opposite 12 under 24 is 300, 
the number of feet of boards in a log of that length and diameter. 



li 


D. 


D. 


D, 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D 


D. 


D. 


D. 

24 


^2 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


.'17 


18 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


TO. . 


^54 


66 


76 


93 


104 


107 


137 


154 


179 


194 


210 


237 


256 


II.. 


59 


72 


83 


102 


114 


131 


151 


169 


196 


213 


231 


261 


270 


12. . 


64 


78 


90 


III 


124 


143 


164 


184 


213 


232 


252 


285 


300 


13- . 


69 


84 


97 


120 


134 


154 


177 


199 


231 


251 


273 


308 


327 


14.. 


74 


90 


104 


129 


144 


166 


191 


214 


249 


270 


293 


332 


350 


IS : 


79 


96 


III 


138 


154 


177 


204 


229 


266 


289 


314 


355 


376 


16.. 


84 


102 


118 


146 


164 


189 


217 


244 


284 


308 


335 


379 


401 


17.. 


89 


108 


126 


155 


173 


200 


231 


259 


301 


327 


356 


402 


426 


18.. 


94 


114 


133 


164 


183 


212 


244 


274 


319 


346 


377 


426 


451 


19.. 


99 


121 


140 


173 


193 


223 


257 


289 


336 


365 


398 


449 


477 


20. . 


104 


127 


147 


182 


203 


236 


271 


304 


354 


384 


419 


473 


SOI 


21.. 


109 


133 


154 


191 


213 


247 


284 


319 


371 


403 


440 


497 


527 


22. . 


114 


139 


161 


200 


223 


259 


297 


334 


389 


422 


461 


520 


5|o 


23.. 


119 


145 


168 


209 


233 


270 


311 


349 


407 


441 


481 


542 


568 


24.. 


124 


151 


176 


218 


243 


282 


325 


364 


424 


46a 


502 


568 


^'l 


25 • 


129 


157 


183 


227 


253 


293 


337 


379 


442 


479 


523 


591 


628 


26.. 


134 


163 


190 


236 


263 


305 


350 


394 


459 


498 


544 


615 


653 


27.. 


139 


169 


197 


245 


273 


316 


363 


409 


477 


517 


565 


63Q 


678 


28.. 


144 


175 


204 


254 


283 


328 


376 


424 


4^4 


536 


586 


663 


703 


29.. 


149 


181 


211 


263 


293 


339 


389 


439 


512 


555 


607 


687 


728 


30.. 


154 


187 


218 


272 


303 


351 


402 


454 


529 


574 


628 


711 


753 


3i- 


159 


193 


225 


281 


313 


362 


415 


469 


547 


593 


649 


735 


778 



If we're right we can't be hurt by the truth, and if we ain't right 
we ought to be hurt righteously. 

You show me a man who keeps the Sabbath day holy and I'l^ 
jjhow you a man that's a Christian all the week. 



247 

LOGS REDUCED TO RUNNING BOARD MEASURE, ETC. — Continued^ 



% 


^D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


D. 


'M^ 


Sx as 
. . . 283 


26 
309 


27 

339 


28 
359 


29 

377 


30 

407 


31 
440 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


xo 


456 


486 


496 


543 


573 


II 


... 311 


340 


374 


396 


415 


447 


484 


502 


535 


546 


598 


630 


12 


... 340 


371 


408 


432 


453 


489 


528 


548 


584 


596 


653 


688 


13 


... 369 


404 


442 


469 


491 


530 


572 


594 


633 


646 


708 


746 


«4 


..• 397 


435 


476 


505 


529 


571 


618 


640 


682 


696 


762 


803 


15 


. . . 426 


465 


511 


541 


567 


612 


662 


686 


731 


746 


817 


861 


16 


• . 455 


496 


545 


578 


605 


653 


706 


732 


780 


796 


872 


919 


17 


.. 483 


527 


579 


614 


643 


694 


75Tf 


778 


829 


846 


927 


976 


18 


... 512 


558 


613 


650 


681 


735 


795 


824 


878 


896 


981 


1034 


19 


... 541 


590 


647 


688 


719 


776 


839 


870 


927 


946 


1036 


1092 


so 


... 569 


621 


681 


724 


757 


817 


884 


916 


976 


996 


1091 


1 148 


21 


.. 598 


652 


716 


760 


796 


859 


928 


962 1025 


1046 


1146 


1206 


22 


.. 627 


684 


750 


796 


834 


900 


972 


1008 1 1074 


1096 


1200 


1264 


23 


.. 655 


715 


784 


833 


872 


941 


1017 


1054 1123 1146 


1255 


1318 


24 


.. 684 


746 


818 


889 


910 


982 


1061 


1100J1172I1196 


1310 


1376 


25 


.. 713 


777 


^53 


906 


948 


1023 


1 105 


1146 122 1 2246 


1365 


1434 


26 


.. 742 


808 


887 


' 942 


986 


1064 


1149 


ii92'i27o'i296 


1420 


1492 


27 


.. 771 


839 


921 


97Q 


1024 


1 105 


"93 


1238 1319 1346 


1475 


1550 


28 


.. 800 


870 


955 


1015 


1062 


1146 


1237 


1284 1368 1396 


1530 


1608 


29, 


.. 829 


901 


989 1052 


1100 


1187 


1281 


133014171446 


1585 


1666 


30 


.. 858 


932 


1023 1088 


1138 


1228 


1325 


137614661I496 


1640 


1724 


31- 


... 887 


963 


10571125 


1176 


1269 


1369 


1422^15151546 


1695 


1782 



Stock Brokers* Technicalities. 



A Bull is one who operates to depress the value of stocks, that 
he may buy for a rise. 

A Bear is one who sells stocks for future delivery, which he does 
not own at the time of sale, 

A Corner is when the Bears cannot buy or borrow the stock to 
deliver in fulfillment of their contracts. 

Overloaded is when the Bulls cannot take and pay for the stock 
they have purchased. 

Short is when a person or party sells stocks when they have 
none, and expect to buy or borrow in time to deliver. 

Long is when a person or party has a plentiful supply of stocks. 

A Pool or Ring is a combmation formed to control prices. 

A broker is said to carry stocks for his customer when he has 
bought and is holdir g it for his account. 

A Wash is a pretended sale by special agreement between buyer 
and seller, for the purpose of getting a quotation reported. 

\ A Put and Call is when a person gives so much per cent, for the 
option of buying or selling so much stock on a certain day, at a 
orice fixed the day the option is given. 



248 

Board and Plank Measurement at Sight. 



This table gives the Sq. Ft. and In. in Board from 6 to 25 inches 
wide and from 8 to 36 feet long. If a board be longer than 36 ft^ 
lanite two numbers. Thus, if a board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide, 
add 30 and 10 and you have 53 ft. 4 in. For 2 m. plank double 
the product. 



' 


6 in. 17 in. 


8 in. 


9 in. 


loiin. 


II m. 


12 in. 113 in. 


14 in. 


15 in. 


Feet 
Long. 


W 




W. 


W 




v; 




W. 


W 




W 


• 


W. 


W. 


W. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. j ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


8 


4 





4 8 


5 


4 


6 





6 8 


7 


4 8 





8 8 


9 4 


10 


9 


4 


6 


5 3 


6 





6 


9 


7 6 


8 


3 9 





9 910 6 


II 3 


10 


«> 





5 10 


6 


8 


7 


6 


« 4 


9 


210 


10 lOjII « 


12 6 


II 


S 


6 


6 ,S 


7 


4 


8 


3 


9 2 


10 


III 


on 11 


12 10 


12 9 


12 


6 





7 


8 





q 


10 


II 


o|l2 


013 


14 


"I "" 


13 

14 


6 


6 


7 7 


8 


8 


9 


9,10 lojii 


11,13 


014 I 


15 2 


lb 3 


7 





8 2 


q 


4 


10 


611 8|l2 


IOI4 


015 2 


16 417 


15 




6 


8 9' 10 





11. 


3 


12 6'i3 


9-15 


o^ib 3 


17 618 9 


16 


8 





9 4|io 


8 


12 





13 414 


8,15 


0,17 4 


18 8j2o 


17 


8 


6 


9 mil 


4 


12 


9 


14 2|i5 


7!i7 


o|i8 5 


19 IO|2I 3 


18 








10 6|l2 





13 


6 


15 0,16 


6^18 


0,19 621 0.22 


19...... 

20 


q 


6 


II 112 


8 


14 


3 


15 1017 


5,19 


020 7|22 2J23 9 


TO 





11 8I13 


4 


15 


016 8;i8 


420 


0:21 823 425 


21 


TO 


6 


12 3H 





15 


917 619 


321 


022 9'24 6,26 3 

023 1025 8 27 6 

024 11^26 1028 9 


22 


n 





12 10 14 


8 


16 


6.18 4j20 


2i22 


23 

24 


TT 


6 


13 5ii5 


4 


17 


3ji9 2.21 


123 


12 





14 016 





18 


oj2o 022 


024 


026 0:28 030 


25 

26 


T?, 


6 


14 716 


8 


i8 


9 20 10] 22 


II25 


027 i|29 2J31 3 


T3 





15 217 


4 


iq 


621 823 


10 26 


028 230 432 6 
o|29 3I31 6,33 9 


ll:::::: 


T? 


6 


15 918 





20 


3122 624 


9,27 


T4 





16 4|i8 


8 


21 


o|23 425 


8,28 





30 4132 »[35 

31 5 33 1036 3 

32 6;35 037 6 


29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

It::::: 


14 


6 


16 ii|i9 


4 


21 


924 2,26 


729 





Tt; 





17 620 





22 


625 027 


t)i30 





T"; 


6|i8 i;20 


8 


23 


3:25 1028 


5'3i 





33 7:36 238 9 


t6 


018 8,21 


4 


24 


0*26 8 29 


432 


0134 »,37 4;40 


16 

17 


6!io ^ 22 





24 
25 


927 630 
628 431 


333 


0,35 938 6 


4A i 


o!i9 lo 22 


8 


234 


0I36 10 39 8 


42 6 


T7 


620 5'23 


4 


26 


3 29 2 32 


1:35 


037 1 1 40 10 


43 9 


18 


I 0^24 





27 


0J30 0^33 


Oj3*> 


039 0|42 


45 



The infidelity that hurts is the infidelity of the man who makes 
out that he's on God's side, and then won't live up. 

Find me a man preparing himself to hear the gospel and I can 
ihow you a man that is going to be benefited by the gospel 



249 

BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT. — Continued. 



Feet 
Long. 



:6 in. 17 in. 18 in. 19 in. 20 in. 21 in. 122 in. 2^ in. 24 in. 25 m. 

w. w. w. w. w. w. I w. w. w. w. 



ft. in. 



ft. in. 



ft. in. 



ft. 



m. 



ft. in. 



ft. in. ft. in. 



ft.i 



ft.i 



9- 
10. 

XI. 

12. 

13- 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

23. 
24, 

«5. 

»6. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30- 



10 8 



14 
15 
17 
18 5 



13 
IS 
16 
18 
19 



24 025 

25' 4'26 

26 8,28 

28 0J29 

29 4'3i 

30 832 

33 034 

34 435 

35 836 

36 o 38 

37 439 

38 841 
40 o'42 



322 

8.24 
125 
627 
II28 
430 
931 

2|33 
734 
Oj36 
537 
if>i39 
340 
8 '42 
1:43 
64s 



019 
620 
o 22 
6,23 
025 

6;26 
028 

630 

031 
6i33 
o!34 
6,36 

0I38 

6|39 

041 2 

642 9 

044 4 

645 II 
047 6 



13 

15 

16 

s'lS 

o 20 

7I21 

2/23 

9^25 

4 26 

II 28 

6|3o 

131 

833 

335 

10.36 

5|38 

40 

41 

43 

45 

46 



J. 



14 014 

15 9I16 
17 6|i8 
19 320 

21 o'22 

22 923 
24 6^25 

o 26 327 

8'28 029 

429 931 

31 633 

33 3 34 

35 0,36 

36 938 
8138 640 
4I40 3I42 
0142 0:44 
8 43 945 10 



1:6 o 



1: 



21 122 

23 024 

24 11^26 
26 10,28 
28 9130 
30 8|32 
32 7;34 
34 636 
36 538 
38 440 



8 

9 

20 10 
22 II 
25 o 



45 647 



3 49 
051 



40 
42 

34 
46 

47 II 
49 10 
51 9 
53 8 
55 7 
57 6j 



3,42 

2J44 

1146 

448 

50 

52 

54 

S^ 

58 

60 



27 


I 


29 


2 


31 


3 


33 


4 


35 


5 


37 


6 


39 


7 


41 


8 


43 


9 


45 


10 


47 


II 


50 





52 


I 


54 


2 


56 


3 


58 


4 


60 


5 


62 


6 



Famous Destructive Fires. 



New York, Dec, 1835 — over five hundred buildings 
and $20,000,000 worth of property destroyed; Sept. 6, 
1839 — $10,000,000 worth of property destroyed. Pitts- 
burg, April lo, 1845 — one thousand buildings burnt; loss, 
$6,000,000. St. Louis, May 4, 1851 — a large portion of 
the city burned; loss, $11,000,000. Portland, Me., July 
4, 1866 — almost entirely destroyed; loss, $15,000,000. 
Chicago, 111., Oct. 8-9, 1871 — over 2,000 acres burnt 
over; estimated loss, $195,000,000; July 14, 1874, another 
great fire destroyed $4,000,000 worth of property. Bos- 
ton, Mass., Nov. 9, 1872 — nearly 450 buildings destroyed; 
Joss, over $73,000,000. St. John, Nj B., June 21, 1877 
- -'-loss, $12,500,000. 



250 

WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 



rhe Cord of Wood or Bark is 8 feet long, 4 feet high, 
and 4 feet wide as established by law in most of the 
States and the Dominion of Canada. If the Wood is 
8 feet long, double the product. Fractions of feet 
are omitted in the Table. Price will be found heading 
the columns, number of feet in the left-hand column. 



Ft. 


$1 50 


$175 


$200 


$2 25 $2 50 


$275 
02 


$300 
02 


$325 


$350 


I 


01 


01 


01 


02 


02 


02 


02 


2 


02 


02 


03 


03 


04 


04 


05 


05 


^ 


3 


03 


04 


04 


05 


06 


06 


07 


07 


4 


05 


06 


06 


07 


08 


09 


09 


10 


10 


5 


06 


07 


08 


09 


10 


II 


12 


13 


13 


6 


^l 


08 


09 


II 


12 


13 


^4 


15 


-^ 16 


7 


08 


10 


II 


12 


14 


15 


16 


17 


19 


8 


09 


II 


12 


14 


16 


18 


19 


20 


21 


16 


19 


22 


25 


28 


31 


35 


Zl 


40 


^3 


24 


28 


33 


37 


42 


47 


52 


56 


61 


^5 


32 


38 


44 


¥" 


56 


63 


69 


75 


81 


87 


40 


47 


55 


63 


70 


7^ 


^6 


94 


I 02 


I 09 


48 


56 


66 


li 


84 


94 


I 03 


I 12 


I 22 


I 31 


56 


61 


V 


S2> 


98 


I 09 


I 20 


I 13 


I 42 


I 53 


64 


75 


88 


I 00 


I 13 


I 25 


I 38 


I 50 


I 62 


I 75 


72 


84 


98 


I 13 


I 27 


I 41 


I 55 


I 69 


I 83 


I 96 


80 




I 09 


I 25 


^ 41 


156 


I 72 


I 88 


203 


2 18 


84 


98 


I 15 


^ ^i 


I 48 


I 64 


I 81 


' ^l 


2 13 


2 29 


SS 


I 03 


I 20 


I 38 


I 55 


I 72 


I 89 


2 06 


2 23 


2 40 


92 


I 08 


I 26 


I 44 


I 62 


I 80 


I 98 


2 15 


2 33 


2 51 


96 


I 13 


I 31 


I 50 


I 69 


I ^^ 


2 06 


2 25 


2 44 


2 62 


104 


I 22 


I 42 


I ^Z 


I 83 


2 03 


2 23 


2 44 


2 64 


2 84 


112 


I 31 


I 53 


I 75 


I 97 


2 19 


2 41 


2 62 


2 84 


306 


>I20 


I 41 


I 64 


I 88 


2 II 


2 34 


258 


i 81 


3 05 


328 


ii8 


I 50 


I 75 


2 00 


2 25 


2 50 


2 75 


3 00 


3 25 


3 50 



251 

WOOD AiNJJ i5AKK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT 

( Continued. ) 



Ft, 


$400 


$450 


$500 


$550 


$600 
04 


$650 


$700 


$750 
05 


$800 


I 


03 


03 


03 


04 


05 


05 


06 


2 


06 


07 


07 


08 


09 


10 


10 


II 


12 


3 


09 


10 


II 


12 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


4 


12 


14 


15 


17 


18 


20 


21 


23 


25 


5 


15 


17 


19 


21 


^§ 


25 


27 


29 


31 


6 


18 


21 


23 


25 


28 


30 


'^l 


35 


37 


7 


21 


24 


27 


30 


32 


35 


3« 


41 


43 


8 


24 


28 


31 


34 


37 


40 


43 


46 


SO 


16 


49 


56 


62 


68 


74 


81 


87 


93 


I 00 


24 


75 


84 


93 


I 03 


I 12 


I 22 


I 31 


I 41 


I 50 


32 


I 00 


I 12 


I 25 


I 37 


I 50 


I 62 


I 75 


I ^1 


2 00 


40 


I 25 


I 40 


I 5^ 


I 72 


I 87 


2 03 


2 19 


2 34 


2 50 


48 


I 50 


I 68 


I 87 


2 06 


2 25 


2 44 


2 62 


2 81 


3 00 


56 


I 75 


I 96 


2 18 


2 40 


2 62 


284 


3 06 


328 


3 50 


64 


2 00 


2 25 


2 50 


2 75 


3 00 


325 


3 50 


3 75 


4 cx> 


l"" 


2 25 


2 53 


2 81 


3 09 


3 37 


365 


3 93 


428 


4 50 


80 


2 50 


2 81 


3 13 


3 43 


3 74 


4 06 


4 37 


4 68 


5 00 


84 


2 62 


2 95 


3 28 


360 


3 94 


4 26 


4 59 


4 92 


5 25 


%^ 


2 75 


3 09 


3 43 


3 78 


4 12 


4 47 


4 81 


5 16 


5 50 


92 


2 87 


3 23 


3 59 


3 95 


4 30 


4 67 


5 03 


5 40 


5 75 


96 


3 00 


3 37 


3 75 


4 12 


4 49 


487 


5 25 


5 62 


6 00 


104 


3 25 


3 65 


4 05 


4 47 


4 87 


5 28 


5 69 


6 09 


6 5c 


112 


3 50 


3 93 


4 38 


4 80 


5 24 


5 69 


6 12 


6 -56 


7 oc 


120 


3 75 


4 21 


4 68 


5 15 


5 62 


6 09 


6 56 


7 03 


7 5c 


128 


4 00 


4 50 


5 00 


5 50 


6 00 


6 50 


7 00 


7 50 


8 00 



The Wedding Annivensary. 

Fifth year Wooden Wedding 

Tenth year Tin Wedding 

Fifteenth year Crystal Wedding 

Twentieth year China Wedding 

Twenty- fifth year Silver Wedding 

Thirtieth year „ Pearl Wedding 

Fortieth year Ruby Wedding 

Fiftieth year .• , Golden Wedding 

Seventy-fifth year. ,...,,,.,,,.<,,, \Diamond Wedding 



fable for Engineers and Machinists. 

Size and Strength of Cast Iron Columns. Iron i in. Thick. 



6 ^ 

rt.2 



Height in Feet. 



4 i 6 



8 


lO 


12 


14 


i6 


1 

l8 20 


22 



Load ir-f Cwt. 



h 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 



72 


60 


49 


40 


32 


26 


22 


18 


15 


no 


los 


Qi 


77 


b5 


55 


47 


40 


34 


I7S 


143 


145 


,128 


III 


97 


84 


73 


64 


247 


232 


214 


19! 


172 


15b 


135 


119 


106 


326 


3rB 


288 


266 


242 


220 


198 


178 


160 


418 


400 


379 


354 


327 


301 


275 


251 


229 


522 


501 


479 


452 


427 


394 


3t>5 


337 


310 


607 


SQ2 


s^^ 


5 so 


525 


497 


469 


440 


413 


1032 


1013 


989 


959 


924 


887 


848 


808 


765 


^^^^ 


i^iS 


1289 


I2.S9 


1224 


1185 


1142 


1097 


1052 


1716 


2697 


1672 


1640 


1603 


1561 


1515 1461 


I46rj 


2119 


2100 


2077 


2045 


2007 


1904 


1916 1865 


I8II; 


2570 


2550 


2520 


2490 


2450 


2410 


2358.2305 


2248; 


3050 


3040 


3020 


2970 


2930 


2900 


2830 12780 

1 


2730 



13 

29 

56 

94 
144 
208 
285 
386 



25 

49 
^3 
13^ 
189 
262 
360 



725: 686 
10051 959 
1364 1311 
T755 1697 

189 2127 

2670 2600 

i 



WEIGHTS OF CORDWOOD. 

Lds. Carbon, 

One cord of Hickory 4,468 100 

" Hard Maple 2,864 58 

" Beech 3,234 64 

'' Ash - 3,449 79 

'' Bu-ch 2,360 49 

'• Pitch Pine 1,903 43 

^- Canada Pine 15870 42 

'•' Yellow Oak 2,920 61 

'■ White Oak 1,870 81 

^' Lombardy Poplar 1,775 41 

« Red Oak 3,255 70 



253 
READY RECKONER TABLE. 

For computing Wages, Rent, Board, etc. The sum will b« 
'found heading the columns, and the days and weeks on the ex- 
ireme left-hand column. If the desired sum is not in the table^ 
double or treble two or three suitable numbers. 



Time. 


$2.50 


$2.75 


$3.00 


$3-25 


$3-5o^$3-75 


$4.00 $4.25 


$4.50 


$4.75 




I 


..36 


•39 


.43 


•44 


•50 


•53 


'57 


.61 


.64 


.68 




.0^ 


.72 


.78 


.86 


•93 


1. 00 


1.07 


1. 14 


1. 21 


1.28 


1.36 




^3 


1.08 


1. 17 


1.29 


^•39 


1.50 


1.61 


1. 71 


1.82 


1-93 


2.03 




^t 


1.44 


1.5b 


1.71 


1.86 


2.00 


2.14 


2.28 


2.43 


2-57 


2.71 




1.80 


1.95 


2.14 


2.32 


2.50 


2.68 


2.86 


3-03 


3.21 


3-39 




6 


2.15 


2.34 


2.57 


2.78 


3.00 


3.21 


3-43 


3-64 


3.86 


4.07 


I 




2.50 


2.75 


3.00 


3-25 


3-50 


3-75 


4.00 


4-25 


4-50 


4-75 


-S^ 




5-09 


5.50 


6.00 


6.50 


7.00 


7-5° 


8.00 


8.50 


9.00 


9-50 


%3 




7-50 


8.25 


9.00 


9-75 


10.50 11. 25; 12. CO 12.75 


13-50 


14-25 


^t 




10.00 


11.00 12.00 


13.00 


i4.oo;i5.oo, 16.00 17.00 


18.00 


19.00 




12.50 


13-75 15-00 


16.25117.50 18.75 20.00 21.25 


.22.50 


23 - 75 


Time. 


$5.00 


$5.25 


$5.50 


$5.75;$6.oo$6.25 


$6.5o!$6.75 


$7.00 


$8.00 




I 


•71 


•75 


•79 


.82 


.86 


.89 


•93 


.96 


1.00 


I.T4 




.Q^ 


1-43 


1.50 


i.5« 


1.64 


1.72 


1.78 


1.86 


1.92 


2.00 


2.28 




r?3 


2.14 


2.25 


2.37 


2.46 


2.23 


2.67 


2.79 


2.88 


3.00 


,3-52 




^t 


2.86 


3.00 


3-15 


3.28 


3-44 


3 -St) 


3-72 


3-«4 


4.00 


4.26 




3-57 


3-75 


3-94 


4.10 


4-30 


4-45 


4-65 


4.80 


5.00 


5-72 




6 


4.28 


4-50 


4-73 


4.92 


5-i6 


5-34 


5-5« 


5-76 


6.00 


6.86 


I 




5.00 


5-25 


5-50 5-75 


6.00 


6.25 


6.50 


6.75 


7.00 


8 00 


^2 




10.00 10.50:11 .0011 .50 


12.00 12.50 13.00 


13-50 


•^4.00 16.00 


;^^ 




15.00 15. 75' 16. 50, 17. 25 


18.00 18.75 1g.50I20.25 


2I.Oo'24.00 


^4 


.... 20 . CO 2 1 . OO 22 . GO 23 . CO 


24.00 ri5 .00 26.00I27 .00 


28. 00: 32 .00 


^5 


'25.0026.2527.5028.75 


30.00 31.25 32. 50I33. 50 


35.0040.00 



WEIGHT OF LEAD PIPE— DIFFERENT SIZES. 



U 






.2 o 



<^.«'^ 



J3 o 



o 3'^ b .'S^^ ,;i I*^ w S-^ 



^ § i'fc^'E I 









In. 
H 
V2 

H 
H 



lb. oz. 

I 8 
3 o 

3 8 

4 8 
6 o 
6 12 
9 o 

10 12 



lb. oz. 

I 5 



3 » 

4 12 

5 12 
8 o 



lb. oz. 



3 o 

4 o 
4 12 

6 4 

7 o 



lb. oz. 



lb. oz 

o 13 



3 o 

4 4 

5 4 



lb. oz. 
o 10 

13 

1 8 
1 12 



lb. oz. 



lb. oz. lb. oz. 

8 



3*^ 4 



9 

1 12 



Z54- 






1-vo rN CO ■♦ 



X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X 



>OCO O (S M W CM CO ro Tj- -.^ lO LOVO t^oo 



xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 



> \oo vac \po \oo \po sao 
X X X X X X X 



ro CO -+ -^ lO lovo t^oo 0\ O O ' 
CO a. O H (N -.j-O 00,.-0 (N LO t^ o >- 



i (N C4 N N - 



"x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X >^ 



CO 00 m 
IN "S-oo rooo Lo m c 



M W CO -^ lOVO I 



0) N CO fO ro c^ 






M f<"iVO O ■* O ^O ro O OOO C3\ O <N "^OO M t^ CO t>* lO iO<0 
M iH N O fO •^ ■^ lOvO 00 0\ O M ro •*vo On ro in t^ 



255 



. a MfNO O COVO O^O fOQO foQVO 

^ lo »n*0 t*.oo 6\ o 



^^^ ^^x ^ ^ ^ ^ 



■> CO fO -«1- in «OVO >0 CX3 CX3 o 



X >«5 X x'x^^'^'h'x X « X >< X X 



« « N CO CO ro •* »OVO ^ M w N N N 

3 



tiNCJWC^crcOTj- irjvo h m h -t m 






f')coco■^^•<^•*■«^T^'<^lfl^o«o »o\o vo 



S^J On T^ 0> ■^ 
fO W -Tf lO tx 



b»ir> CO W 
CO N •^ lovd 



lO C<^ W ON 
tOOO w CO 

CO • • • • 
M ro»o>o 



\^ ro mvc 
c N CO ■* >o 



O 0) CO -^ Vi-> 



;^^ 



eg M w CO ""i- 



Os moo .. 
\^ Tf w On t^ 

M M N W CO 



tx H lo On 
v^ eg On Lo 

H >J (N CO 



tv lO r)- N 

vM M c-> ro On 

H M (N W 



::it^ 



^ 



On Tf On CO 



;«^::f-j^ 






fo N cnoo • 



,s » s e 



oj 1- o u-S 
UWUJN 



bo 

rO 

c 



3 S 8 



Uc/2UP3vS 



O O M <N 1 



3 5 






256 



•pq 





11 


X 


^ •^^ 


XX 


X 




fOXJ-i-^ri-e^ OM>^T*-0 


vo vO 0\ 




■*i- Tj- vovO t^ t^OO 


t^ o 


O ^n I-! 








•^ 


•-• •-• W 




(U O 












^P. 












w 












f5 


On O VO COOO fOOO 


cor^ 


^ t}-vO 




o 


CS CO to T^ T^ lO lOvO VO 


^2 ? 




p:j 










C/3 


O 










a 










P-i 


"2 w5 


^ 












OS O 


N r^ iTjvD t^oo ON o vn o 


o 


C< CO ro CO ro CO fO CO CO ""^ "«*■ »0 


u 
o 




















H 


^i 


^ 


^ X X 


X 


X X 


HJ o 


N ^ \i-> r^oo O *H 


CO Tj-vo t^ On O M 


K 


c^ c^ 


C^ N M cocococorococo'^t^r 


O 


^a 










W 


,• 










^ 




VOVO 


t^OO OnO •-« 


N CO rt- VOVO rxOO 




^ 


i-i i-< 


HH.hH H-l C^ C^ 


C< N 


W C^ C< C4 « 


Q 


rt 










iz; 


o 










<: 


a . 










w 


•'1^ CO 


^ 


X XX 


X 


:^X X 


N 


g^*! 


rj- tJ- VO ir>vO vO vO 


t>^ t^ !>. i>.oo 00 On 




M C* 


W C^ M N C^ 


N c< 


C^ N M C^ M 


CO 


Q-S 










c/f 












W 


.S 










l—H 


^ ^ 

^'S 


^ 


XXX 


X 


:^ ^ 


H— 1 


^s 


t-i CO ''d-vO i^^ On O 


c^ CO lovo 00 On »-• 


CJ 


• XT 3 








« H-, ,-, HH N 


Pm 


^s. 










<: 












o 


u5 












J 


>H C^ 


CO Tt- lOVO t^OO ON O "-f W CO -^ 




o 












s . 


















SJ 


^X 


:^^^^; 


:^X 


X XX 






ONC< 


T^ ir>vO J>«.00 


o^o 


M M N C< CO 






*H W »-4 *M tH 


•M N 


N N N N r 




a^ 











257 



f 

o 
o 

;-< 

&< 

c 
o 




^\0 W CNt-^^J^rO CO ro rJ-O O C^ vO « r-- COOO 
3 Ti- Tl- rf rt- vo u-1 u-^vo vO vO t-^ r^ t^ Qnoo CO CTv 

o 


SI 


< 


1 


T3 \0 C> rOCO "^ I-I CO vO lO ^ lOvO 00 O ^00 CO 
^ * * h^ i-i c^ CO ro ^ iLOvO l>*o6 6s ^ ^ ro lO 




1 g^ii^^^ ^x;s^^>t^ ^"^xx^ 


c 
cr 




Id >-« Tt-00 CSCO^J^C^i-<0>-<'N »-nco roco u-> 
§ d roo d^ rovd O rj-CO ri o d ^CO <"0 h^ w 
g uo LO i>-> »-ovo O t-^ l>. t->»cO CO G\ C\G\0 O •-» 


C>0 


1 ^ ^XX^^^t^ :^X^:^X^^ 


;tJC 


w5 CO N VO ON C^ mco O fO vn t-^oo O •-<'-• N ro 
'^ t^ C^ !>. CO •-• OnCO OnO C^ i-OGMO'-ioOvO i-O 
§ * i-J ►^ c^ ro CO rf to l>,00 ON d oi rfior^cS 

O HH K^ ^ ^ »-. M 


<U 

in 


1 ^x^^^ ^xxx^:^^ ^^^x 

5 ?r 



258 



Q 

h 

O 
U 



V 

h 

o 

Q 

O 

(^ 

Q 

cy 

O 
H 

O 



O 



C/2 



vn »-i 00 tin ON'-' 0> 
O ^ O O »-« ONt^ 



r^' VO 00 N 

fl ro H^ 6 CJNOO r^ t^ r^ i>» i>.o6 6 

:3 o "-I c^ c^ fo "^ i>^MD i>.oo ON t-" 



cj c^ vo vo t^ 1^^ r^ 1:^00 00 00 00 On On 



Ph 






«; 00 COOO C^ iJ-^00 00 M VO 00 lO N 

!2 N fO rj- lO^O t^OO O i-i N COvrj 



t-i coiooo O roiOOO '-« ro^O 



259 

SPORTING MATTERS. 



Base Ball Record. For Eleven Years. 



{Nummary for 1887— ISTational JLieague. 

Played. Won. Lost. Percent 

Detroit 124 79 45 .637 

Philadelphia 123 75 48 .609 

Chicago.. .__121 * 71 50 .586 

New York 124 68 55 .548 

Boston 121 61 60 .504 

Pittsburg _125 55 70 .440 

Washington 122 46 76 .377 

Indianapolis 126 37 89 .293 

'Winners of tlie ^STational Iieag;ue Oames for 
Eleven Years. 

Won, Lost 

1876 Chicago 52 14 

1877 Boston.... 31 17 

1878 Boston .__. 41 19 

1879 Providence _ 59 25 

1880 Chicago f. .. .__67 17 

1881 Chicago 56 28 

1882 Chicago 55 29 

1883 Boston .._.____63 35 

1884 Providence 84 28 

1885 Chicago _87 25 

1886 Chicago . 90 34 

1887 Detroit 79 45 

American Association Oames for 1887. 

Plaved, Won. Lost. Percent, 

St. Louis 135 95 40 .703 

Cincinnati... 133 80 53 .601 

Baltimore 134 76 58 .567 

Louisville 134 75 59 .559 

Athletic 133 63 70 .473 

Brooklyn. 5. 132 59 73 .446 

Metropolitan 132 43 89 .325 

Cleveland ...130 40 90 .307 



26o 

BEST TURF RECORDS FOR THE SEASON OF 

l88d 

Trotting mUe— Harry Wilkes, 2:14^^, at Cleveland, 
July 23. 
Pacing mile— Little Mac. 2:1 2 j^, Detroit, July 23. 
Running mile — Burch^ 1:41. at Coney Islaid, Septem- 



BEST TROTTING RECORDS. 

One mile — Maud S., Cleveland, Ohio, July 30, 1885, 

«X)8^. 

Two miles — Fanny Witherspoon, Chicago, Illinois, 
I'ieptember 25, 1885, 4:43. 

Three miles — Huntress, Prospect Park, Long Island 
September 23, 1872, 7-2iX- 

Foui miles— Trustee, Union Course, Long Island, 
^une 13, 1849, 11:06. 

^Five miles — Lady Mack, San Francisco, California, 
April 2, 1874, 13:00. 

Ten miles — Controller, San Francisco, California, 
November 23, 1878, 27:23X. 

Twelve miles — Topgallant, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 
1830, 38:0a 

Fifteen miles — Girder, San Francisco, California, 
August 6, 1874, 47:20. 

Twenty miles — Capt. McGowan, Boston, Massachu- 
setts, October 31, 1865, 58:25. 

Fifty miles— Ariel, Albany, New York, 1846, 3:55 :40>i. 

Hundred miles — Conquerer, Long Island, November 
12, 1853, 8:55:53. 

Fastest by Stallion — Maxy Cobb, 2:I3X» Providence, 
Rhod^ Island, September 30, 1884. 

Fastest bv Mare — Maud S., Cleveland, Ohio, July 
^O, 1885. 

® Fastest by Gelding — Jay-Eye-See, 2:10, Philadelphia, 
August IS, 1884. 



26 1 



Big Winners on the Running Trackc 

The following is a list of the big winners on the ram 
mng turf 



NAME AND AGE. 



The Bard (3) 

Tremont {2). .,..., 

Inspector B. (3) 

Dew Drop (3) 

Miss Woodford (6) 

Volante (4) 

Ben AH (3) ...... . 

King Fox (2) ..... , 

Barnuni (a) ....... . 

Tim Gray (3) 

Hanover (2) . . . . » , . 

Blue Wing (3) 

Connemara (2) . . . . 
Lucky B. (6)... .. . 

Firenzi (2) , . , 

Silver Cloud (3)... . 
Montana Regent (3) 

Millie(3) 

Elkwood (3) 

Kingston (2) 

Grisette (2) 

Kaloolah (3) . . .... 

Jennie T. {2), . . . . 

Rupert (4) 



17 
13 
17 
12 

7 

18 
12 

5 
43 
22 

3 
19 
12 
21 

8 
16 
15 
23 

16 

13 
II 
16 



[^ 






$41,895 
40,045 

3S,37S 
27,78s 
21,680 

21,535 
19.348 
17,948 

17.1^5 
15.625 

14,535 

13.470 
13.33S 
13,070 

13.015 

12,870 

12,455 
12,443 
12,020 
11,500 
11,115 
10,320 
10,120 
10,093 



Speedy Bicycle Records. * 

These records have been made up to the close of the 
season of 1886, A bicycle race closed at Minneapolis on 
December 25, 1886, in which Shock beat all previous 
records by making 1,405 miles in 142 hours. 

Riders who have made a mile on the wheel m 



262 

less than three minutes aire: N. H. Van Sicklen^ 
Chicago, 2:46 1-2; W. A. Rowe, 2:29 1-2; George 
M. Hendee, 2:31 1-5; E. P. Burnham, 2:32 1-2; W. A. 
Rhodes, 2:34 3-5; W. F. Knapp, 2:40; A. B. Rich, 
2^.o 1-2; Asa Dolph, 2:41; C. K Kluge, 2:41; F. R, 
Cook, 2:42 1-5; Cola Stone, 2:44 1-2; W. E. Crist, 
2:462-5. Among the others who have made a mile 
within three minutes, but whose exact records are not 
readily accessible, are: F. F. Ives, Elliott Norton, C, P. 
Adams, George Weber, L. B. Hamilton, John Brooks^ 
H. S. Kavanaugh, A. L. Jennen, J. W. Lord, Henry 
Schwartz, C. D. Heath, C. R. Hoag, C. S. Stevens, VI 
C. Place, and L. A, HowelL 

S. G. Whittaker, of Chicago, has made a wonderiui 
record for himself on the wheel this year, and has demon- 
strated the great possibilities of the bicycle for practical 
every day use. H e holds all the road records from i to 30O 
mUes inclusive. He has made a mile in 2:54; 20 miles^ 
^(^-.46; 50 miles, 2:56:00; 100 miles, 6:01:00; 200 miles, 
15:30:00, and 300 miles, 23 :46 :oo. This riding represents 
20 miles at the rate of a mile in a trifle less than three 
minutes; 50 miles at 3:30; loo miles at 3:36; 200 miles at 
4:39; and 300 miles at 4:45. It is a marvelous exhibition 
of speed and endurance. F. F. Ives, of Boston, holds 
the 24-hour road record with 305 miles. An English lad 
of seventeen rode from Land's End at the north end of 
Scotland to John o' Groat's at the south tip of England, 
£► distance of 896 miles, in five days and one hour, a 
feat that has never been equaled. 

W. A. Rowe, of Lynn, Mass., holds the racing records 
from one mile to 22 miles, 150 yards. He has made a 
mile in 2:29 K -2; 5 miles in 13:10; 20 miles, 58:20 1.2; 22 
miles, 150 yards, 1:00:00. In iSSo, George Waller, 
twenty-one years old, covered 1,404 miles in six days, in 
Agricultural Hall, London, Eng., and 1^04 miles is still 
the sijf-day recordL 



GI«ASS BAJLJa SHOOTING, 

The following are the best records at glass ball shoot* 
mgt 300 glass balls broken in succession by A. H. 
Bcgardas, ar Lincoluj 111., on July 4, 1877; 500 glass 
balls b7-oken in 24 minutes and 2 seconds by J. C HaskeH^ 



263 

Lynii, Mass., May 30, 1881. He bhot at 514, thrown 
from two traps, 14 yards rise, 12 feet apart. 900 glass 
balls broken by A. li. Bogardus, at Bradford, Pa., No- 
vember 20, 1879. He shot at 1,000, from three traps, 14 
yards apart. 1,000 glass balls were broken in i hour, 
I minute, 54 seconds, by A. H. Bogardus, at New York 
City, December 20, 1879. The two traps were placed 
15 yards apart, i"^ yards rise, aAd he loaded his own gun, 
and changed the barrels at the end of every hundred. 
1,500 glass balls in i hour, 37 mmutes and 20 seconds; 
2,000 in 2 hours, 14 mmutes, 43 seconds ; 3,000 in 3 hours, 
34 minutes, 40 seconds ; 4,000 in 4 hours, 48 minutes, 43 
seconds; 4,500 m 5 hours, 32 minutes, 45 seconds; 5,000 
in 6 hours, 22 minutes, 30 seconds; 5,500 in 7 hours, 19 
minutes, 2 seconds, out of 5,854 shot at, by A. H. Bogar- 
dus, New York City, December 20, 1879. The above 
records from 1,500 were shot at 15 yards rise, two traps, 
12 feet apart. 5,000 out of 6,222 glass balls were broken 
by Dr. W. E. Carver, at Brooklyn, N. Y., July 13, 1&78. 
He used Winchester rifles and was assisted in loading. 



SWIMMING. 

80 yards, 53 54^ seconds. E. T. Jones, Lambeth Baths, 

London, England, October 21, 1878. 
100 yards, 1:08 J^. E. T. Jones, two turns, Lambeth 

Baths, London, England, October 21, 1878. 
160 yards, 2:02. W. Beckwith, with three turns, Lam- 
beth Baths, London, England, August 20, 1881. 
200 yards, 2 140. W. Beckwith, 9 turns, Lambeth Baths, 

London, England, December 17, 1883. 
220 yards, 2:5.4 X- J- J- Collier, straightaway, London, 

July 7, 1883. 
300 yards, 4:08. W. Beckwith, 14 turns, Westminster 

Aquarium, London, England, December 17, 1883. 
400 yards, 5:36. J. Finney, 18 turns, Westminster 

Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883. 
440 yards, 6:12. J. Finney, 21 turns, Westminster 

Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883. 
500 yards, 7 107. J. Finney, 24 turns, Westminster 

Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883. 
600 yards, 8:40. J. Finney, Westminster Aquarium^ 

London, England, December 19, 1883. 



264 

7CXD yards, 10:12. J. Finney, Westminster Aquariuntj 

London, England, December 19, 1883. 
800 yards, 1 1 :45. W. Beckwith, 39 turns, Westminster 

Aquarium, London, England, December 19, 1883. 
880 yards, 12:46 X- J- J- Collier, open still water, 5 

turns, Hollingworth Lake, July 7, 1883. 
1,000 yards, 15:08^. W. Beckwith, Lambeth Baths, 

London, England, September 10, 18S1. 
1,000 yards, 15:44. J. J. Collier, open still waterj 

Hollingworth Lake, England, August 23, 1S84. 
1,100 yards, ij:2^X- J- J- Collier, still water, Holling- 
worth Lake, England, August 23, 18S4. 
1,320 yards, 21:05^. J. J. Collier, Stillwater, Holling- 
worth Lake, England, August 23, 1884. 
1,540 yards, 24:34. J. J. Collier, Stillwater, Holling- 

worth Lake, England, August 23, 1884* 
I mile, 2c :i9^4f. J. J. Collier, open still water, Holling- 

worch Lake, England, August 23, 18S4. 
3 miles 1,480 yar-.s, 1:44:44. J. Finney, 175 tui 

Westminstei Aquarium, London, England, Decenv 

ber 22, 1883. 
5 miles, 1:04:23. C. Whyte, with tide, Thames Riverj 

England, July i3, 1S70. 
20^ miles (about) 5:51= F. Cavill, Thames River 

England, July 6, 1S76. 
35 miles (about) 21 :45. Captain Matthew Webb, Dover 

England to Calais, France, August 24 and 25, 1S75 
40 miles (about) 9:57. Captain Matthew Webb, with 

tide, Thames River, England, July 12, 1878. 
74 miles, 84 hours, restricted to 14 hours per day. 

Captain Matthew Webb, Lambeth Baths, London, 

England, May 19 to 24, 1879. 

74 hours, including 4 minutes rest. Captain Mat 

thew Webb, Scarborough, England, August 9 to 12. 

1880. 
94 miles 32 laps, 60 hours, restricted to 10 hours per day. 

W. Beckwith, London, England, June 20 to 25, 

1881. 
Captain Matthew Webb kept afloat without touching 
anything 60 consecutive hours. Scarborough, England, 
June 29 to July i, no. 

Ernest Von Shoening swam from pier i. New York 



265 

city, to pier at Norton's Point, Coney Island, and returned 
unassisted; about 20 miles, in 8 hours, 45 minutes, 
August 22, 1880. 

N. T. Collinge swam a half mile every hour for 4d 
consecutive hours. Rochdale Baths, England, February 
15 and 16, 1878. 

Best I^ady Swimming Records. 

1 mile, 35 134. Miss Theresa Johnson, Devonshire Baths^ 

London, England, October 31, 1883. 

2 miles, 1 :2i :27. Miss Laura Seigeman, Hasting's Baths, 

London, England, September 12, 1879. 

3 miles, 2:09:48X- Miss Laura Seigeman, Hasting's 

Baths, London, England, September 22, 1879. 
5 miles, 1:09. Miss Agnes Beckwith, age 14, with tide, 
Thames River, England, September i, 1S75. 

9 miles, 3 >^ furlongs, 2:24:30. Miss Emily Parker, age 

14, tide water, Thames River, England, September 
18, 1875. 

10 miles, 2:43. Miss Agnes Beckwith, with tide, Thames 

River, England, July 5, 1876. 

20 miles, 6:25. ^^^^s Agnes Beckwith, without assistance, 
Thames River, England, July 17, 1878. 

31 consecutive hours without assistancCj by Miss Edith 
Johnson, Blackpool Baths, England, May, 1880. 

100 hours (not consecutive) out o( 137, by Miss Agnes 
Beckwith, Westminster Aquarium, London, Eng- 
land, September 13 to 18, 18:^0. 

Best Record for Staying Under TVater. 

4 minutes 2^ seconds. Peter Johnson, professionaly 

tank. Royal Music Hall, London, England, April 69 
1882. 
2 minutes 51 X seconds. *' Lurline, the Water Queen," 
Oxford Music Hall, London, England, December 
29, 1881. 

Best Record for SATimming- on Back. 

100 yards, 1 :24. J. M. Taylor, professional, Rochdale 
Baths, London, England, November 4, 1879. 

880 yards, 16:29. Harry Gurr, Serpentine, LondoHj, 
England, June i, 1S65. 



266 
Best Plangijig Record. 

70 feet I inch. J. Strickland, professional, measurement 
taken from edge of diving board, which was five feet 
above water, City Baths, Melbourne, Australia, 
March 15, 1880. 

70 feet 7 inches. Horace Davenport, amateur, Lambeth 
Baths, October 2, 1882. 

65 feet. T. Ingram, professional. Floating Baths, Chaf- 
ing Cross, London, July 31, 1879. 

Best Records for Swiinmiiig Under Water. 

^13 yards i foot. James Finney, professional, Black- 
pool, England, October 20, 1882. 

.^7 yards 2 feet. J. G. Rushforth, amateur, Rochdal* 
Baths, England, October 13, 1883. 



Diameters, Circumferences and Areas of Circles. 

Example. — Required the circumference of a circle,, 
loop, or ring, the diameter being 3 ft. 4 in. In the col- 
amn of circumferences, opposite the indicated diameter^ 
stands 10 ft. 5;^ in., the circumference required. 

Example. — If a wheel is ordered to be made to contain 
60 teeth, the pitch of the teeth to be 2,% inches, the di^ 
mensions of the wheel may be known simply as followsi 
Multiply the pitch of the tooth by the number of teeth 
the wheel is to contain, and the product will be the cir- 
oimference of the wheel, thus — 

3 ^ inches pitch of the tooth. 
10 X 6 =: 60 the number of teeth. 

Feet 19 ^}i inches, the circumference of the 
wneel. The diameter answering to this circumference is 
6 ft. 2 in. ; consequently with one half of this number as^ 
a radius, the circumference of the wheel will be described 



267 
WEIGHT OF BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, PLATE 

IRON, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, Etc. 





BRASS. 


COPPER. 


u v 9 










ii3 S 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of 




Round. 


Square. 


Round. 


Square. 












Inches. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


' Lbsc 


H 


.17 


.22 


'I9 


.24 


H 


.39 


«5o 


,42 


'H 


'4 


.70 


.90 


^75 


.96 


H 


1. 10 


1.40 


1,17 


1.50 


K 


1.59 


2.02 


1.69 


2,16 


ji 


2 16 


2«75 


2.31 


2.94 


t 


2.83 


3.60 


3.02 


3.84 


1% 


3.58 


4.56 


3.82 


4.86 


1% 


4.42 


5.63 


4.71 


6. 


iH 


5.35 


6 81 


5.71 


7.27 


^V2 


6.36 


8.10 


6.79 


8.65 


iH 


7-47 


9.51 


7.94 


10 15 


04 


8.66 


11.03 


9.21 


11.77 


iVs 


9 95 


12.66 


10.61 


13.53 


2 


11.32 


14.41 


12.08 


15.38 


2/8 


12.78 


16.27 


13.64 


17.36 


2X 


14 32 


18.24 


15.29 


19-47 


2^ 


15.96 


20.32 


Jf7.o3 


21.69 


2^/2 


17 68 


22.53 


18.87 , 


24 03 


'2.% 


19-50 


24.83 


20.81 


26.50 


2% 


21.40 


27.25 


22-84 


29.08 


-2.% 


23.39 


29.78 


24.92 


31.79 


. 3 


25-47 


32.43 


27. ii 


34-61 



268 



WEIGHT OF BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, PLATE 
IRON, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, Etc. 

( Continued), 





STEEL. 


LEAD. 


y^ (o ^ 








1 




Weight of 


Weight of 


Weight of Weight of 




Round. 


Square. 


Round. 


Square. 


s §«- 










Inches. 


Lbs, 
17 


Lbs. 

o2I 

.48 


Lbs. 


Lb& 


y-. 


-67 


85 






^s 


1.04 


J 33 






^ 


1,50 


1. 91 






% 


2.05 


2.61 








267 


3 40 


3^7 


4.95 


I'A 


3.38 


4-34 


4 90 


6.23 


iX 


4 18 


5 32 


6 06 


7.71 


m 


5.06 


6.44 


7 33 


9.33 


1%^ 


6.02 


7.67 


8.72 


II II 


^Vz 


7 07 


9. 


10 24 


13-04 


lU 


8.20 


10.14 


II 87 


15 12 


iH 


9 41 


II 98 


13 63 


17 36 


2 


10.71 


13 63 


15 51 


19.75 


2ys 


12 05 


15 80 


17 51 


22.29 


2X 


13 51 


17 20 


19 63 


^5-o 


m 


15 05 


19 17 


21 80 


27 80 


2>^ 


16 68 


21 .21 


24 24 


30.86 


2ys 


18.39 


23 41 


26 72 


34.02 


^H 


20:18 


25 70 


29 33 


37-34 


2^ 


22 06 


28 10 


32.05 


40.81 


3 


24 23 


30 60 


34 90 


44 44 



269 

WEIGHT OF BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, PLATE 

IRON, WROUGHT IRON PIPE, Etc 

( Continued. ) 





FLAT 


wr't 


IRON 


PLANTING 


PLATE IRON 














CAST 


IRON. 


PIPE. 


TABLE. 


s^ 












No. and Dis- 


S-j-S 


^ 




•la 


Int. 


Weight 


tance of Plants 


A! t! Pi 
eS "^ 





Size. 


OJSJ 


Diam. 


per 


per acre. 


*n Pi c! 


p4 




^ 


Inchs. 


Foot. 










Feet No. of 














Distance. Hills. 
I 43,560 






Ins. 


Lbs. 


H 


,24 


I-I6 


2 5 


X 


9 37 


X 


.42 


iX 19,369 


1-8 


5.0 


Yz 


14 06 


H 


•56 


2 10,890 


3-16 


7.5 


y^. 


18 75 


H 


85 


2^ 6,969 


1-4 


10 


H 


23 43 


u 


I 13 


3 4,840 


5-16 


12.5 


K 


28 12 


I 


1.67 


Z'A 3,556 


3-8 


15 


rs 


32 18 


IX 


2 26 


4 2,722 


7-16 


175 


I 


37.50 


I>^ 


2,69 


A}i 2,151 


1-2 


20 


VA 


42 18 


2 


3.66 


5 , ",742 


5-8 


25.0 


iX 


46 87 


2>i 


5.77 


VA 1,449 


3-4 


30 


iH 


51 56 


3 


7-55 


6 I,2IO 


7-8 


40.'^ 


I'A 


56 25 


ZVz 


9 05 


6X 1,031 


I 




iH 


60 93 


4 


10 73 


7 889 






'H 


65 62 


4>^ 


12 49 


7/5 775 






m 


70 31 


5 


14 56 


8 680 






' 


75' 


6 

I 


i8 76 


8j^ 602 

9 538 

9% 48a 

so 436 

io;| 361 












12 302 












i§ 193 












I? 135 

20 108 












25 69 












30 4S 



270 



FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY 



The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. avoir- 
dupois; that of the female is not quite 6^ lbs. The max- 
imum weight (140 j^ lbs.) of the male is attained at the 
age of 40; that of the female (nearly 124 lbs.) is not at- 
tained until 50 ; from which ages they decline afterwards; 
the male to 127X lbs., the female to 100 lbs., nearly a 
stone. The full-grown adult is 20 times as heavy as a 
jiew-bom infant. In the first year he triples his weight, 
c-fterwards the growth proceeds in 'geometrical progres- 
sion, so that if 50 infan-ts in their first year weigh 1,000 
lbs., they will in the second weigh 12 10 lbs. ; in the third 
1 331; in the fourth 1464 lbs. ; the term remaining very 
constant up to the ages of 11-12 in females, and 12-13 ^^ 
males, where it must be nearly doubled; afterwards it 
may be continued, and will be found very nearly correct 
up to the age of 18 or 19, when the growth proceeds very 
slowly. At an equality of age the^ male is generally 
heavier than the female. Towards the age of 12 years 
only an individual of each sex has the same weight. The 
male attains the maximum weight at about theage of 40, 
and he begins to lose it very sensibly towards 60. At 80 
he loses about 13.2328 lbs., and the stature is diminished 
2.756 inches. Females attain their maximum weight at 
about 50. The mean weight of a mature man is 104 lbs. ^ 
and of an average woman 94 lbs. In old age they lose 
about 12 or 14 lbs. Men weigh most at 40, women at 50, 
and begin to lose weight at 60. The mean weight of 
both sexes in old age is that which they had at 19. 

When the male and female have assumed their com- 
plete development they weigh almost exactly 20 times as 
much as at birth, while the stature is about 3^^ times 
greater. 

Children lose weight during the first three days after 
birth; at the age of a week they sensibly increase; after 



271 

one year they triple their weight; then they require siy 
years to double their weight, and 13 to quadruple it 

It has been computed that nearly two years sicknes«^ is 
experienced by every person before he is 70 years old, and 
therefore that 10 days per annum is the o.verage sickness 
of human life. Till 40 it is but half, and after 50 it rap- 
idly increases. The mixed and fanciful diet of man is con- 
sidered the cause of numerous diseases from which ani- 
mals are exempt. Many diseases have abated with changes 
of diet, and others are virulent in particular countries, 
arising from peculiarities. 

Human Longevity.— Oi 100,000 male and female chil- 
dren, in the first month they are reduced to 90,396, or 
nearly a tentW In the second, to 87,936. In the third^ 
to 86,175. In the fourth, to 84,720. In the fifth, to 
83,571. In the sixth, to 82,526, and by the end of the 
first year to 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. The next 
four years reduces the 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 37,552 
deaths before the opnipletion of the fifth year. 

At 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49,995; at 52, one- 
third. At 58^^ a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth; at 76, 
a tenth; at 81, a twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100. 
Children die in large proportions because their diseases 
cannot be explained, and because the organs are not 
habituated to the functions of life. The mean of life 
varies in different countries from 40 to 45. A generation 
from father to son is about 30 years; of men in general 
5-6thsdie before 70, aijd i5-i6ths before 80. After 80 it 
is rather endurance than enjoyment. The nerves are 
blunted, the senses fail, the muscles are rigid, the softer 
tubes become hard, the memory fails, the brain ossifies, 
the affections are buried, and hope ceases. The i6th die 
at 80; except a 133d, at 90. The remainder die from ina- 
bility to live, at or before lOO. 

About the age of 36 the lean man usually becomes fatter 
and the fat man leaner. Again, between the years 43 and 
50 his appetite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue 
is apt to be furred on the least exertion of body or mind. 
At this period his muscles become flabby, his joints weak; 
his spirits droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefresh- 
ing. After suffering under these complaints a year, or 
perhaps two, he starts afresh with renewed vigor, and 



:,'^.--<':?«^'^^tf»!?7?f!;^#«!i^; 



4^es on to 6 1 or 62, when a similar change takes place, 
6ut with aggravated symptoms. When these grand 
periods have been successively passed, the gravity of in- 
cumbent years is more strongly marked, and he begins to 
boast of his age. 

In Russia, much more than in any other country, in- 
stances of longevity are numerous, if true. In the report 
of the Ploly Synod, in 1827, during the year 1825, and 
only among the Greek religion, 84S men had reached up- 
wards of 100 years of age; 32 had passed their 120th year; 
4 from 130 to 135. Out of 606,818 men vvhodiedin 1S26, 
2,76-; were above 90; 1432 above 95; and 848 above 100 
years of age. Among this last number 88 were above 115; 
24 more than 120; 7 above 125; and one 130, Riley 
asserts that Arabs in the Desert live 200 years. 

On the average, men. have their first-born at 30 and 
women at 28. The gieatest number of deliveries take 
place between 25 and 35. The greatest number of deliv- 
eries take place in the winter months,^nd in February, 
and the smallest in July, /. ^., to P>bruary, as 4 to 5 in 
towns and 3 to 4 in the country. The night births are tv. 
the ilay as 5 to 4. 

Hiivian Stre7igth. — In Schulze's experiments on human 
strength, he found that men of five feet, weighing 126 lbs. , 
could lift vertically 156 lbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches. 
Others, 6. i feet, weighing 183 lbs. , 156 lbs. 13 inches, 
and 217 lbs. 6 inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158 
lbs. , 156 lbs. 16 inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great 
variety of experiments he determined the mean human 
strength at 30 lbs., with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second; 
or it is equal to the raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a 
minute. 

A good authority reckoned i horse equal to 5 men. 
Porters carry from 150 to 250 pounds. A man draws 
horizontally 70 to 80 lbs., and thrusts at the height of his 
chest 28 or 30 lbs. In hot climates men cannot perform 
half the continued labor. A man's mean labor is suffi- 
cient to raise 10 lbs. 10 feet in a second, for 10 hours per 
day, or 100 lbs. i foot in a second, or 36,000 feet in 10 
hours; that is, 100 pounds per day would be 3,600,000 
feet in a day, which he calls a dynamic unit. The force 
^^a man in turning a winch is taken at 1 16 lbs.; or as 



273 

much as would raise 256 lbs. 3,281 feet in a day; his force 
in pumping is as 190, or equal to 410 lbs. in 3,281 feet; in 
ringing, 259, or 572 lbs. in 3,281 feet; and in rowing 273, 
or 608 lbs, in 3,281 feet. In working a pump, a winch, 
a bell, and rowing, the effects are as 100, 167, 227 and 
248. A man with an augur exerts a force of 100 lbs., 
with a screw-driver of 84 lbs., with a windlass 60 lbs., a 
hand-plane 50 lbs., a hand-saw 36 lbs. 



What the White House Costs. 

Salary of President $50,000 

Additional appropriations are about 75,000 

A total of $125,000 

The President has the following corps of assistants: 

Private Secretary $3,250 

Assistant Private Secretary 2,250 

Stenographer 1,800 

Five Messengers, $1,200 each , 6,000 

Steward 

Two Doorkeepers, $1,200 each 2,400 

Two Ushers, $1,200, $1,400 2,600 

Night Usher i ,200 

Watchman 900 

And a few other minor clerks and telegraph operators. 

SUNDRIES. 

Incidental expenses $8,000 

White House repairs — Carpets and refurn- 
ishing 12,500 

Fuel 2,500 

Green-house 4,000 

Gas, matches and stable i5>ooc 

These amounts, with others of minor importance, con> 
taime the entire appropriations. 



274 

COST OF ROYALTY IN ENGLAND. 
Pounds reduced to dollars. 

The Queen — Privy purse $300,000 

Sundries 1,629,000 

$1,929,000 

Prince of Wales 200,000 

Princess 50,000 

Prince Albert Victor 50,000 

Crown Princess of Russia 40,000 

Duke of Edinburgh 125,000 

Princess Christian 30,000 

Marchioness of Lome 30,000 

Duke of Connaught 125,000 

Duke of Albany 125,000 

Duke of Cambridge 30,000 

Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 15,000 

Duke of Cambridge 60,000 

Duchess of Teck 25,000 

Total $2,834,000 



Rules for Spelling. 

Words ending in e drop that letter before the termina- 
tion a^le, as in move, movable; unless ending in ce or ^e, 
when it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc. 

Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, with a 
single vowel bet''ore it, double the consonants in deriva- 
tives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if endmg in a conso- 
nant with a double vowel before it, they do not double 
the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a conso- 
nant preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last 
syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as commit, 
committed; but except chagrin, chagrined. 

All words of one syllable ending in /, with a single 
vowel before it, have double //at the close; as mill, sell 

All words of one syllable ending in /, with a double 
vowel before it, have only one /at the close; as mail, saiL 

The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the 
double // of their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, 
will and full also retain the // when the accent falls on 
these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullness. 



275 

Words of more than one syllable ending in / have only 
one / at the close; as delightful, faimful; unless the 
accent falls on the last syllable; as befall, etc. 

V/ords ending in /, double the letter in the termina- 
tion ly. 

Jr^articiples ending in ing^ from verbs ending in e, lose 
the final e; as have, having; make, making, etc.; but 
verbs ending in ee retain both; as see, seeing. The 
word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing. 

All verbs ending in /y, and nouns ending in ment^ retain 
the e final of the primitives; as brave, bravely; refine, 
refinement ; except words ending in dge; as acknowledge, 
acknowledgment. 

Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their 
plural by adding s; as money, moneys; but \i y is pre- 
ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural; 
as bounty, bounties. 

Compound words whose primitives endinji/, change the 
y into i; as beauty, beautiful. 



THE USE OF CAPITALS. 

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital 

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, 
should begin with a capital. 

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a 
capital. 

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital 

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and 
divisions are printed in capitals. 

7. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are always 
capitals. 

8. The days of the week and the months of the year 
begin with capitals. 

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 

10. Names of religious denominations begin with 
capitals. 

11. In preparing accounts, each item should begin 
with a capital. 

12. Any word of very special importance may begin 
with a capital. 



276 
Savings Bank Compound Interest Table. 

Showing the amount of $1, from i year to 15 years, with 
Compound Interest added semi-annually, at different rates^ 







f - 


*j 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^• 


^ 




_ c 


4) C 


4J C 


C! C 


s » 


c 


u C 


1, cs 




C (U 


Is 


rS y 


<u u 


X <y S 


i) 


3 u 


<u 




4; 


bfl y 


> 


;:^ " .- 





y 


u (J 




^fe 


^S; 


W^ 


C/3 


^^ f=^ 


a 


^fe 






^ 


Pi 


Ph 


Pi 


Pi 


Pi 


Pi 


Pi 


15 years . 


$4.32 


$3.74 


$3.24 


$2.80 


$2.42 $2 


09 


$1.80 


$1.56 


14 


3-62 


3 


42 


2 


99 


2.62 


2 


28 I 


99 


1-73 




51 


13 


3-55 


3 


14 


2 


77 


2.44 


2 


15 I 


90 


1.67 




47 


V2 ** 


3.22 


2 


87 


2 


56 


2.28 


2 


03 1 


80 


1.60 




42 


II " 


2.92 


2 


63 


2 


36 


2.13 




91 I 


72 


1-54 




38 


10 " 


2.65 


2 


41 


2 


19 


1.98 




80 I 


63 


1.48 




34 


9% " 


2.52 


2 


30 


2 


10 


1.92 




75 I 


59 


1-45 




32 


t. I 


2.40 


2 


20 


2 


02 


1.85 




70 I 


55 


1.42 




^n 


%% " 


2 .29 


2 


IX 




94 


1.79 




65 I 


52 


1-39 




28 


8 


2.18 


2 


02 




87 


1-73 




60 I 


48 


1-37 




26 


7% ;; 


2.07 




93 




80 


1.67 




55 I 


44 


1-34 




24 


7 


1.97 




85 




73 


1. 61 




51 I 


41 


1-31 




23 


6% « 


1.88 




77 




66 


1.56 




46 I 


37 


1.29 




21 


6 


1.79 




69 




60 


1-51 




42 I 


34 


1.26 




19 


sYz I 


1. 71 




62 




53 


1-45 




38 I 


31 


1.24 




17 




1.62 




55 




48 


1. 41 




34 I 


28 


1. 21 




16 


"^ " 


1-55 




48 




42 


1.36 




30 I 


24 


1. 19 




H 


r 


1.47 




42 




36 


1-31 




26 1 


21 


1. 17 


^ 


12 


iK " 


1.40 




36 




31 


1.27 




22 I 


18 


1. 14 




10 


^/ « 


1-34 




30 




26 


1.22 




19 I 


15 


1. 12 




09 


^}i " 


1.27 




24 




21 


1. 18 




15 I 


13 


l.IO 




07 


2 


1. 21 


I 


19 




16 


1. 14 




12 I 


10 


1.08 




06 


iK ** 


I-I5 




14 




12 


1.10 




09 I 


07 


1.06 




04 


I " 


1. 10 




09 




08 


1.07 




06 I 


05 


1.04 




03 


% " 


1.05 


1.04 


1.04 


1.03 


103 I 


02 


1.02 


1. 01 



ONE DOLLAR LOANED 100 YEARS at Compound Interest 
would amount to the following sum : 



24 per cent $2,351,799,404.00 

18 " 15,145,207.00 

15 ** 1,174,405. cx> 

X2 " 84,675.00 



10 per cent ^13,809.00 

6 " 340.00 

3 " 19-25 

I " ....2.75 



Safe Business Rules. 

Business men,' in business hours, attend only to busi- 
ness matters. Social calls are best adapted to the social 
circle. Make your business known in few words, without 
loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most 



277 

carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. 
A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be 
esteemed. Leave " tricks of trade " to those whose edu- 
cation was never completed. Treat all with respect, 
confide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to say no^ 
and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. 
Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day. 
Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time ir 
valueless. Have a place for every thing, and every thing 
in its place. To preserve long friendship, keep a short 
credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to 
preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short 
accounts. Trust no man's appearances; they are often 
deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining 
credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are gen- 
ally plain men. Be well satisfied before you give a credit 
that those to whom you give it are safe men to be trusted. 

Time at which Money Doubles at 
Interest. 

Rate J)er cent. Shnple hiterest. Compou^td Interest, 

lo lo years. 7 years 100 days. 

9 II years 40 days. 8 years 16 days. 

8 12^ years. 9 years 2 days. 

7.. 14 years 104 days. 10 years 89 days. 

6 16 years 8 months. 11 years 327 days. 

5 20 years. 15 years 75 days. 

4^. .22 years 81 days. 15 years 273 days. 

4 25 years. 17 years 246 days. 

3^ 28 years 208 days. 20 years 54 days. 

3 33 years 4 months. 23 years 164 days. 

•2% 40 years. 28 years 26 days. 

2 50 years. 35 years i day. 

Legal Brevities. 

A note dated on Sunday is void. A note obtained by 
fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a note be lost 
or stolen, it does not release the maker, he must pay it. 
An endorser of a note is exempt from liability, if not 
served with notice of its dishonor within 24 hours of its 
non-payment. A note by a minor is void. Notes bear 
interest only when so stated. Principals are responsible 
for their agents. Each individual in partnership is re- 
sponsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm 



278 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It is a fraud to 
conceal a fraud. It is illegal to compound a felony. The 
law compels no one to do impossibilities. An agreement 
without consideration is void. Signatures in lead pencil 
are good in law. A receipt for money is not legally con- 
clusive. The acts of one partner bind all the others. 
Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. A con- 
tract with a minor is void. A contract made with a 
lunatic is void. Written contracts concerning land must 
be under seal. 



Occupations of Legislators, 





English. 


French. 


American. 


Occupations. 


New 
House of 
Comm'ns. 


Chamber 

of 
Deputies. 


Forty- 
ninth 
Congiess. 


Lawyers. . . , . . o 

Soldiers . „ 


134 
54 
42 

34 
25 
24 
21 

16 
2 


133 

13 

18 

42 

S 

3 
40 

it 

3 


302 


Merchants 


22 


Journalists 


10 


Bankers 


9 


Brewers and Distillers. . 
Shipowners 


Railroad Presidents and 
Agents 


5 


Farmers and Planters. . 
Physicians 


21 

S 


Manufacturers 

Professors 


iS 


Engineers 

Professional Politicans . 
Miners 


* 

4 


Clergymen. 


2 


Surveyor , , 


I 


Mechanic *. , , 


1 


Builder and Contractor 

> 


I 



279 

TAX ON COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS. 

The following is a list of places and amount of taxation 
on commercial travelers: Alabama, $15.50 per year; 
Arizona, $200 per year; Beaufort, S. C., $10 per visit; 
Bennettsville, S. C. ,$i per visit; Batesburg, S. C, 75 
cents per day; Charleston, S. C, $10 per month; Cum= 
berland, Md., $1 per day; Delaw^are, $25 per year; Dead- 
wood, D. T., $5 per week; Darlington, S. C., $i; East 
St. Louis, $2 per day; Elkton, Md., percent, on^tock 
carried; Florida, $25 per year; Hartwell, Ga., $5 per 
trip; Johnston, S. C. , 50 cents per day; Lewistown, 
Idaho, $5 per trip; Montana, $100 per year for each 
county; Memphis, Tenn., $10 per week or $25 per month; 
Mobile, Ala., $3 per day or $7 a week; Natchez, Miss., 
25 cents per day; Jew Orleans, La. , $50 per year; New- 
port, Ky., $1 per month; North Carolina, $100 per year; 
Nevada, $100 per year; Orangeburg, S. C. , $2 per day; 
St. Matthews, S. C., $i per day; San Francisco, Cal., 
$25 per quarter; Texas, $35 a year; Tucson, Arizona, 
$50 per quarter; Tombstone, Arizona, $10 per day; Vir- 
ginia, $75 per year; Wilmington, N. C, $3 per day; 
Washington, D. C, $200 per year; Walhalla, S. C, $i 
per day. 



Durability of Diflerent Woods. 

Experiments have been made by driving sticks, made 
of different woods, each two feet long and one and one- 
half inches square, into the ground, only one-half an inch 
projecting outward. It was found that in five years, all 
those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and 
nearly every variety of pine, were totally rotten. Larch, 
hard pine and teak wood were decayed on the outside 
only; while acacia, with the exception of being also 
slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound. 
Hard mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably 
good condition ; but only Virginia cedar was found as 
good as when put in the ground. This is of some im- 
portance to builders, showing what wood should be 
avoided, and what others used by preference in under- 
ground work. t 

The duration of wood, when kept dry, is very great, as 



28o 

Deams still exist which are known to be nearly 1,100 
years old. Piles driven by the Romans prior to the 
Christian era, have been examined of late, and iound to 
be perfectly sound, after an immersion of nearly 2,000 
years. 

The wood of some tools will last longer tlian the met- 
als; as in spades, hoes and plows. In other tools the 
wood is first gone; as in wagons, wheel-barrows and ma- 
chines. Such wood should be painted or oiled; the paint 
not 6nly looks well, but preserves the wood; petroleum 
oil is as good as any other. 

Hard w^ood stumps decay in five or six years; spruce 
stumps decay in about the same time; hemlock stumps 
in eight to nine years; cedar, eight to nine years; pine 
stumps, never. 

Cedar, oak, yellow pine and cheftnut are the most 
durable woods in dry places. 



FASTEST KAII.KOAI> TIME. 

I mile — 50XS., 3 miles in 2m. 36XS. , and 5 miles in 
4m. 50s, ; train which left West Philadelphia for Jersey 
City (P. R. R.) at 7:35 a. m. (Edward Osmond, engineer) 
September 4, 1879. 

10 miles — 8 min., Hamburg to Buffalo, N. Y., Lake 
Shore and Michigan Southern R. R. ; in 9 min., Hudson 
River road, locomotive and platform car, with steam 
fire-engine, Peekskill to Sing Sing, N, Y., February 17, 

1874. 

14 miles — II min., locomotive Hamilton Davis and six 
cars, New York Central R. R., 1855. 

18 miles — 15 min., special train conveying the Duke 
of Wellington, Paddington to Slough, England. 

Ill miles — 98 min., no stop, new Fontaine engine and 
two coaches, carrying W. H. Vanderbilt and party — 
Amherstburg to St. Thomas, Canada Southern Railway, 
May 5, 1881....109 min., special train, consisting of 
locomotive, baggage-car, one coach and one Pullman 
palace-car. Engineer McComber, carrying Bishop of 
De*^^oit and a number of the clergy; the time includes 4 
min. stoppage at Charing Cross — St. Thomas to Am- 
herstburg, September 13, 1877. '^ 



28l 

RATES OF POSTAGE. 

Letters. — Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each ounce or 
fraction thereof to all parts of the United States and Can- 
ada; forwarded to another postoffice without charge on 
request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned 
to the writer free, if indorsed with that request. If the 
stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to the Dead 
Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For Regis- 
tering letters the charge is 10 cents additional. Drop 
'etters at letter-carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or frac- 
ion thereof; at other offices, i cent per ounce or fraction 
chereof. On insufficiently prepaid matter mailed in Can- 
ada, 3 cents per y^ ounce or fraction thereof. Stamped 
Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, i cent each. 
If anything except a printed address slip is pasted on a 
Postal Card, or anything but the address written on the 
face, letter postage is charged. Postage on all newspapers 
and periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part 
of the United States, to regular subscribers, must be paid 
in advance at the office of mailing. 

Second-Class Matter. — Periodicals issued at regular 
intervals — at least four times a year — and having a 
regular list of subscribers, with supplement, sample cop- 
ies, I cent a pound; periodicals, other than weekly, if 
delivered by letter-carrier, i cent each; if over 2 ounces, 
2 cents each. When sent by other than publishers, for 4 
ounces or less, i cent. 

Third- Class Matter (not exceeding 4 pounds). — Printed 
matter, books, proof-sheets, corrected or uncorrected, 
unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of easy inspec- 
tion without cutting cords or wrapper, i cent for each 2 
ounces. 

Fourth- Class Matter. — Not exceeding 4 pounds, em- 
bracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids, 
poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, live 
animals, insects, etc., I cent an ounce. Postage to Can- 
ada and British North American States, 2 cents per 
ounce; must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cents. 



282 



Nnmber of Tears Seeds Retain Their Vitality. 



Vegetables. Years. 

Artichoke 5 

Asparagus 2 

Beans 2 

Beets 3 

Broccoli 5 

Cucumber 8 

Cauliflower 5 

Cress 3 

Carrots 2 

Celery 2 

Corn (on cob) 2 

Endive 5 

Egg Plant I 

Leek 2 

Lettuce 3 

Melon 8 

Mustard 3 

Okra 3 to 4 

Onion 2 to 3 

Pea. . . 5 to 6 

Pumpkin 8 to 10 

Parsley 2 to 3 

Parsnip 2 to 4 

Pepper 2 to 3 

Rhubarb 3 to 4 

Squash 8 to lo 

Spinach 3 to 4 

Turnip 3 to 6 

Tomato 2 to 3 



6 
3 
3 
4 
6 

o 10 

o 6 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 10 

o 4 

o 

o 



HOW TO MIX PAINTS FOR TINTS. 

Red and Black makes Brown 

Lake and White makes Rose 

White and Brown makes Chestnut 

White, Blue and Lake makes Purple 

Blue and Lead Color makes Pearl 



283 

White and Carmine makes Pink 

Indigo and Lamp-Black makes Silver Gray 

White and Lamp-Black makes Lead Color 

Black and Venetian Red makes. Chocolate 

White and Green makes Bright Green 

Purp e and White makes French White 

Light Green and Black makes. Dark Green 

White and Green makes Pea Green 

White and Emerald Green makes .Brilliant Green 

Red and Yellow makes Orange 

White and Yellow makes Straw Color 

White, Blue and Black makes Pearl Gray 

White, Lake and Vermillion makes Flesh Color 

Umber, Wliite and Venetian Red makes. ....... .Drab 

White, Yellow and Venetian Red makes Cream 

Red, Blue, Black and Red makes Olive 

Yellow, White and a little Venetian Red makes Buff 



DEGREES OF HEAT AND COLD REQUIRED 
TO FREEZE, MELT AND BOIL THE FOL- 
LOWING SUBSTANCES. 
Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the follow- 
ing articles Melt. 

Cast Iron 3j50O 

Glass 2,400 

Copper 2,160 

Gold i>983 

Brass 1,900 

Silver 1,850 

Antimony 950 

Zinc , ............ 780 

Lead 590 

Bismuth 476 

Tin , . . 420 

Gutta Percha. . . . 150 

Lard 96 

Ice 35 



284 

Degrees of Cold ABOVE ZERO at whicli the following 

articles Freeze. 

Turpentine (Spirits) 15 

Strong Wine.. 2C 

^viilk 29 

Water . . , 32 

. Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the following 
articles Boil. 

Blood Heat 98 

Alcohol 175 

Water % 210 

Petroleum 305 

Linseed Oil - . . . 600 

Quicksilver ,..,.... 630 



Tables of Weights and Measures. 

CUBIC MEASURE. 
1,728 cubic inches i cubic foot, 27 cubic feet i cubic yard, 
128 cubic feet i cord (wood), 40 cubic feet i ton 
(shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inches i standard bushel, 
268.8 cubic inches i standard gallon, i cubic foot 
four -fifths of a bushel 

SURVEYOR'S MEASURE. 
7.92 inches I link, 25 links i rod, 4 rods i chain, 10 
square chains or 160 square rods I acre, 640 acres i 
square mile. 

LONG MEASURE— DISTANCE. 

3 barleycorns i inch, 12 inches i foot, 3 feet i yard, 5^ 

yards I rod, 40 rods i furlong, 8 furlongs i mile. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 pints make i quart, 8 quarts make I peck, 4 pecks 

make I bushel, 36 bushels make i chaldron. 

LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 

4 gills make i pint, 2 pints make i quart, 4 quarts make 

I gallon, 31^ gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels make 
I hogshead. 



285 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

20 grains make i scruple, 3 scruples make i drachm, 8 
drachms make i ounce, 12 ounces make i pound. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

2^ grains make i pennyweight, 20 pennyweight make i 
ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only 
are weighed. The ounce and poufid in this are 
same as in Apothecaries' weight. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

6 drachms make i ounce, 16 ounces make i pound, 25 
pounds make i quarter, 4 quarters make ICX) weight, 
2,000 pounds make i ton. 

CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds make i minute, 60 minutes make i degree, 30 
degrees make i sign, 90 degrees make i quadrant, 4 
quadrants or 360 degrees make i circle. 

TIME MEASURE. 

60 seconds make^i minute, 60 minutes make i hour, 24 
hours make i day, 7 days make i week, 4 weeks 
make i lunar month, 28, 29, 30, or 31 days make i 
calendar month (30 days make i month in computing 
interest), 52 weeks and i day, or 12 calendar months 
make i year, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 
seconds make i solar year. 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

144 square inches i square foot, 9 square feet i square 
yard, 30X square yards i square rod, 40 square rods I 
rood, 4 roods i acre. 

CLOTH MEASURE. 

zX inches i nail, 4 nails i quarter, 4 quarters i yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3 inches i palm^ 4 inches i hand, 6 inches i span, 18 
inches i cubit, 21.8 inches i Bible cubit, 2^ feet I 
military pace. 



286 

Choice Selections for Autogrrapli Alframsi. 

In leisure moments cast a look 

Upon the pages of this book; 

When absent friends thy thoughts engage, 

Think of the one who fills this page. 



Go forth, thou little volume, 
I leave thee to thy fate ; 

"To love and friendship truly 
Thy leaves I dedicate. 



Go, little book, thy destined course pursue, 
Collect memorials of the just and true. 
And beg of every friend so near 
Some token of remembrance dear. 



In this fair garden plants shall grow. 
And in their freshness bud and blow— • 
Plants to which love has beauty lent. 
And blossoms sweet of sentiment. 



What's the use of always fretting 
At the trials we shall find 

Ever strewn along our pathway—- 
Travel on, and never mind. 



When the golden sun is setting. 
And your mind from care is free. 

When of others you are thinking. 
Will you sometimes think of me? 



I can but add one little pearl 

To all the gems about thee scattered; 
And say again, sweet, artless girl. 

That all the poets have not flattered. 



Think not, though distant that thou art, 

Thou canst forgotten be ; 
While memory lives within my heart 

/ will remember thee. 



May happiness ever be thy lot. 

Wherever thou shalt be; 
And joy and pleasure light the spo( 

That may be home to thee. 



287 
POLITICAL INFORMATION. 

Result of the Electoral College proceedings by States from 1789 to 
and including 1885. 

1789, Washington and Adams — Washington had the vote of 
all the states, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South 
Carolina and Georgia; total 69 votes. 

Adams had all of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 5 of the 7 
of Connecticut, i of the 6 of New Jersey, 8 of the 10 of Pennsyl- 
vania, 5 of the 10 of Virginia; total 34, 

1793, WASHINGTON AND Adams — Washington had the votes 
of all the states, viz. : New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, North 
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia; total 132. 

Adams carried all these states with the exception of New- 
York, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina and Georgia; total 77 
votes . 

1797, Adams and Jefferson — Adams had the votes of New- 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, i of the 15 of Pennsylvania, i 
of the 20 of Virginia, i of the 12 of North Carolina, and 7 of the 11 
of Maryland; total 71. 

Thomas Jefferson had 14 of the 15 votes of Pennsylvania, 4 of 
the II of Maryland, 20 of the 21 of Virginia, Kentucky, 11 of the 
12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and South Carolina; 
total 68. 

1801, Jefferson and Burr — Had the votes of the states of 
New York, 8 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, 5 of the 10 of Maryland, 
Virginia, Kentucky, 8 of the 12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, 
South Carolina and Georgia; total 73. House decided Jefferson 
President, and Burr Vice-President. 

Adams and Pincknev — Had the votes of states of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
New Jersey, 7 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, Delaware, 5 of the 10 of 
Maryland, and 4 of the 12 of North Carolina; total 65. 

1805, Jefferson and Clinton — Had the votes of states of 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky and 
Ohio; total 162. 

Pincknev and King — Had the votes of states of Connecticut, 
Delaware and 2 of the 11 of Maryland; total 14.. 

1809, Madison and Clinton — Had the votes of the states of 
Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 of the 11 of 
Maryland, Virginia, 11 of the 14 of North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio ; total 122, 

Pincknev and King — Had the votes of the states of New 
York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 2 of 
the II of Maryland, and 3 of the 14 of North Carolina*, total 4.7. 

18 13, Madison and Gerry — Carried Vermont, Pennsylvania, 



288 

6 of the II of Maryland, Vi*,^nia, >Iorth Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Louisiana; total 128. 

Clinton and Ingerso,ll — Had the votes of the states of New 
Hampshire, Massachuset! >, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Delaware and 5 of the 11 of Maryland; total 89. 

1817, Monroe and Tompkins — Had the votes of the states o^ 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, New Jersey> 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro" 
lina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana and Indi" 
ana; total 183. 

King and Howard — Had the votes of the states of Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut and Delaware; total 34. 

1821, Monroe and Tompkins — Had the votes of every state 
in the Union; total 231. 

Adams and Stockton — Adams had i vote of the 8 of New 
Hampshire, and Stockton 8 of the 15 of Massachusetts. 

1825, Adams and Calhoun — Had the votes of the states o^ 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, Vermont, 26 of the 36 of New York, i of the 3 of Delaware, 3 
of the II of Maryland, 2 of the 5 of Louisiana, and i of the 3 of 
Illinois; total 84 for Adams, Calhoun for Vice-President carried 
several states that Adams did not carry, and had a total of 182 
votes. 

Crawford — Had 5 of the 36 votes of New York, 2 of the 3 of 
Delaware, and I of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia and Georgia; 
total 41. 

Jackson — Had i of the 36 votes of New York, New Jersey j> 
Pennsylvania, 7 of the 11 of Maryland, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, 3 of the 5 of Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, 
Illinois and Alabama; total 99. 

Clay — Had 4 of the 36 votes of New York, Kentucky, Ohio 
and Missouri; total 37. 

No choice by the electoral college, it devolving upon House of 
Representatives. _ A choice was reached on first ballot as follows : 
Adams — Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, 
Ohio, Rhode Island and Vermont; 13 states. Jackson — Alabama, 
Indiana, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and 
Tennessee; 7 states. Crawford — Delaware, Georgia, North Caro- 
lina and Virginia ; 4 states. 

1829 — Jackson and Calhoun — Had i of the votes of the 9 of 
Maine, 20 of the 36 of New York, Pennsylvania, 5 of the 11 of 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Ala- 
bama and Missouri; total 178. 

Adams and Rush — Had 8 of the 9 votes of Maine, New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
16 of the 36 of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and 6 of the 11 
of Maryland ; tot-al 83. ^ 

1833, Jackson and Van Buren — Had the votes of Maine, 
New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 3 of the 
€ of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, 



289 

Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Iadla»>,a, Illinois, Alabama and Mis- 
souri; total 219. 

Clay and Sergeant — Had tht votes of the states of Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 5 of the 8 of 
Maryland, and Kentucky; total 49. 

1837, Van Buren and Johnson — Had the votes of the states 
of Maine^ New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Missis- 
sippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total 
170. 

Harrison and Granger — Had the votes of the states of Ver- 
mont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and 
Indiana; total 73. 

1841, Harrison and Tyler — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- 
land, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana and Michigan; total 234. 

Van Buren — Had the votes of the states of New Hampshire, 
Virginia, South Carolina, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri and Arkan- 
sas; total 60. 

1845, Polk and Dallas — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South 
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Ala- 
bama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total 170. 

Clay and P'relinghuysen — Had the votes of the states of 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, 
Maryland, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total 
105. 

1849, Taylor and Fillmore — Had the votes of the states of 
Masjsachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Florida; total 163. 

Cass and Butler — Had the votes of the states of Maine, Ne^ 
Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana, 
Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Texas, Iowa 
and Wisconsin; total 127. • 

1853, Pierce and King — Had the votes of the states of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Nevy 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indi- 
ana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, 
Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and California; total 254. 

Scott AND Graham — Had the votes of the states of Massa- 
chusetts, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee; total 42. 

1857, Buchanan and Breckinridge — Had the^ votes of the 
states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Lou- 
isiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Ark- 
ansas, Florida, Texas and California; total 174. 

Fremont and Dayton — Had tike votes of the states of Maine, 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, JLhode Island, Connecticut, 



290 

Vermont, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin; total 
114. 

Fillmore and Donelson — Had the votes of the state of 
Maryland : total 8. 

1861, Lincoln and Hamlin — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, Vermont, New York, 4 of the 7 of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, 
Minnesota and Oregon; total 180. 

Breckinridge and Lane — Had the votes of the states of 
Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas; 
total 72. 

Douglas and Johnson — Had the votes of the states of Mis- 
souri, and 3 of the 7 of New Jersey; total 12. 

Bell and Everett — Had the votes of the states of Virginia, 
Kentucky and Tennessee; total 39. 

1865, Lincoln and Johnson — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indi- 
ana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, California, 
Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia and Nebraska; total 
212. 

McClellan and Pendleton — Had the votes of the states of 
New Jersey, Delaware and Kentucky; total 21. 

Eleven states did not vote, viz. : Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. 

1869, Grant and Colfax — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ala- 
bama, Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, 
Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota^ 
Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; total 214. 

SfevMOUR and Elair — Had the votes of the states of New 
York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Louisiana, 
Kentucky and Oregon; total 80, 

Three states did not vote, viz. : Mississippi, Texas and Vir- 
ginia. 

1873, Grant and Wilson — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Ohio, Indi- 
ana, Illinois, Mississippi, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, 
California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kaoasas, West Virginia, Nebraska 
and Nevada; total 286. 

Greeley and Brown — Had the votes of the states of Mary- 
land, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Texas; 
total 63. 

Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Greeley, and the 
votes of Arkansas, 6, and Louisiana, 8, cast for Grant, were re- 
jected. 

1877, Hayes and Wheeler — Had the votes of the states of 



291 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, 
Nevada, Nebraska and Colorado; total 185. 

TiLDEN AND Hendricks — Had the votes of the states of Con- 
necticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indi- 
ana, Mi-ssouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas and West Virginia; 
total 184. 

1881, Garfield and Arthur — Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, i of the 6 of California, Minnesota, 
Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado; total 214. 

Hancock and English — Had the votes of the states of New 
Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
•Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Florida, Texas, 5 of the 6 of Cali- 
fornia, West Virginia and Nebraska; total 155. 

1885, Cleveland and Hendricks — Had the votes of the states 
of Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, 
Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, 
New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennes- 
see, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia; total 203. 

Blaine and Logan — Had the votes of the states of California, 
Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kai.ras, Maine, Massachusetts, Mich- 
igan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Ore- 
gon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin; total 166. 

VOTE BY STATES. 

Showing vote for electors in each State from 1824 to and including 

1885. Prior to 1824 legislatures chose electors. In South 

Carolina this rule was followed up to 1868, and in 

Colorado in 1876. 

Alabama — 1824, Dem. majority 5,280; 1828, Dem, majority, 
15,200; 1836, Dem. majority 3,431; 1840, Dem. majority 5,520; 
1844, Dem. majority 11,656; 1848, Dem. majority 881; 1852, Dem. 
majority 11,843; 1856, Dem. majority 18,187; i860, Dem. majority 
7.355; 1868, Rep. majority 4,278; 1872, Rep. majority 10,828; 1876, 
Dem. majority 33,772; 1880, Dem. majority 29,867- 1884, Dem, 
plurality 33,529. 

Arkansas — 1836, Dem. majority 1,162; 1840, Dem. majority 
889; 1844, Dem. majority 4,042: 1848, Dem. majority 1,712; 1852, 
Dem. majority 4,769: 1856, Dem. majority 11,123; 1S60, Dem. ma- 
jority 3,411; 1868, Rep. majority 3,034; 1872, Rep. majority 3,446; 
1876, Dem._ majority 19,113; 1880, Dem. majority 14,749; 1884, 
Dem. plurality 22,208. 

Caltfokn*ia — 1852, Dem. majority 5,119; 1856, Dem. plurality 
17,200; 1870, Rep. plurality 657; 1864, Rep. majority 18,293; 1868, 
Rep. majoriti^^ 506; 1872, Rep. majority 12,234; 1876, Rep. major- 
ity 2,738; 1880, Dem. plurality 78; 1884, Rep. plurality 13,128. ^ 



y;mif^^;isn% wzm. 



292 
Colorado — 1880, Rep. majority 1,368. 

Connecticut — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 
5,609; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 9,381; 1832, 
Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 6,486; 1836, Dem. majority 
768; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 6,131; 1844, Whig (Rep.) major- 
ity 1,048; 1848, Whig (Rep.; plurality 3,268; 1852, Dem. plurality 
2,892; 1856, Rep. majority 5,105; i860. Rep. majority 10,238; 1864, 
Rep. majority 2,406; 1868, Rep. majority 3,043; 1872, Rep. major- 
ity 4,348; 1876, Dem majority 1,712; 1880, Rep. majority 1,788; 
1884, Dem. plurality 1,274. 

Delaware — 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 420; 
1832, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 166; 1836, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 583; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 1,083; 1844, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 282; 1848, Whig (Rep.; majority 443; 1852, Dem. plural- 
ity 25; 1856, Dem. majority 1,521; i860, Dem. plurality 3,483; 
1864, Dem. majority 612; 1868, Dem. majority 3,357; 1872, Rep. 
majority 422; 1876, Dem. majority 2,629; 1880, Dem. majority 
1,023; 1884, Dem. plurality 423. 

Florida — 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 1,269; 1852, Dem. 
majority 1,443; 1856, Dem majority 1,525; i860, Dem, majority 
2,739; 1872, Rep. majority 2,336; 1876, Rep. majority 926; 1880, 
Dem. majority 4,310; 1884, Dem. plurality 3,738. 

^Georgia — 1836, Whig (Rep.) majority 2,804; 1840, Whig 
(Rep.) majority 8,328; 1844, Dem majority 2,071; 1848, Whig 
(Rep) majority 2,742: 1852, Dem majority 18,045; 1856, Dem. 
majority 14,350; i860, Dem plurality 9,003; 1868, Dem majority 
45,588: 1872, Dem majority 9,806; 1876, Dem majority 79,642;: 
1880, Dem majority 4,199; 1884, Dem plurality 46,961 . 

Illinois — 1824, Dem plurality 359; 1828, Dem majority 5,182; 
1832, Dem majority 8,718; 1836, Dem majority 3, 114; 1840, Dem 
majority 1,790; 1844, Dem majority 8,822; 1848, Dem plurality 
3,253; 1852, Dem majority 5,697; 1856, Dem plurality 9,159; i860. 
Rep majority 5,629; 1864, Rep majority 30,766; 1868, Rep major- 
ity 51,160; 1872, Rep majority 53,948; 1876, Rep majority 1,971; 
1880, Rep majority 14,358; 1884, Rep plurality 25,122- 

^ Indiana — 1824, Dem plurality 2,028; 1828, Dem majority 
5,185; 1832, Dem majority 16,080; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority 
8,801; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 13,607; 1844, Dem majority 
208; 1848, Dem plurality 4,838; 1852, Dem majority 7,510; 1856, 
Dem majority 1,909; i860. Rep majority 5,923; 1864, Rep majority 
20,189; 1868, Rep majority 9,568; 1872, Rep majority 21,098; 1876, 
Dem plurality 5,515; 1880, Rep plurality 6,641; 1884, Dem plural- 
ity 6,527. , 

Iowa — 1848, Dem plurality 1,009; 1852, Dem majority 303; 
1856, Rep plurality 7,784; i860. Rep majority 12,487; 1864, Rep 
majority 39,479; 1868, Rep majority 46,359; 1872, Rep majority 
58,149; 1876, Rep majority 50,191; 1880, Rep majority 45,732; 
1884, Rep plurality 19,796. 

Kansas — 1864, Rep majority 12,750; 1868, Rep majority 



293 

E7,cs8; 1872, Rep majority 33,482; 1876, Rep majority 32,5x1; 
1880, Rep majority 42,021; 1884, Rep plurality 64,274. 

Kentucky — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 
10,329; 1828, Dem majority 7,912; 1832, Loose Constructionist 
(Rep) majority 7,149; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority 5,520; 1840, 
Whig (Rep) majority 25,873; 1844, Whig (Rep) majority 9,267; 
1848, Whig (Rep) majority 17,421; 1852, Whig (Rep) majority 
2,997; 1856; Dem majority 6,912; i860, Constitutional Union 
plurality 12,915; 1864, Dem majority 36,515; 1868, Dem majority 
76,324; 1872, Dem majority 8,855; 1876, Dem majority 59,772; 1880, 
Dem majority 31,951; 1884, Dem plurality 34,839. 

Louisiana — 1828, Dem, majority 508; 1832, Dem. majority 
1,521; 1836, Dem. majority 270; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 3,680; 
1844, Dem. majority 699; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 2,847; 1852, 
Dem. majority 1,392; 1856, Dem. majority 1,455; 1860, Dem. 
plurality 2,477; 1868, Dem. majority 46,962; 1872, Rep. majority 
14,634; 1876, Rep. majority 4,499; 1880, Dem. majority 33,419; 
1884, Dem. plurality 16,250. 

Maine — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 4,540^ 
1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 6,848; 1840, Whig 
(Rep.) majority 217; 1844, Dem. majority'- 6,505; 1848, Dem. plu- 
rality 4,755; 1852, Dem. majority 1,036; 1856, Rep. majority 24,974; 
i860. Rep. majority 27,704; 1864, Rep. majority 17,592; 1868, 
Rep. majority 28,033; 1872, Rep. majority 32,355; 1876, Rep. ma- 
jority 15,814; 1880, Rep. majority 4,460; 1884, Rep. plurality 
20,069. 

Maryland — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) plurality 109; 
1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 1,181; 1832, Loose 
Constructionist (Rep.) majority 4; 1836, Whig (Rep.) majority 
3,685; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 4,776; 1844, Whig (Rep.) ma- 
jority 3,308; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 3,049; 1852, Dem. major- 
ity 4,900; 1856, Knovv-Nothing majority 8,064; i860, Dem. plurality 
722; 1864, Rep. majority 7,414; 1868, Dem. majority 31,919; 1872, 
Dem. majority 908; 1876, Dem. majority 19,756; 1880, Dem. ma- 
jority 15,191; 1884, Dem. plurality 11,305. 

Massachusetts — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 
24,071; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 22,817; 1832, 
Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 18,458; 1836, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 7,592; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 19,305; 1844, Whig 
(Rep.) majority 2,712; 1848, Whig (Rep.) plurality 23,014; 1852, 
Whig (Rep.) plurality 8,114; 1856, Rep. majority 49,324; i860, 
Rep. majority 43,981 ; 1864, Rep. majority 77,997; 1858, Rep. ma- 
jority 77,069; 1872, Rep. majority 74,212; 1876, Rep. majority 
40,423; 1880, Rep. majority 49,097; 1884, Rep. plurality 24,372. 

Michigan — 1836, Dem. majority 3,360; 1840, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 1,514; 1844, Dem. plurality 3,423; 184S, Dem. plurality 
6,747; 1852, Dem. m.-ajority 746; 1856, Rep. majority 17,966; 
i860. Rep. majority 22,213; 1864, Rep. majority 16,017; 1868, 
Rep= majority 31,481; 1872, Rep. majority 55,968; 1876, Rep. 



294 

majority 15,542; 1880, Rep. majority 19,095; 1884, Rep. plurality 
3»3o8. 

Minnesota — 1860, Rep. majority 9,339; 1864, Rep. majority 
7,685; 1868, Rep. majority 15,470; 1872, Rep. majority 20,694; 
1876, Rep. majority 21,780; 1880, Rep. majority 40,588; 1884, Rep. 
plurality 38,738. 

Mississippi — 1824, Dem. majority 1,421; 1828, Dem. major- 
ity 5,182; 1832, Dem majority 5,919; 1836, Dem majority 291; 1840, 
Whig (Rep) majority 2,523; 1844, Dem majority 5,920; 1848, Dem 
majority 615; 1852, Dem majority 9,328; 1856, Dem majority 
11,251; i860, Dem majority 12,474; 1872, Rep majority 34,887; 
1876, Dem majority 59,568; 1880, Dem majority 35,099; 1884, Dem 
plurality 33,001. 

Missouri — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 103; 
1828, Dem majority 4,810; 1832, Dem majority 5,192; 1836, Dem 
majority 2,658; 1840, Dem majority 6,788; 1844, Dem majority 
10,118; 1848, Dem majority'- 7,406; 1852, Dem majority 8,369; 1856, 
Dem majority 9,640; i860, Dem plurality 429; 1864, Rep majority 
41,072; 1868, Rep majority 21,232; 1872, Dem majority 29,809; 
1876, Dem majority 54,389: 1880, Dem majority 19,997; 1884, Dem 
plurality 33,059. 

Nebraska — 1868, Rep majority 4,290; 1872, Rep majority 
10,517; 1876, Rep majority 10,326; 1880, Rep majority 22,603; 
1884, Rep plurality 22,512. 

Nevada — 1864, Rep majority 3,232: 1868, Rep majority 1,262; 
1882, Rep majority 2,177: 1876, Rep majority 1,075; 1880, Dem 
majority 879; 1884, Rep plurality 1,615. 

New Hampshire — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 
3,464; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 3,384; 1832^ 
Dem majority 6,476; 1836, Dem plurality 12,494; 1840, Dem ma- 
jority 6,386; 1844, Dem majority 5,133; 1848, Dem majority 5,422; 
1852, Dem majority 7,155; 1856, Rep majority 5,134; i860. Rep 
majority 9,085; 1864, Rep majority 3,529; 1868, Rep majority 
6,967; 1872, Rep majority 5,444: 1876, Rep majority 2,954; iS8o^ 
Rep majority 3,530; 1884, Rep plurality 4,059. 

New Jersey — 1824, Dem majority 679: 1820, Loose Construc- 
tionist (Rep) majority 1,808; 1832, Dem majority 463; 1836, Whig 
(Rep) majority 545; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 2,248; 1844, Whig 
(Rep) majority 692; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 2,285; 1852, Dem 
majority 5,399; 1856, Dem plurality 18,605; i860, Dem majority 
4,477; 1864, Dem majority 7,301: 1868, Dem majority 2,870; 1872,. 
Rep majority 14,570; 1876, Dem majority 11,690; 1880, Dem plu- 
rality 2,010: 1884, Dem plurality 4,412. 

New York — 1828, Dem majority 4,350: 1832, Dem majority 
13,601; 1836, Dem majority 28,272; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 
10,500; 1844, Dem plurality 5,106; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 
98,093: 1852, Dem majority 1,872; 1856, Rep plurality 80,129; 
i860, Rep majority 50,136; 1864, Rep majority-- 6,749: 1868, Dem 
majority 10,000; 1872, Rep majority 51,800; 1876, Dem majority 
26,568; 1880, Rep majority 8,660; 1884, Dem plurality 1,148. 

North Carolina — 1824, Dem majority 4,794; 1828, Dem 
majority 23,939; 1832, Dem majority 20,299; 1836, Dem majority 



295 ^ 

3,284 :_ 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 12,158; 1844, Whig (Rep^ 
majority 3,945; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 8,681; 1852, Dem 
majority 627; 1856, Dem majority 11,360; i860, Dem majority 
648; 1868, Rep. majority 12,168; 1872, Rep majority 24,675; 1876, 
Dem majority 17,010; 1880, Dem. majority 8,326; 1884, Dem 
plurality 17,884. 

Ohio — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) plurality 798; 1828, 
Dem majority 4,201; 1832, Dem majority 4,707; 1836, Whig (Rep) 
majority 8,457; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 22,472; 1844, Whig 
(Rep) plurality 5,940; 1848, Dem plurality 16,415; 1852, Dem 
plurality 16,694; 1856, Rep plurality 16,623; i860, Rep majority 
20,779; 1864, Rep majority 59,586; 1868, Rep majority 41,617; 
1872, Rep majority 34,268; 1876, Rep majority 2,747; 1880, Rep 
majority 27,771; 1884, Rep plurality 31,802. e~^ 

Oregon — 1860, Rep plurality 1,318; 1864, Rep majority 1,431; 
186S, Dem majority 164; 1872, Rep majority 3,517; 1876, Rep 
majority 547; 1880, Rep majority 422; 1884, Rep plurality 2,256. 

Pennsylvania — 1824, Dem majority 24,845; 1828, Dem 
majority 50,804; 1832, Dem majority 34,267; 1836, Dem majority 
4,364; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 2; 1844, Dem. majority 3,194; 
i§48. Whig (Rep) majority 3,074; 1852, Dem majority 10,869; 
1856, Dem majorit3'' 1,025; i860, Rep majority 59,618; 1864, Rep 
majority 20,075; 1868, Rep majority 28,898; 1872, Rep majority 
I35>9i8; 1876, Rep majority 9,375; 1880, Rep majority 16,608; 
1884, Rep plurality 81,019. 

Rhode Island — 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 
1,945; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 1,933; 1832, 
Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 684; 1836, Dem majority 
254; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 1,935; 1844, Whig (Rep) majority 
2,348; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 2,403; 1852, Dem majority 465; 
1856, Rep majority 3,112; i860, Rep majority 4,537; 1864, Rep. 
majority 5,222; 1868, Rep majority 6,445; 1872, Rep majority 
8,336; 1876, Rep majority 4,947; 1880, Rep majority 7,180; 1884, 
Rep plurality 6,639. 

South Carolina — 1868, Rep majority 17,064; 1872, Rep ma- 
jority 49,400; 1876, Rep majority 964; 1880, Dem majority 
54,241; 1884, Dem plurality 48,112. 

Tennessee — 1824, Dem majority 19,669; 1828, Dem majority 
41,850; 1832, Dem majority 27,304; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority 
9,842; 1840, Whig (Repj majority 12,102; 1844, Whig (Rep) ma- 
jority 113; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 6,286; 1852, Whig (Rep) 
majority ,1,880; 1856, Dem majority 7,460; i860, Constitutipnal 
Union plurality 4,565; 1868, Rep majority 30,499: 1882, Dem 
majority 8,736; 1876, Dem majority 43,600; 1880, Dem majority 
14,598; 1884, Dem plurality 8,275. 

Texas — 1848, Dem majority 6,150; 1852, Dem majority 8,557; 
1856, Dem majority 15,530; i860, Dem majority 32,110; 1872, 
Dem majority 16,595; 1876, Dem majority 59,955; 1880, Dem ma- 
jority 70,878; 1884, Dem plurality 132,168. 



296 

Vermont — 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 16,579; 
1832, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 3,282; 1836, Whig 
(Rep) majority 6,954; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 14,117; 1844, 
Whig (Rep) majority 4,775; 1848, Whig (Rep) plurality 9,285; 1852, 
Whig (Rep) majority 508; 1856, Rep majority 28,447; i860, Rep 
majority 24,772; 1864, Rep majority"" 29,098; 1868, Rep majority 
32,122; 1872, Rep majority 29,961; 1876, Rep majority 23,838; 
i '80, Rep majority 26,036; 1884, Rep plurality 22,183. 

Virginia — 1824, Dem majority 2,023; 1828, Dem majority 

14,651; 1832, Dem majority 22,158; 1836, Dem majority 6,893; 
1840, Dem majority 1,392; 1844, Dem majority 5,893; 1848, Dem 
majority 1,453; 1852, Dem majority 15,286; 1856, Dem majority 
29,105; i860. Constitutional Union plurality 358; 1872, Rep majori- 
ty 1,772; 1876, Dem majority 44,112; x88o. Regular Dem ma- 
jority 12,810: Dem plurality 6,315. 

^ West Virginia — 1864, Rep majority 12,714; 1868, Rep ma- 
jority 8,869; 1872, Rep majority 2,264; 1876, Dem majority 12,384; 
1880, Dem majority 2,069; 1884, Dem plurality 4,221 . 

Wisconsin — 1848, Dem plurality 1,254; 1852, Dem majority 
2.604; 1856, Rep majority 12,668; i860, Rep majority 20,040; 1864, 
Rep majority 17,574; 1868, Rep majority 24,150; 1872, Rep ma- 
jority 17,686; 1876, Rep m2Jority 5,205; 1880, Rep majority 21,783; 
1884, Rep. plurality 14,693. 

POPULAR VOTE. 

For Presidential candidates from 1824 to and including 1885. 
Prior to 1824 electors w6re chosen by the legislatures of the differ- 
ent states. 

1824, J, Q. Adams — Had 105,321 to 155,872 for Jackson, 
44,282 for Crawford, and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson over Adams, 
5o>5Si' Adams less than combined vote of others, 140,869. Of the 
whole vote Adams had 29.92 per cent., Jackson 44.27, Clay 13.23, 
Crawford 13.23. Adams elected by House of Representatives.' 

1828, Jackson — Had 647,231 to 509,097 for Adams. Jackson's 
majority, 138,134. Of the whole vote Jackson had 55.97 per cent,, 
Adams 44.03. 

1832, Jackson — Had 687,502 to 530,189 for Clay, and 33,108 
for Floyd and Wirt combined . Jackson's majority, 124,205. Of 
the whole vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent.. Clay 42.39, and the 
others combined 2.65. 

1836, Van Buren — Had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined vote 
for Harrison, White, Webster and Maguin. Van Buren' s majority, 
24,893. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per cent., and the 
others combined 49. 17. ^ 

1840, Harrison — Had 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for Van Buren, 
and 7,059 for Birney. Harrison's majority, 139,256. Of the 
whole vote Harrison had 52.89 per cent.. Van Buren 46.82, and 
Birney .29. 



297 

x844> Polk — Had 1,337,243 to 1,299,068 for Clay, and 62,300 
for Birney. Polk over Clay, 38,175. Polk less than others com- 
bined, 24,125. Of the whole vote Polk had 49.55 per cent., Clay 
48.14, and Birney 2.21. 

1848, Taylor — Had 1,360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass, and 
291,263 for Van Buren. Taylor over Cass, 139,557. Taylor less 
than others combined, 151,706. Of the whole vote Taylor had 
47.36 per cent., Cass 42.50, and Van Buren 10.14. 

1852, Pierce — Had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 for Scott, and 156,149 
for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole vote Pierce had 
50.90 per cent., Scott 44.10, and Hale 4.97. 

1856, Buchanan — Had 1,838,169 to 1,341,264 for Fremont, 
and 874,534 for Fillmore. _ Buchanan over Fremont 496,905. 
Buchanan less than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of the 
whole vote Buchanan'had 45.34 percent., Fremont 33.09, and Fill- 
more 21.57. 

i860, Lincoln — Had 1,866,352 to i,37S,i57for Douglas, 845,763 
for Breckinridge, and 589,581 for Bell. Lincoln over Breckinridge, 
491,195. Lincoln less than Douglas and Breckinridge combined, 
354,568. Lincoln less than combined vote ot all others, 944,149. 
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 per cent., Douglas 29.40, 
Breckinridge 18.08, and Bell 12,61. 

1S64, Lincoln — Had 2,216,067 to 1,808,725 for McClella^j. 
(Eleven states not voting, viz. : Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.) Lincoln's majority, 408,342. 
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent., and McClellan 
44.94. 

1868, Grant — Had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour. (Three 
states not voting, viz. : Mississippi, Texas and Virginia.) Grant's 
majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 52.67 per cent., 
and McClellan 47.33. 

1872, Grant — Had 3,597,070 to 2,834,079 for Greeley, 29,408 
for O'Connor, and 5,608 for Black. Grant's majority, 729,975. Of 
the whole vote Grant had 55.63 per cent., Greeley 43.83, O'Connor 
.15, Black .09. 

1876, Haves — Had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Tilden, 81,740 
for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith, and 2,636 scattering. Tilden' s majority 
over Hayes, 250,935. Tilden's majority ot the entire vote cast, 
i57>o37' Hayes less than the combined vote of others, 344,833. 
Of the whole vote cast Hayes had 47.95 per cent., Tilden 50.94 per 
cent, Cooper .97 percent.. Smith .11 per cent., scattering .03. 

1880, Garfield — Had 4,449,053 to 4,442,035 for Hancock, 
307,306 for Weaver, and 12,576 scattering. Garfield over Han- 
cock, 7,018. Garfield less than the combined vote for others, 
313,864. Of the popular vote Garfield had 48.26 per cent., Han- 
cock 48.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .13. '♦ 

©1884, Cleveland — Had 4,913,248 to 4,848,150 for Blaine, 
151,062 for St John, 133,728 for Butler. Cleveland over Blaine, 
65,®q8. Cleveland less than entire vote of opponents, 219,713. 



293 

Summary — Of the Presidents, Adams, Federalist; Polk, 
Democrat; Taylor, Whig; Buchanan, Democrat; Lmcoln, Re- 
publican; Garfield, Republican, and Cleveland, Democrat, did 
not, when elected, receive a majority of the popular vote. The 
highest percentage of popular vote received by any President was 
55.97 for Jackson, Democrat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for 
Lincoln, Republican, in i860; Hayes, Republican, next lowest, 
with 47.95. Hayes, with the exception of John Quincy Adams, 
who was chosen by House of Representatives, was the only Presi- 
dent ever elected .who did not have a majority over his principal 
competitor, and Tilden the only defeated candidate who had a 
majority over the President-elect, and a majority of all the votes 
cast. 

What a Horse Can Draw — On metal rails ahorse can draw: 

One and two-thirds times as much as on asphalt pavement. 

Three and one-third times as much as on good Belgian blocks. 

Five times as much as on ordinary Belgian blocks. 

Seven times as much as on good cobble-stone. 

Thirteen times as much as on ordinary cobble-stone. 

Twenty times as much as on an earth road. 

Forty times as much as on sand. 

A modern compilation of engineering maxims states that a horse 
^n drag, as compared with what he can carry on his back, in the 
Tollowing proportions : On the worst earthen road, three times 
more; on a good macadamized road, nine; on plank, twenty-five; 
on a stone trackway, thirty-three, and on a good railway, fifty-four 
times as much. 

Excessive Heat in the Past.— In 1303 and 1304 the Rhine, 
Loire, and Seine ran dry. The heat in several French provinces 
during the summer of 1705 was equal to that of a glass furnace. 
Meat could be cooked by merely exposing it to the sun. Not a 
soul dare venture out between noon and 4 p. m. In 1718 many 
shops had to close. The theaters never opened their doors for 
three months. Not a drop of water fell during six months. Ih 
1773 the thermometer rose to 118 degrees. In 1778 the heat of 
Bologna was so great that a great number of people were stifled. 
There was not sufficient air for the breath, and people had to take 
refuge under the ground . In July, 1793, the heat again became 
intolerable. Vegetables were burned up, and fruit dried on the 
trees. The furniture and wood-work in dwelling-houses cracked 
and split up; meat wert bad in an hour. 



299 



) b« 

o 
U .. 

S^ 

SI 
Wo 
-d.S 

d CO 
^^ 
<o o 

■^ CO 
^ 00 

«^ !^ 

rt o 



o ^ 

^^ 

(U ^ 






O '-' 



■J-?! 



00 t>. LT) 

H t>. CS 

Th to t^ 

u-> r^ o 



0> M VO Q 
r>s ro t^ 
VO T^oo tN 



3 ■^^ \o '«♦■ 
5 o t^ t>» 

5 00 N lO 






m\0 
rovo 

a«vo 



to Q 

un CO 
t^vo" 

00 CM 
H cT 



- 00 N * 



^ ^ ^^;z; 



t^ to 

00 



rnvo 0^ ro 
t*»oo fo ro 



to O t^ fo 

H Ch « CO 
CO N ON lO 

to a< 




ro 00 -^ 



00 rooo 00 

00 M (O <N 
t^OO lO N 





^, , ONOO H tJ- 

00 ro ^ •<*• fo ro 

H VO" O" H 



ro On 
t^vo 
OnO 

N ro 

VO M 
CO 0"" 



lOVO roc Omoq 0\t^ 

HOO^O OOt^O M 

vOOroQ 0>-<OnO OO 

fO ►-TvcToo' t^vo lo O*" o<r ro 

CO ro a\oo ro <N M 00 vo n 

VONHtO OCO^ii- NVO 

ocToo'^vd' in cT VO o" m" on 
w M ro 


















300 






) en a 



t^ ro « O 



\ri o rn m 
w O\0Q — 



N O 

o ^^ 

Oi t^ 



■ri- M m o 
lo m fo 1- 
■^ 0\ 0\ ON 





o> O O O 




00 ro 

On <N 
CO (N 






O 00 o. c 
O fO"0 c 

00 O 00 <^ 



lO N N M 
t^ W »O00 



M ID O\00 

0> ro t^ « 

H CO fO M 



M ro 

m o 



800 ro O ■* O 

o>vo O Q ro N o 

oot^wm ON'<fO 

\r, lo tCvo" cTvcT ro -»? 

NO"^t^ IDHOOtJ- 

""i- rj-vo 0> lo rooo VO 



ro CO w ro 
O ro lo 0\ 

00 »0 N to 

M N "* On 



ro VO ■<*■ 



H M N I 



t^OO CO t^ 

Ov r^ M t>. 

t^ o t^ »o 

vo" 'i? "«? a 




: -ft 6 3 

•- "o Ji 




3°' 

IMMIGRANTS INTO THE UNITED STATES 

1820-1885. 



Y Total 

Immigrants, 

1820 8,385 

1821 7»i27 

1822 , 6,911 

1823 6,354 

1824 7,912 

1825 10,199 

1826 10,837 

1827 18,875 

1828 28,382 

1829 22,520 

1830 23,322 

1831 22,633 

1832 . . . 60,482 

1833 53,610 

1834 65,365 

1835 43>374 

1836 . . 76,242 

1837 79.340 

1838 38.914 

1839 68,069 

1840 84,066 

1841 80,289 

1842 104,565 

1843 52,496 

1844 78,615 

1845 ••' 114.371 

1846 154,416 

1847 234,968 

1848 226,527 

1849 297,024 

1850 369,980 

1851 379.466 

1852 371.603 

1853 368,645 



Year ^^^^^ 

Immigrants. 

1854 427,833 

1855 200,877 

1856 195.857 

1857 246,945 

1858 119,501 

1859 118,616 

i86o 150.237 

1861 89,724 

1862 89,007 

1863 174,524 

1864 193.195 

1865 247,453 

1866 ^^7^fS7 

Fiscal Year ending June 30 

1867 298,967 

1868 282,189 

1869 ^ 352,76s 

1870 387,203 

1871 321,350 

1872 404,806 

1873 ....459.803 

1874 3^3.339 

1875 ..227,468 

1876 169,986 

1877 111,857 

1878 138,469 

1879 177,826 

1880 457.257 

1881 669,431 

1882 788,992 

1883 603,322 

1884 518,502 

1885 395,346 

Total 13.114,441 



302 

NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED 

STATES. 

The conditions under and the manner in which an 
aHen may be admitted to become a citizen of the United 
States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised 
Statutes of the United States. 

DECLARATION OF INTENTION. 

The alien must declare upon oath, before a circuit or 
iistrict court of the United States, or a district or 
JPipreme court of the Territories, or a court of record of 
any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a 
seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, 
that it is, bonafide^ his intention to become a citizen of 
the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance 
and fidelity to any foreign prmce or State, and particu- 
larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen 
or subject. 

OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. 

He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, 
declare on oath, before some one of the courts above 
specified, " that he will support the Constitution of the 
United States, and that he absolutely and entirely 
renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every 
foreign prince, potentate. State or sovereignty, and par-" 
ticularly, by name, to the prince, potentate. State or 
sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject," 
which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the 
court. 

CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP. 
If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to 
which the alien has applied that he has resided continu- 
ously within the United States for at least five years, and 
within the State or Territory where such court is at the 
time held one year at least ; and that during that time 
" he has behaved as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United 
States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness 
of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship. 

TITLES OF NOBILITY. 

If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or ord er 



303 

of nobility, he must make an express renimciation of the 
same at the time of his application. 

SOLDIERS. 

Any alien of the age of twenty- one years and upward, 
who has been in the armies of the United States and has 
been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a 
citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration 
of intention, provided that he has resided in the United 
States at least one year previous to his application, and is 
of good moral character. 

MINORS. 

Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has 
resided in the United States three years next preceding 
his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside 
therein to the time he may make application to be admit- 
ted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of 
twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years 
within the United States, including the three years of his 
minority, be admitted a citizen ; but he must make a 
declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the 
court that for two years next preceding it has been his 
bona-Jide intention to become a citizen. 

CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS. 

The children of persons who have been duly natural- 
ized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time 
of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling 
in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. 

CITIZENS* CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD. 

The children of persons who now are or have been 
citizens of the United States are, though born out of the 
limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as 
citizens thereof. 

PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS. 

Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States declares that " all naturalized citizens of the United 
States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall 
receive from this Government the same protection of 
persons and property which is accorded to native-bom 
citizens. " 



304 



H 


r 




cn 


o 


> 


til 






Q 


rt 






CO 


fl 



o 



m 


^ 


o 


3 


rC 




a. 


^ 


F! 


UJ 




^ 


X 


ft 


S 


H 


3 






3 


,ci 


iu 


fl. 


:^ 


O 


<u 


o 


«J 


o 


H 


< 




'^ 


€L 


o 


•-> 


. 


S 


c 


O 


Ph 


o 


21 


bjo 


13 


q: 


-o 


V 


Q- 


i3 


'u» 






3 






o 




O 


.2 



C/3 H 



M vo u^ t>^\o CO M O>oo < 

NCO O ONCOfOM fOt>. 

T*- M rrtco M M CO N Ti- 

t^ t>>oo -<i- m N 00 lo r>- f 

■4- O^^ O r^oo" hToo" o" 
N rH MOO t^r^woooo 



N 00 moo W t>> N M 
ro <N C^vvO rovo O O 
ro rn Cn ""l- in o c^oo 



ro m ■'I" w N o »nvO 
in m fo m moo O m 

mC4NNNi-l<NN 



N O 0\ 'i-OO f 

O minor^ONNc 
ininmNMOcT-^t^l 

Q^MWMt>.«NO 

-<*-'^0 mw m'^in 

in o" CJNod" 1? cTxo »o 
^cs>o MOO mt^M 

« H O OSOO 00 00 t^ 



it-i««M««N«««WNNNNN«C*i-iMMMM 



SoooocooooooooDoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocoOO 



m in o <0 

■^ t-^OO N 

mco •<*■ N 
m cT '^ H* 
t^ in o Q 
m N invo 



N N m N -<*- N 00 mvo H t^woo t^M M t^t^r 
w in o O mo inrxosTt-M cj mm moo moo t 
OnO m (N moo 00 t^ t>. m m m oo moD oo oo <s(x 
pT m" m d^ '^M'er-^dNmNvo'pTov m'vo" n c 
•^vo eg m <N '<*-vo m o c^ o -^oo t^ o\ m a> ■«^oc 
f> -^ OS moo o -^mMooN m G^^o o -^oo ^ 
cT m m moo tC m moo" vcT c5n eT m t-Too -"too '+■ C 
CO « w M m Tj-vo vovovo m-«i-mmM -^ m^ c 



_:csoi-"N>-»m'<*- mvo i-xoD o\ d M C4 m ^ ^^ t^oo 6s o •-« 
M m Tj- ■<*- Tt--^:; ■»r-^rh-«t-r^ri--^mmmmmmmmm mvo \o 

rocOOOOOOD -'ODCOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



VD 0\ 0\vO vo U-) T 



) moo vo t^vo f^ t^ N Oi t>. m, mvo m moo n m t^ ■* w 
-~i ^vo M r>.t>,t^mmmTj-M o om o\co m m w m 
""^ .« -^vo CO r-rro mo ■^'<*-'-i nvoo mo>'-' c* 
m -^ m\c5~ d\ m t^vo" m cvco ■^rCmt-rmmcTM'ov t^vo oo -^ 
m m ovo (N M oo Th r^vo co moo r^wvo m n 0*0 mmo m 
00 m -"jf Tf m o OS moo csr^oos'^-^mMmot^ mro^ 

roo" 



rtoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOcbcOOOOOOOOOOOOO 0000 oo 00 00 CO 00 



_ ,'--><-'^t>.NO>ONO\'>i-0N^0 005t>sN 

t>.N mooD t~»t^«vo osm moo w m t^ os m . c^ 
-4. ^>^ _^ .^ .. _^ .. Qvov£) „ M (4 mmM 



h osvo -"^ m M T)- mvo 



« vo 


l^ T}- 
On m cj 


m t^ 


t^ r^ t-s t-NVO 


M 00 


m N T^ 


N m t-.oo 00 








0\ M c» 


^8 


O vo 00 








mco 


mmM 


m -«*■ ■>^ moo 



m t>. N c^ t^ N T*-oo oo vo 00 N '<^ t^ « moo vo m 
vo M m w -"i-vo voNOt>.mMmNHWMOvN 
■<i-« m-<i-t^r>>o N -^OsO t^o ■<*-mt>.N m q 



« t^t^t>»t^l^«><l^t». t^oo cooooooooooooooooooooooocooo 



305 

How the price of Southern Confederate 

Money Dropped. 

When the first issue of the Confederate money was scattered 
among the people, it commanded a slight premium. It then 
scaled down as follows: June, 1861, 90c. ; December i, 1861, 80c.; 
December 15, 1861, 75c. ; February i, 1862, 60c. ; February 1, 1863, 
20c.; June, 1863, 8c.; January, 1864, 2c.; November, 1864, 4l4c.; 
Januarj'-, 1865, 2%c. , April i, 1865, i^c. After that date, it took 
from $800 to $1,000 in Confederate money to buy a one-dollar 
greenback. 



Length of Navigation of the Mississippi 
River, 

The length of navigation of the Mississippi river itself for ordi- 
nary large steamboats is about 2,161 miles, but small steamers can 
ascend about 650 miles further. The following are its principal 
navigable tributaries, with the miles open to navigation. 

Miles. 

Minnesota 295 

Chippewa 90 

Iowa.* 80 

Missouri 2,900 

Big Horn 50 

Allegheny 325 

Muskingum 94 

Kentucky 105 

Wabash 365 

Tennessee 270 

Osage 302 



White 779 

Little White 48 

Big Hatchie 75 

Sunflower 271 

Tallahatchie 175 

Red 986 

Cypress 44 

Black 61 

Bartholomew 100 

Macon 60 

Atchafalya 218 

Lafourche 168 



Miles, 

Wisconsin 160 

Rock 64 

Illinois 350 

Yellowstone 474 

Ohio 950 

Monongahela 110 

Kenawha 94 

Green 200 

Cumberland 600 

Clinch 50 

St. Francis 180 

Black 147 

Arkansas 884 

Issaquena 161 

Yazoo o... 228 

Big Black 35 

Cane . . 54 

Ouachita 384 

Boeuf 55 

Tensas 112 

Teche 91 

D'Arbonne 50 



The other navigable tributaries have less than fifty miles each of 
navigatioH. The total miles of navigation of these fifty-five 
streams is about 16,500 miles, or about two-thirds the distance 
around the world. The Mississippi and its tributaries may be 
estimated to possess i5»55o miles navigable to steamboats, and 
20,221 miles navigable to barges. ^, 



3o6 

Language of FlowepSi. 

FLOWERS. SENTIMENTS. 

Acacia Concealed love. 

Almond Hope. 

Apple- Blossom Preference. 

Arbutus, Trailing Welcome. 

Bell Flower Gratitude, 

Box Constancy, 

CallaT^iiy Feminine beauty. 

Cedar ^ I live for ihee. 

China Aster I will think of it. 

Chrysanthemum, Rose I love. 

Clover, Red Industry. 

Corn Ricnes. 

Cowslip, American You are my divinity. 

Daffodil Chivalry. 

Dahlia. Forever thine. 

Daisy, Garden — 1 partake your sentiments. 

Daisy, White Innocence. 

Daisy, Wixd I will think of it. 

Elm, American Patriotism, 

Forget-me-not True love. 

Fuschia, Scarlet Taste. 

Geranium, Apple Present preference. 

Geranium, Ivy Your hand for the next dance. 

Geranium, Rose Preference. 

Gillyflower Lasting beauty. 

Golden Rod Encouragement. 

Hawthorn Hope. 

Heliotrope, Peruvian I love you ; Devotion. 

Honeysuckle Bond of love. 

Horse-Chestnut Luxury. 

Hyacinth Jealousy. 

Mmt Virtue. 

Morning Glory Coquetry. 

Myrtle Love. 

Oats Music. 

Orange Generosity. 

Pansy Think of me. 

Pink Pure affection. 

Pink, Red Pure, ardent love^ 

Rose, Moss Superior merit- 
Rose, Tea Always lovely. 

Rose, White I am worthy of you. 

Snowball Winter. 

Tuberose Dangerous pleasures. 

Verbena Sensibility. 

Violet, Blue Love. 

Violet, White Modesty. 

Glass windows were first Introduced into England in the eighdl 

century. 



307 

EXPECTATION OF LIPr.. 

The mortality tables governing life insurance, and in 
use in the United States, have been the " Combined Ex- 
perience or Actuaries' Table, " based on the experience 
of seventeen English life insurance companies, deduced 
from 32,537 policies, and the " American Experience 
Table," arranged by Mr. Sheppard Homans in 1868, from 
the experience of the Mutual Life Insurance Company 
of New York, and other companies. These not being a 
fair expression of the mortality of American assured lives, 
the American Chamber of Life Insurance, in 1873, began 
the collection of statistics of mortality experience. After 
ten years the work was completed, and it embraces the 
experience of thirty life insurance companies, covering 
over a million policies. The following table was made 
from it, and shows, on the average, the number of addi- 
tional years any person may expect to live, at a giv^** 
age: 



Age. 



10. 
II, 
12 

13 

14 
15. 
16. 

17. 
18, 

19. 

20, 

21 

22, 

23 

24. 



Expectation of Life. 
Years. 



Males. 



49.99 

49-32 
48.64 

47-95 
47.26 
46.57 
45.88 
45.18 
44.48 
43-78 
43-07 
4236 
41.65 

40.93 
40.21 



Females. 



48.05 
47-21 
46.40 
45.64 

44-91 
44.19 

43-48 
42.79 
42.12 
41.46 
40.82 
40.19 
39-56 
38.96 
38.38 



3o8 
EXPECTATION OF LIFE Continued. 



Expectation of Life. 
Years. 




309 
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.-<:ontinued, 



Age, 



58 

61 
62 

64 

65 
66 

67 
68 
69 
70 
71. 
72. 
73. 
74. 

76. 

7^ 
78. 

81. 
82. 
83. 
84. 

8s. 
86. 

87. 
88. 

89. 
90. 



Expectation of Life. 


Years. 


Males. 


Females. 


15.83 


15.67 


15.19 


15.02 


14.56 


14.37 


13-94 


13.73 


13.34 


13.10 


12.74 


12.49 


12.16 


11.90 


11.60 


11.31 


11.04 


10.74 


10.50 


10.19 


9-97 


9.65 


9.46 


9-13 


8.97 


8.12 


8.49 


8.63 


8.02 


7.25 


7.57 


7.70 


7.14 


6.36 


6.72 


6.94 


6.32 


5-53 


5.93 


Ki 


5-57 


5.88 


5.21 


4.42 


4.87 


4.19 


4.55 


4.87 


4.24 


3.58 


3-95 


3-39 


3.67 


^•2§ 


3.40 


3.88 


3.14 


2.64 


2.89 


2.42 


2.64 


2.22 


2.39 


2.0^ 


2.17 


2.85 



3IO 
EXPECTATION OF LIFE.—Continued. 



Age. 



Expectation of Life. 

Years. 



Female. 



91 

92 

93 
94 

96 

98 

99 




1.79 

1-53 

1.49 

1.36 
1.24 
1.23 
1.09 

•93 
.50 



The word " news " was not, as many suppose, derived 
from the adjective new, but from the fact that many 
years ago it was customary to put at the head of the 
periodical publications of the day the initial letters of the 
compass, thus: 

N 



W— — E. 



Signifying that the matter contained therein was from 
the four quarters of the globe. From the letters came 
the word " news. " 

To supply the demand for milk and its products in this 
country 15,000,000 cows are required. To furnish food 
for them the cultivation of over 60,000,000 acres of land 
is required. In caring for the cows and their milk 
700,000 men find employment and 1,000,000 horses are 
needed. Cows and horses consume annually 30,000,000 
tons of hay, 90,000,000 bushels of commeal and the same 
amount of oatmeal, 275,000,000 of oats, 2, 000, 000 bushels 
(rf bran, and 30,000,000 bushels of com, to say nothing 
of the brewery grains and questionable feed of various 
kinds that is used all over the country. It costs 
$400,ooa 000 to feed these cows and horses. ^ 



311 









cg^ 










N^ 






§ 


3 








o 


o 








^ 

^a 


1 


I 
















'i 




tH- 








OJ 






'u 














<4- 
















o 


d 


lO 






fl. 


;2; 


OS 










o 










oo 








"S 


1 


^ 




(U 


3 

1 












€«- 


<; 






CO 


£ 




i}>-* 






o 




z 


d 


q^ 






;z; 


fo 
^ 




.X. 


^ 


H 




^'•3 . 


N 


Z 




|gS 


H 


U 






TO 






Payments to 
Policyhold- 
ers (Losses, 
Dividends, 
Surrenders, 
etc.) 


O 


W 




en 
vo" 


C/3 
fa 




(N 




1 


o 












CO 


o 




(U 










1 

O 


S 






^e- 


O 
CJ 






^ 




II 








S"?i 


vS 






§^ 








p^p^ 










ro 








vo 








«n 






« 


T? 








t^ 








VO^ 






1 








•s,uio3 


JO -o^ 


tx 

■^ 









i; 


o 

d 


3 

1 


00 


d 6 




1^ 


V 

s 


di 


'2-d bA 
<3 id.S 


ro 

H 




2 

00 


O 1 
4) >, tn 


cn" 


n 
^1 


O 


<U tfl ii 


00^ 

fo 


id 
< 


m 
O 

m 
fo 


1° 


S.2 

O 3 


It- 



n 

B 

3 



-43 

a 

3 

d 



•3 

•T3 



. 3 



C mT 

hflO 

a -a 
••o.S 

u en 

a «2 



312 

Life Insurance Statistics — Continued. 

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR A QUARTER 
CENTURY. 

The following table shows the receipts and disbursements of the 
* old line " life insurance companies reporting to the New York 
Insurance Department for 25 years. 



bO 






Total Pay- 


Total Pay- 




c . 


N 


0. 


ments for 


ments for 


Total 


't ^ 





f Total 


Losses, En- 


Lapsed, 


Dividends 


S J 


Co 


m- Income. 


dowments, 


Surrendered 


to Policy- 


1° 


pa 


n- 


and Annui- 


and Pur- 


holders. 


ie 


s. 


ties. 


chased Poli- 










cies. 




i860 


17 


.. $5,998,144 


$1,360,000 


$243,954 


$497,848 


I86I 


17 


6,2Q2,4l6 


1,474,005 


665,341 


637,522 


1862 


18 


7,440,491 


1,705,610 


468,235 


627,574 


1863 


22 


10,624,986 


2,305,892 


361,830 


1,031,939 


1864 


27 


16,163,138 


3,136,659 


407,754 


1,036,912 


1865 


30 


24,887,020 


4,125,442 


691,382 


1,475,212 


1866 


39 


40,375,666 


6,428,472 


1,226,856 


2,532,477 


1867 


43 


56,481,997 


8,253,003 


2,067,782 


6,183,624 


1868 


55 


77,382,158 


11,058,686 


3,762,735 


11,707,663 


1869 


70 


98,507,319 


15,692,831 


5,148,900 


15,733,862 


1870 


71 


105,026,148 


19,522,712 


9,616,988 


15,809,557 


1871 


68 


113,490,562 


28,773,04^ 


13,263,390 


14,624,608 


1872 


59 


117,306,029 


25,672,380 


13,922,009 


20,077,999 


1873 


56 


118,396,502 


27,232,435 


16,669,594 


22,938,235 


1874 


50 


115,732,714 


25,797,860 


22,453,955 


16,617,018 


1875 


45 


108,645,084 


27,174,631 


20,414,574 


17,900,605 


1876 


38 


96,358,583 


25,567,850 


21,354,376 


16,187,128 


1877 


34 


86,162,144 


26,103,386 


19,152,318 


15,397,370 


1878 


34 


80,462,999 


29,153,226 


17,095,994 


14,637,449 


1879 


34 


77,700,403 


31,684,522 


12,207,823 


13,479,613 


1880 


34 


77,403,445 


30,032,174 


9,923,026 


13,171,992 


1881 


30 


79,820,513 


31,068,144 


8,497,354 


12,579,151 


1882 


30 


85,070,134 


29,826,874 


9,255,077 


13,555,105 


1883 


29. 


92,562,763 


33,894,306 


8,837,857 


13,417,464 


1884 


29. 


96,974,376 


35,602,544 


9,503,530 


13,043,498 


Total 


25 > 


^s 51,795,266,734 


$482,646,585 


$227,212,634 


$274,901,425 



313 
Life Insurance Statistics— Continued. 

INCOME, Etc.— (Continued.) 



Year 
Ending 
Dec. 31. 


No. of 
Com- 
panies. 


Total 
Payments to 
Policy-hold- 
ers. 


Taxes, Com- 
missions, and 
other 
Expenses. 


Total 
Disburseni'!~it3. 


i860 
i86i 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 

1873 
1874 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
i88i 
1882 
1883 
1884 


17 

17 

18 

22 

27 

30 

39 

43 

55 

70 

71 

68 

59 

56 

50...... 

45 

38 

34 

34 

34 

34 

30 

30 

29 

29 


$2,101,802 
2,776,858 
2,801,419 
3,699,661 

4,581,325 
6,292,036 
10,187,805 
16,504,409 
26,529,084 

36,575,593 
44,949,257 
56,661,039 
59,672,388 
66,840,264 
64,868,833 
65,489,810 
63,109,354 
60,652,974 
60,886,669 
57,371,958 
53,127,192 
52,144,649 
52,637,056 
56,149,627 
58,149,572 


$744,801 
792,100 
871,867 
1,935,011 
2,299,142 
4,025,619 

6,770,335 
9,480,443 
13,789,689 
17,278,478 
18,340.431 
20,2^ '»7 
i8,oo6,«*oi 
17,208,206 
15,986,881 
14,128,594 
13.174,419 
13,327,565 
10,992,051 
11,208,133 
12,851,312 
13,089,414 
13,338,788 
15,295,264 
18,153,435 


$2,908,936 
3,638,481 

3,759,153 
5,764,043 
7,021,649 
10,595,355 
17,176,66'" 

26,325, 21__ 
40,959,021 
54,471,576 
63,876,840 
77,536,280 
78,207,257 
84,501,446 
81,232,333 
79,982,466 
76,618,183 

74,337,324 
72,128,070 
68,858,363 
66,317,859 
'65,484,687 
66,242,344 
71,743,588 
76,632,098 


Total 


25 yrs. 


$984,760,644 


$283,340,546 


$1,276,319,231 



Total assets of the 29 companies last reported, $491,487,719; 
surplus as to policy-holders, $81,811,191, 



The veloc-ty of sound depends ob the elasticity and density of 
the medium; the elasticity ^.cts like a spring between the molecules 
of the medium; the greater the density the slower the motion, be- 
cause there are more molecules to be set in motion and hence more 
time is required. Warm air is rarer than cold air, hence sound 
travels more rapidly in warm air than in cold air. At the freezing 
point sound waves travei 1,090 feet per second. A change of l 
dftgn^e varies the velocity about i foot per second. 



314 





c 


"* ""HO «*) 




a 


oo'S^ 








1— I 


d\ rnvo w 


Oi 


3 


t^.^^q. 


u 


Wi 




X 
h 

o 


U 


K -j^ t^oo" 






J 


V 


P '-' 5J 10 


< 


3 


t^ cy> 

rO'-l- O^ «>; 






a\ o ro r>. 




H 


w m -"f o 




O 


VO ON^O w 






^ H r? d; 






■^GO On m 




^ 


OS »o lo -<*• 




3 




(A 


cT t^ o" oi 


u 


Ur 










t3 


u 








J^ 


« CO voc» 


^ 


OS M N t>. 


a 






M CO -^00 




3 






'i^ 








■^ lO t^ "^ 






ir, cr, ^ a 




.2 


^ .^xn ^ 










00 00 H t^ 




^ 


ID l> Q m 


(A 


3 


M cT ro 


M 


U 










!3 


'6 




^ 






ft 


fl) 






s 


■* t^ -* 




tooo t^oo 




W trjiO 0» 




3 






^ 








t>. OS »0 T*- 




d 
.2 


t^ C^ N 




w^ '<*■ -"J OS 










cT ro cT (^ 




^ 


■<*-vO ■* t^ 


H^VO 00^ w^ 


1 




Sfi 


lo rn o" m" 


* 


11 M ro 


5 


O 








J 


Ih' 


VO HI H to 




« 


fO m tx 


,2 


lO 0^00^ ^ 


B 


cT -^ lo t-T 




3 


M 




^ 




(^ 














i 














> 


















avSRcg 1 






00 00 CO 00 I 






►" 






f 


1 



i"! 






?. 


"utw 






11 


V a M 






«^i 






oO 


rt wi.. 






«fi 


«u « H 






W.3 


..1^2 








E WORLD 

strate the impor 
1 warfare. The 
T/te United Sta 


75 

< 




O-S 

^ 2 


F TH 

e to illu 
of nava 
Lintries. 


r^ 


11 

•- _ re rt=: 
^- 3 c'^ 


E 

g tabl 
branch 
her coi 




i'S'^'o-2 

rt N " ^>45 
^ « I, w I. " 


^1g 
iJ\: 3 rt 


VIC 

lowin 
as a 1 
by ot 




y-'i BBBZ 
.5 u 3 3 3 S 




f^-^^g 




4j^ c a c 
c o2 


22 &^ 


CO-5 3 






•5 ©JS"" 




i^lSSl 


s^^^ 


oiri 




p E fe S E H 


HOH 


10 






Q.^28 


00 
00 






Oh a- J« 


<2 


lOVO *>% M . 


.00 • 

• MM* 


















^(y2-S 









Cz^J^^S-^ 


oT 






W||^ 


00 






^^0^1 


u 


e» M w M •^ N 


t^ fO»r> • 


> 


W MOO CO M W 
H M 


rofco 










*J *^ w 








?^ G 


c 






^•5 a 








(U C t/j 

111 





5 rt i> rt.d 2 


4) • • • 


II 




C<u233i>£<c(lXri 



3^5 
PITHY FACTS. 

NEWSPAPERS.— The number of daily newspapers in the 
United States is over 1,300, with an aggregate circulation of 
4,800,000. 

NERVOUS DEATHS.—About eleven per cent, of the deaths 
in the United States are the result of some form of nervous 
disease; a cause which does not find mention in mortality statistics 
of other countries. 

VIOLENT DEATHS.— Out of a thousand deaths, forty-oi.e 
are violent in the United States, and sixteen throughout Europe. 
The lowest number is seven, in Russia, and the greatest European 
is thirty-eight in Switzerland. 

THE LARGEST LIBRARY in the world is the Imperial at 
Paris, which contains over 2,000,000 volumes. 

MILES OF BOOKS.— In the library at the British Museum 
there are over thirty-two miles of shelves filled with books. 

DIVORCES. — The number of divorces per 1,000 marriages is 
4 in London, 10 in Berlin. 15 in Munich, 23 in Vienna, 25 in Paris, 
73 in Boston, and 223 in San Francisco. 

OUR ANCESTORS' ILLITERACY.— Out of the twenty-six 
Barons who signed the Magna Charta, only three could write 
their names. The remainder made their mark. 

YOU CANNOT COUNT A TRILLION. —It is impossible 
to count a trillion. Had A*dam counted continuously from his 
creation to the present da^^ he would not have reached that num- 
ber, for it would take him over 9,512 years. At the rate of 200 a 
minute, there could be counted 12,000 an hour, 288,000 a day, and 
105,120,000 a year. 

WHAT SMOKING COSTS.— The expense of smoking three 
five-cent cigars a day, principal and interest, for ten years, is 
$745,74; for twenty-five years, $3,110.74. The expense of three 
ten-cent cigars, at the end of ten years, is $1,471.56; for twenty- 
five years, $6,382.47. At the end of fifty years, it is $54,162.14. 

IMMIGRATION.— The total number of immigrants to the 
United States, from 1821 to the close of 1883, was 12,337,100. 

COLD can be beaten 1,200 times thinner than printing paper. 
One ounce will cover 146 square feet. A cubic inch, at $18 per 
ounce, is worth $210. 

PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED. — Steamers between 
Europe and America carry about 70,000 passengers per month. 
Railways throughout the world transport about 145,000,000 passen- 
gers per month. ^ ( 

AUTHORS* SUCCESS. — If is said that Judge Tourgee 
received over $70,000 for his Fool's Errand. Disraeli, $5,000 for 



3i6 

his Endymlon; Moort, $15,500 for his Lalla Rookh, and Victor 
Hugo $12,000 for Ernani. 

LARGEST ELECTRIC LIGHTS.— The rapidity with which 
modern improvements are adopted, is shown by the fact that in 
1883 the largest electric light in the world was at the Sidney 
Lighthouse, Australia, which has a power of 180,000 candles, and 
that the fourth largest is at San Jose, Cal , 24,000 candle power 
{the light at Paris, in Palais d' Industrie, equal to 150,000 candle 
power, and the Marseilles light of 40,000 candles, being greater) . 
The Sidney light is visible fifty miles; that of San Jose sheds 
light two miles around. 

DERIVATION OF OUR LANGUAGE. — Over three-eighths 
of the words in the English language are derived from the Latin, 
over one-fourth from the French, about one-tenth from the Saxon, 
and a little less from the Greek. The indebtedness to other lan- 
guages is small. 

CHURCH MEMBERSHIP.— The Baptist Church has the 
largest membership in the United States of any Evangelical 
denomination, having about 2,250,000 members. The Methodist 
has about 1,700,000; Lutheran, 950,000; Presbyterian, 600,000; 
Christian, 591,000; Congregational, 385,000: Protestant-Episcopal, 
345,000; Universalist, 27,000; Unitarian, 18,000, and Roman 
Catholic (claim adherents), 6,800,000 . ^ 

THE ATTENDANCE at the International Exhibition at New 
York, in 1853, was 600,000; Paris, 1855, 4,533,469; London, 1862, 
6,211,100; Paris, 1867, 9,300,000; Vienna, 1873, 7,254,867; Phila- 
delphia, 1876, 10,200,000; Paris, 1878, 16,100,000. 

BIG TREES. — Of mnet^'-two redwood trees in Calaveras 
Grove, Cal., ten are over thirty feet in diameter, and eighty-two 
have a diameter of from fifteen to thirty feet. Their ages are esti- 
mated at from 1,000 to 3,500 years. Their height ranges from 150 
to 237 feet. 

FINENESS OF UNITED STATES COIN.— The gold 

coins are nine-tenths fine; the silver coins, nine-tenths fine; the 
copper-nickel coins, such as the 5-cent piece and 3-cent piece, are 
one-fourth nickel and three-fourths copper; the bronze coins are 95 
per cent, copper and 5 per cent, tin and zinc. The alloy in the 
gold coins is silver and copper; in the silver coins, copper. 



BEAR IN MIND 

We want agents for this book. For terms 
to agents, address 



317 
EUROPE. 

Europe is a peninsula, projecting from Asia. It is situated in 
the same latitude as the United States and the Dominion of Canada. 

The extreme length of Europe from northeast to southwest is 
about 3,500 miles. The population is about six times that of the 
United States. 

Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach four-fifths 
of the way around the world. 

The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North 
Sea, which has an average depth of about 600 feet. There is 
much evidence to show that they were formerly a part of the main- 
land. 

In relative extent of coast Europe surpasses all other countries. 
It is partly to the great number of indentations of the coast that 
Europe owes its commercial supremacy. 

The islands of Europe constitute about one-twentieth of its 
area. 

The greater part of the continent is low and level. Russia and 
all the territory bordering on the North and Baltic seas constitute 
a vast plain, called Low Europe. The basin of the Caspian Sea 
and much of the Netherlands are below the sea-level. 

A high plateau, extending along the southern part of the conti- 
nent, is known as High Europe. This plateau is surrounded by 
the irregular and broken mountain ranges which constitute the 
Alpine System, the main axis of the continent. 

The Alps are the highest range. The other principal ranges are 
the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian and Caucasus 
mountains. 

The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and extent 
of their glaciers, among which are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone, 
Po and several tributaries of the Danube. 

The chief lake region of Europe is in Northwestern Russia. 
Lake Ladoga is the largest lake. 

The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Constance, are 
celebrated for their beautiful scenery. There are many salt 
lakes in Russia, most of which are situated in the basin of the 
Caspian Sea. 

Most of the rivers of Western Europe are connected with one 
another by canals, and are navigable. 

Climate. — Europe enjoys a more equable climate than any other 
country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its mildness is due, 
chiefly, to the southwesterly winds, which are warmed by the water 
of the Gulf Stream. 

Rain is most abundant on the western coasts. 

The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic Slope, are covered 
with mosses and willows. South of this region is a belt of dense 
forest, chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash. 

Grains, hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the central 
regions. The cultivation of the grape, olive, orange, lemon, fig, 
mulberry and cotton is confined, chiefly, to the Mediterranean 
Coast. 



318 

Most of the wild animals have disappeared. The reindeer, 
white bear and other animals valuable for their furs are, however, 
found in the more thinly settled regions; the wolf and wild boar 
are common in the forests, and the chamois and ibex inhabit the 
Alpine heights. 

Water-fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pilchard, 
anchovy and other fish suitable for food abound in the surrounding 
waters. 

Minerals. — Coal, iron and copper are very widely distributed. 
Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central highlands. 
Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic regions. Coral of 
great beauty and value is obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. 

People. — ^The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about 330,000,- 
000, belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races. 

ASIA. 

Asia, the largest country in the world, occupies the eastern part 
of the Eastern Continent. 

It contains about one-third of the land surface of the earth — is 
twice as large as North America, and nearly five times the size of 
the United States. Its greatest length is 7,500 miles, nearly one- 
third the circumference of the earth. 

The islands of Asia are a partly submerged mountain chain. All 
of them vclcanic. 

The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain ; the southeastern, 
an elevated plateau traversed by high mountains. The line of 
greatest length is also the line which separates the highlands from 
the lowlands. From the Hindoo Koosh, the mountain ranges of 
Asia radiate toward the east. 

The Himalaya Mountains are the highest in the world. The 
summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the sea-level, being 
more than 6,000 feet higher than the highest peak of the American 
continent. 

The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral are thought to have been 
formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt lakes. The former is 
below the sea-level. 

Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia and is 
about as large as Lake Erie. 

The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distinguished by 
narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most of them rise in the 
central highlands, from which they radiate in three directions, 
— north, east, and south, and mingle their waters with those of 
three oceans 

The Yang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great changes, 
brought about by the shifting of their channels. In 1851, the 
Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured its waters into the 
Gulf ot Pecheelee, and within two years its lower course had so 
changed that the mouth of the river had shifted 250 miles from its 
former position. 

Central Hindoostan is often called the Plateau of the Deccan. 

The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable distance. 



319 

The river valleys and the plains which are well watered are 
extremely fertile. The high, central "region and the western pla- 
teaus are dry, sandy, and barren. 

Every degree of temperature and moisture maybe found in Asia, 
from that of the frozen tundras of Siberia, to that of the hot, pesti- 
lential jungles of India. The deserts of Arabia, Persia, Turkestan 
and Gobi receive little or no rain, while the southern slope of the 
Himalaya IS annually inundated. 

Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean; Arabia, by 
the hot and fatal simoom. India is traversed by winds which 
scorcn the entire surface for half the year, and flood it with rain the 
remaining part. 

Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently piling up 
the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the lowlands of the Ganges 
are submerged. *" 

Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegetation. The 
palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant Rice, cotton, 
sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy, and the spices, are the prin- 
cipal plants cultivated in the plains and valleys of Southern Asia. 

Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in the tem- 
perate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak, maple and birch 
are on the upland terraces of Siberia. The chief cultivated 
plants of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Asia are wheat, tea 
and rice. 

Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, tobacco, the 
ng, date and olive. 

Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found in Asia, 
and most of them are native to it. The camel and elephant arc 
used as beasts of burden. 

Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous reptiles 
Ihe largest animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, lion, tiger. 
.IT^'u^'^i ^^""^H; ^^^ ^^P^^l^^ include the crocodile, python 
and cobra de capello. Monkeys and beautiful birds are numerous. 

m the colder regions the bear, wolf, fox, buffalo and several 
species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of deer. 

Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the Ural 
Mountains and the central plateaus. 

v.i^/7^V'^ mined in Siberia. Copper and iron are abundant and 
widely distributed. 

Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the Island of 
iJanca, near Sumatra. 

Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea. 

Asia has a ways been famous for precious stones. Most of the 
f?nlM" ^.aluable diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are 
trom the mines of India. 

The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian Gulf and in the 
water along the coasts of Ceylon. " 

Asia IS probably the birthplace of the human race. The strong- 

AliFlt^^hTw .^!'T''''^ f"^ '^^^"^^ P°^"t ^° th« highlands Z( 
P^rt;. i birthplace of man. Somewhere in the valleys .of 

buYlt hnn.!c "^ ff-""^ °J \^^^^ "^i^" ^^y^' 'h^^« li^«<i ^ people who 
built houses, cultivated the soil and had forms of government 



*',\' jP^ •'^.'^^iyKj 



320 

They believed in an Omipotent Being and also a spirit of evil. 
Fully one-half the inhabitants of the earth live in China and 
India. 

Siberia, Russian Turkestan and Trancaucasia are sub- 
ject to Russia, whose capital is St. Petersburgh. 

Siberia may be divided into three belts ; agricultural and grazing 
land in the South > forests in the middle; and frozen marshes in 
the North. 

Gold, silver, copper and other metals are mined in the moun- 
tains; and numerous wild animals are hunted for their furs. 

Trade is carried on by means of caravans and camel trains. In 
summer boats navigate the rivers, and in winter sledges aire 
drawn on the ice and snow by dogs, horses and reindeer. 

The chief cities are Tiflis in Transcaucasia, west of the Caspian 
Sea; Tashkend, in Russian Turkestan; Omsk, in Western 
Siberia; and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia. Yakootsk, on the 
Lena River is said to be the coldest city in the world. 

The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the United 
States and contains about six times as many inhabitants. 

China contains the greater part of the population. The land is 
fertile and well cultivated, agriculture being the chief occupation 
of the people. Rivers and canals are numerous; much traveling is 
done in boats. Thousands of the inhabitants of China have their 
houses and gardens on rafts and boats which float on the rivers. 
These people live by gardening and fishing. In their floating 
houses their children are born, are married and die. A young 
child falling overboard there is kept from drowning by means of 
an empty gourd which its mother had tied between its shoulders. 

The food of the Chinese consists, principally, of rice and fish. 

The leading exports from China are tea, silk, porcelain and 
pottery . 

Its trade is carried on, mainly, with Great Britain, Australia 
and the United States, by means of ships, and with Russia by 
means of caravans. 

Many of the inhabitants of the other divisions of the empire are 
wandering tribes, whose occupation is the raising of horses, sheep 
and goats. 

Pekin, the capital of the Chinese Empire, is noted for its sur- 
rounding walls, magnificent gates and heathen temples. Its 
houses are only one or two stories high. Its population is greater 
than that of New York City. 

Thibet is situated on a high plateau, surrounded by the highest 
mountains in the world. 

Corea is a kingdom. It was, until recently, under the control of 
the Chinese government. 

The Empire of Japan consists of islands, which contain 
mountains, streams, forests, and a well cultivated soil. Japan 
contains beautiful lakes, rivers, water-falls, trees, and floVers of 
great variety; bears, deer, wolves, and foxes; pheasants and other 
birds. The celebrated mountain in Japan is Fujiyama, whose 
summit is covered with snow nearly all the year. In summer 



321 

idolfthlr?:'^"'"^ "'"''""' '" -*''"> «--' '» "^ -nmit to worship 

queredX? '"'"''"'' "=^' ™^' *"''^' ?-<=-='-■>. f-n^ and lac- 
J:^: "^^^a^t^y^^: °^ "^--P-o^. caned the 

abfofutiVSi^f.^lLfarVii^te's^ ^""^-^^ " «-' «"--. either 
cIiLte\rd£'Srpotu1a[L'"'''^''' »— vered -peaks, hot 
w|t'i°d Sio"ntn"°det.Tt.it-"°^' ^^'"^ '" '''^ -"'"^-''t'^' 

mo^st'rprtln^citytAsfa^'BoU"^^^'"^^'" ^"'^'''' -<» ">e 
Madras^n the ea^tSntar" imtonan'^'cr.I'es''^ '^"'^^ <^°^^'' ""«* 
. Ceylon is a mountainous island, belon^ine to Oreaf P!r,>o;„ t* 

ranges and fertile vMfZ^ '^remarkable for its long mountain 
forests aTd jungles '^' " ^°'' '"°''' '^'""="^' «°d its dense 

sc|;ery?im^o^:?l;o^m^l.TbaS^''' ^"'^ "^'"^ '"•>- "^ P-P'« 

whl\^ if tfei°TS "arril'o^tr '^ '^ ""^ ^""'-"^ °^ ™^^' 



322 

Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is the largest city in Farther 
India. It contains royal palaces and many pagodas. These are 
surrounded by bamboo houses built on piles. 

Mandalay is the capital of Burmah. 

Saigon is a sea-port of French Cochin China. 

Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a sea-port belonging 
to Great Britain. 

Persia, Afghanistan, Beloocliistan and Bokhara are 

remarkable for their desert tracts, forest-covered mountains and 
fertile river valleys. 

The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar, indigo and 
dates. 

Many of the inhabitants own large flocks of goats and sheep, 
while others are engaged in the manufacture of silk goods> shawls, 
rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan trade. There are, also, 
many roving, warlike tribes. Nearly all are Mohammedans. 

Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near the Cas- 
pian Sea, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here, as in other 
Mohammedan countries, education is confined to learning portions 
of the Koran and scraps of poetry. The Persians are a slow, easy- 
going people, hospitable, generous, but procrastinating. 

These countries are important because of their situation between 
Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has been called the 
" gateway to India." 

Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief cities. 

Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in Afghan- 
istan. 

Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of different 
sizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and other fruits grow. 

It has no general government, the inhabitants being ruled by 
sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sultans. 

Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses, and excel- 
lent coflee. 

Muscat, the capital of Oman, is the largest city in Arabia, and 
the chief sea-port. 

Aden is a fortified sea-port belonging to Great Britain. 

Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, is visited by many Mo- 
hammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the hottest city in 
the world, 

Turkey in Asia is a part of the Ottoman, or Turkish Empire, 
whose capital is Constantinople. 

Its northern part is remarkable for forests, mountains and fertile 
valleys. Its eastern part for the fertile plains of the Tigris and 
Euphrates, and its southern for a desert region. 

Tropical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abundantly. 

The people are chiefly Turks and Arabs, professing the^Moham, 
medan religion. 

Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer station, is 
the largest city. 

Damascus is the'oldest city in the world. It contains grand old 



323 

mosques, and is the center of the caravan trade. Its manufactures 
comprise saddles and silk goods. 

Palestine, or the Holy Land, is mentioned in Scripture as the 
Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the birthplace of 
(Ll.T. tvanit)'. It contains the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, 
tht Valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. 

AFRICA. 

Africa, the south-western continent of the Old World, is the only 
country stretching entirely across the Torrid Zone. 

It is a peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. The 
ship-canal, co-^structed across the isthmus, makes it, artificially, 
an island. The shortest distance across the Isthmus of Suez is 
about seventy-two miles; the line of the canal is one hundred 
miles. The average height of the isthmus above sea-level is 
scarcely ten feet. 

The Suez Canal was completed in 1869. It has a depth of twenty- 
four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet in width. By con- 
necting the Red sea with the Mediterranean, this canal furnishes a 
shorter route between European ports and India, than that around 
the Cape of Good Hope. It extends from Port Said, on the Medi- 
terranean, to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of 
Suez. 

Africa is the second country in size. Its length and breadth are 
each about 5,000 miles. 

The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make secure 
harbors for vessels. In proportion to its size, it has the shortest 
coast-line. 

Thcr- are many continental islands lying along the coast of 
Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the continent 
by a very shallow channel. 

The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in the south 
and south east. This, in most parts, is bordered by mountains, 
between which and the sea is a low and narrow strip of coast. 

The average elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000 feet; 
and of the northern region, about 1,500 feet. 

The principal mountain system extends along the eastern side of 
the continent. Mount Kenia, the highest peak, is about 20,000 feet 
above the level of the sea. 

The Great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and is 
covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small portion, 
south of Barca, is below the sea-level. 

Oases, watered by springs and covered with groves of date-palm- 
trees, are met with in different parts of the desert. 

Soudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region remark- 
able tor its extreme heat and excessive rains and droughts. 

Central Africa, or the region crossed by the Equator, is 
remarkable for its fertility; and, owing to its great height above 
the sea-level, its'climate is mild and healthful.. This region is 
drained by many large rivers. 



324 

Southern Africa is mountainous, but it contains many fertile 
valleys and plains well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising. 
The Kalahari Desert, though destitute of streams, is covered 
during a great part of the year with grass. The lakes of Africa 
are confined chiefly to the high, equatorial region, and are remark- 
able for their number and size. Lake Victoria is the largest lake 
in the world. Its outlet is the Nile river. 

The River Nile flows through the most important part of Africa. 
Its lower course is in a region almost rainless, and for more than 
1,500 miles it does not receive a single tributary. It is fed by the 
annual rains and the melting snows of the high mountains. 

The wr:;ter of the Nile is highest from May till September, when 
the lower valley is covered with a fine, rich soil, brought down by 
the flood; and the seeds which are scattered over the water, as it 
subsides, bring forth abundant crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an 
important product of the Nile Valley. 

The Congo, first explored by Livingstone, and afterward by 
Stanley, drains the most fertile part of the continent. Its source is 
in the region of heavy rains. 

The region of greatest heat is in the Egyptian Soudan. There 
the midday temperature during the summer months is often 140 
deg. Fahr. , while the nights are sometimes so cold that ice forms. 
In the desert, hot winds, known as simooms, are prevalent, and 
sand storms are often destructive. The coast, generally, is very 
unhealthy. 

Soutliern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate. Here 
are the principal settlements formed by Europeans in Africa. 
This is the home of the Caffre. 

Northern Africa yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds, and olive- 
oil. Rice is a leading product of the Guinea Coast. The date- 
palm flourishes along the shores of the Mediterranean and in the 
oases of the desert. The famous baobab-tree is found in Central 
Africa. It is famous for its great size and age. Groves of teak, 
mangrove, ebony, and India rubber abound on the western coa-st. 
Gum arabic, myrrh, cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, and spices are 
products of Eastern Africa. The islands produce tropical fruits, 
wine and amber. 

Africa is noted for large and ferocious animals, and venomous 
serpents. The lion is found in all parts of the continent. The 
hippopotamus inhabits the upper Nile, while the marshes and 
streams of the low coast contain many crocodiles, lizards, and other 
reptiles. 

The gorilla, the largest and fiercest of apes, and the chimpan- 
zee, are met with in the west. The elephant, giraffe, and the two- 
horned rhinoceros, belong in Central and Southern Africa. There 
are many species of deer and antelope. The zebra and t^e gnu or 
horned horse, are numerous in the grassy plains of Southern 
Africa. The ostrich is hunted in various parts of the continent; 
but in Southern Africa, the rearing of those birds for their plumes 
is an important occupation. 

The most useful animal in crossing desert regions is the camel. 
Travelers and merchants, with their camels carrying merchandise. 



325 

cross the desert in companies, called caravans. For more than four 
thousand years camels have been almost the sole means employed 
to carry merchandise across the deserts. The camel will carry a 
load of four or five hundred pounds weight fifty miles a day for five 
or six days, although he may not be supplied with food or water 
during that time. 

The coasts of Guinea and Senegarnbia have long been cele- 
brated for gold. Copper, lead, salt, and saltpeter are obtained in 
some places. 

Important diamond fields are in South Africa. 

Africans comprise three races — the Caucasian, Negro, and 
Malay. 

The Moors, Arabs, Berbers, Egyptians, and various tribes of 
the north are Caucasians ; the tribes of Central and Southern Africa, 
and the east and west coasts, Negroes; and those of Madagascar, 
Malays. 

Excepting the European colonists who have settled along the 
coast, nearly all the Caucasian inhabitants are Mohammedans, and 
are in a low state of civilization. 

Most of the Negro tribes of Africa are savages, in a degraded 
condition. There are, however, several tribes which cultivate the 
soil, raise cattle, and observe laws. 

The Barbary States, situated on the Mediterranean coast, 
extend from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt. 

The climate is mild and healthful. South of the Atlas Moun- 
tains, it is extremely hot and arid . There are two seasons, a rainy 
and a dry 

The highlands are covered with forests of cedar, pine, cork-trees 
and other valuable timber. The lowlands are finely adapted to 
agriculture. 

The most important productions are dates, oranges, bananas, 
pomegranates and figs. 

The natives consist of Moors, Arabs, and Berbers. Although 
descended from a very enlightened people, they are extremely 
ignorant, degraded and treacherous. The foreigners are mainly 
French and Jewish colonists. Wherever they settled, agriculture, 
manufactures and commerce quickly followed. 

•Morocco is under the absolute government of a sultan, who is 
subject to Turkey. The country is sparsely settled. Cattle, sheep, 
and goats are reared extensively. 

In tanning and dyeing leather the people exhibit great skill, 
and the leather manufactured there is exported to all parts of the 
world. 

Morocco and Fez are the most important cities. The sultan 
holds court at one and the other, alternately. 

Algeria is a French possession, and contains a large European 
population. It is one of the most prosperous of the Barbary 
States. 

Several lines of railway are in operation, and caravans, trading 
in ivory, gums and ostrich feathers, penetrate the interior of 
Soudan. 



326 

Algiers is the capital and commercial center. It is connected 
with Marseilles by a submarine telegraph cable. 

Tunis, also, is a French possession. It was formerly subject to 
Turkey. It is noted for its olive groves, date plantations, coral 
fisheries, and the manufacture of red caps, soap and leather. 

Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage, is the capital and sea- 
port. It is a very old city. 

Tripoli, though nominally a Turkish province, is a despotic 
monarchy, governed by a bey. 

It contains no rivers, and rain seldom falls; yet, on account of 
heavy dews, the soil is productive. 

The leading exports are wool, hides, and ivory. 

Tripoli is the capital and sea-port. Mourzouk, the capital of 
Fezzan, is the center of a large caravan trade, 

The Nile Countries comprise Egypt proper. Nubia, and the 
Egyptian Soudan, or Kingdom of the Mahdi . They are governed 
by a hereditary monarch called the khedive, and are subject to 
Turkey . 

The greater part of Egypt is a desert. Along the lower course 
of the Nile, only the narrow valley, which is annually inundaced, 
is capable of producing crops. 

Since the completion of the Suez canal rapid progress has been 
made in developing the agricultural and commercial interests of 

Railways have been built, and by means of irrigating canals 
extensive tracts of desert land have been made productive. 

Most of the wealthier classes have been educated in Europe, and 
foreign customs are being introduced throughout the country. 
The laboring classes are greatly oppressed, and are practically m 
a state of slavery. 

The principal products of Egypt are cotton, grain, sugar and 
rice. Gum arabic, ivory, indigo, and ostrich feathers are obtained 
in the Soudan. Manufactories have been established in the larger 
cities and towns. 

Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is the largest city in Africa. Alex- 
andria is the prmcipal sea-port. Railways connect both cities -with 
Suez, the southern sea-port of the Suez Canal. The northern, or 
Mediterranean, seaport of the canal is Port Said. 

The other seaports of Egypt are Rosetta and Damietta. 

Nubia and the Egyptian Soudan are inhabited by warlike tribes 
of Arab and Negro descent. 

Khartoum, at the junction of the Blue and the White Nile, is 
the center of a large caravan trade. 

Abyssinia is a high and rugged plateau, containing a number 
of fertile valleys. The climate, owing to the high altitude of the 
surface, is mild and healthful. The people, though of a dark, or 
swarthy complexion, belong to the Caucasian race, and consist, 
chiefly, of Copts and Berbers, who are ignorant and degraded. 

Abyssinia consists of several independent states, having no 
general government. 



327 

Gondar is the capital. Massowah, an Egyptian possession, is 
the only sea-port. 

Soutli Africa comprises several prosperous colonies. Some 
of these belong to Great Britain, others are independent states 
founded by Dutch settlers, while others still are the homes of 
native tribes. 

Cape Colony and Natal are British colonies. The surface of the 
land is high, undulating and well adapted to grazing. 

The leading occupations are the raising of cattle and sheep, and 
the rearing of ostriches. Wool and ostrich feathers are among the 
most valuable exports. 

Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony, is the chief sea-port of 
South Africa. 

Pietermaritzburg is the capital of Natal. 

West Griqualand, also a possession of Great Britain, contains 
the most productive diamond mines in the world. 

Kimberly, its capital, is situated in the diamond fields, and is 
the chief market for rough diamonds. 

Caffraria and Zululand are inhabited by natives who are noted 
for their intelligence, fine physical appearance and great bravery. 
Both countries are governed by native chiefs, although subject to 
Great Britain. 

The Orange Free State and the South African Republic (for- 
merly Transvaal) are inhabited by Dutch farmers, called Boers. 
The Boers are noted for their bravery and love of independence. 

Bloemfontein is the capital of the Orange Free State, and Pre- 
toria of the South African Republic. Wool, cattle and grain are 
the exports. 

Central Africa includes the regions comprised in Sahara, or 
the Great Desert, Soudan, the Congo Free State and the territory 
southward to the Boer republics. 

Saliara contains about twenty oases, inhabited by wandering 
tribe.«, who live chiefly by plundering the caravans. 

Soudan is inhabited by semi-barbarous tribes, each of which is 
governed by a chief, whose will is law. 

Their occupation is herding cattle, but they are constantly at war 
with one another. 

Timbuctoo, Sackatoo and Kouka are centers of a large caravan 
trade. 

The Congo Free State_ embraces the basin of the Congo 
River. It is subject to the King of Belgium. 

Zanzibar is a^strip of coast nearly 1,000 miles long, including a 
number of small islands. It is an absolute monarchy, governed 
by a sultan. 

Zanzibar, on an island of the same name, is the capital. It is 
the center of a large trade in ivory, gum copal and spices. 
Trade is almost exclusively in the hands of Hindoo and Arab 
merchants. 

Mozambique includes a number of Portuguese colonies,extending 



from Zululand to Zanzibar. The city of Mozitmbique, the chief 
center of trade, is the residence of the Governor-General. 

The West Coast is covered with forests of valuable timber. 
The highlands contain gold and silver. 

Senegambia includes most of the basins of the Senegal and 
Gambia rivers. English and French traders have settled along 
the coast. 

Sierra rjeone is a prosperous English colony. It is inhabited 
by Negroes, many of whom were rescued from slave-ships. Free- 
town is the capital. 

Liberia is a small republic, originally established as a colony 
for freed slaves from the United States. Monrovia is the capital. 

Dahomey and Ashantee are absolute despotisms. 

The natives are superstitious, warlike and ferocious. In Daho- 
mey wholesale murders, or human sacrifices, form part of certain 
celebrations. Here the king has an army of women whose weapons 
are muskets, swords and clubs. Ashantee, also, is ruled . by a 
native king, who is independent. 

Madag-ascar, a kingdom, contains a civilized population, whose 
principal industries are agriculture and herding. 

St. Helena belongs to Great Britain; the Canary Islands to 
Spain; the Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verd Islands to ; 
Portugal. / 

NORTH AMERICA. 

North America is the northern division of the western continent. 
It extends almost from the North Pole to the Equator. 

The shape of North America is nearly that of a triangle, broacf 
at the north and tapering almost to a point at the south. Iti 
length is nearly 5,000 miles. Its area is equal to one-half that qf 
Asia, or two and one-half times that of Europe. Its northern and 
eastern coasts are remarkable for numerous indentations and good 
harbors, while the western coast has but few. 

The western part of the continent is a high plateau, on which 
are many nearly parallel ranges of mountains. The direction of 
these ranges is from north-west to south-east. They constitute 
the Rocky Mountain system, and form the main axis of the con- 
tinent. I'he culminating ranges of this system inclose a large, 
oval-shaped plateau, called the Great Basin. 

The Appalachian system, in the eastern part, is composed of 
several parallel ranges, extending from north-east to south-west. 
Their average height is about 3,000 feet, or about one-third that 
of the Western Highlands, 

Volcanoes are numerous in the Western Highlands, and several 
of them are constantly active. 

The highest peak of the Rocky Mountain system is Mt. St. Eliao, 
19,500 feet; and of the Appalachian system, Mt. Mitchell, 6,707 
feet. 

The great centriil plain, extending from Hudson Bay to the Gulf 
of Mexico, lies between the two mountain systems. The Height 



330 

of Land, an almost imperceptible divide, crosses the plain, sep- 
arating the Arctic Slope from the Gulf Slope. 

. The lakes of North America are remarkable for their number 
and size. If a straight line were drawn from Chesapeake Bay to 
the mouth of the Mackenzie River, it would pass through nearly 
every large lake in North America. 

The great lakes contain about one-half the fresh water on the 
globe. Lake Superior, the largest, however, is exceeded in size 
by Lake Victoria, in Africa. 

Salt and alkaline lakes are numerous in the Pacific highlands. 
Great Salt Lake, iii Utah, has an area twice that of Rhode Island. 
With the exception of the Caspian Sea, it is the largest salt lake 
on the globe. 

The Mississippi basin is the largest basin In the world, except- 
ing that of the Amazon river. Its chief stream, the Mississippi 
and Missouri, exceeds every other river in length. 

The Yukon river, second in size, is, in many respects, unlike 
any other river on the continent. Its upper course is remarkable 
for falls and rapids. Its lower part contains many islands, and is 
often five and six miles wide. 

The Columbia, Colorado, and many of their tributaries which 
rise in the interior of tlie continent, flow, in some places, through 
deep canons. 

The soil Is very productive. The Mississippi basin and the 
slopes of the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico contain soil 
of great fertility. On the Pacific coast the climate Is much milder 
than in corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. The north- 
ern part of the continent is extremely cold; the central portion is 
characterized by hot summers and cold winters; the southern part, 
has a tropical climate. The rain-fall is greatest In the north-west 
and south-east. The rains of the Pacific Coast fall mostly it 
winter. In northern regions, vegetation is limited to mosses, 
lichens, and a few shrubs. A belt of cone-bearing and deciduous 
trees extends through the middle of the Temperate Zone. In the 
south, these are replaced by palms, tree-ferns, bananas, and 
agaves. Grasses are abundant throughout the Temperate Zone. 
Indian corn and tobacco are native to North America. 

The fur seal, whale, walrus, polar bear, and musk-ox are the 
most important animals of the northern regions. The bison, deer, 
bear, wolf, and panther are common in the north central part. The 
grizzly bear is found in North America only. The monkey in the 
tropical regions. 

Reptiles are numerous in the south. Nearly 500 species of birds 
are known. Fish are abundant; the cod, salmon, herring and 
mackerel are valuable as food. 

The mineral resources of North America surpass those of any 
other continent. Iron and coal, minerals on which civilization and 
commerce so greatly depend, are abundant and widely distributed. 
Petroleum and natural illuminating gas are found in the Alleghany 
Mountains and the Coast Range. Gold, silver, and quick-silver 
are found chiefly in the Western Highlands; copper and lead, in 



331 

the vicinity of the Great Lakes; and zinc, in the Eastern High- 
lands. 

American Indians inhabited North America at the time of the 
explorations in the 15th and i6th centuries. A civihzed people 
preceding these had disappeared from the region which now con- 
stitutes the United States, as the ruins of their habitations bear 
witness. 

Civilized people were found by the Spanish explorers of Mexico. 
They were conquered by the Spaniards, and gradually disap- 
peared. 

The Esquimaux, who are found in the^ Arctic regions only, are 
thought by many to be of Mongolian origin. The Indians, also, 
are said to be of Mongolian descent, and to have come, originally, 
from Asia. 

The white race, the ruling element of the population, are the 
descendants of Europeans. The inhabitants of Mexico and Central 
America are the descendants, in '^art, of Spaniards and native 
Indians. 

The Negroes, originally brought to America as slaves, are fast 
becoming educated. 

Industries. — The geographical distribution of the various indus- 
tries is more noticeable in North America than in the other con- 
tinents. Foreign commerce, manufactures, and fisheries are 
confined chiefly to the coasts and navigable streams. 

Agriculture is carried on, principally, throughout the fertile 
prairies and river-valleys of the interior. Stock-raising is most 
profitable where there are mild winters and an abundance of 
grass. 

Mining is a leading industry in the highlands. 

North America includes Danish America, British America, the 
United States of America, Mexico, Central America and the West 
Indies. 

Danish America belongs to the Kingdom of Denmark. It com- 
prises Greenland, Iceland, and a few smaller islands. 

Greenland extends farther north than any other country, or to 
within about 400 miles of the North Pole. Its area is nearly one 
third that of the United States. 

The surface of Greenland is covered with ice and snow. The 
coasts are scored by enormous glaciers. The products are fish, 
oil, and reindeer skins. 

The people comprise a few Danes and a number of Esquimau 
tribes. 

Iceland, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted for 
volcanoes, geysers, glaciers, and lava fields. Its southern part 
has a milder climate than its northern, and contains all the settle- 
ments. 

The Icelanders are generally educated. Their trade is carried 
on with Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. Their capital, 
Reikiavik, contains a college. 



332 
THE UNITED STATES. 

A Republic, it is the middle division of North America. Alaska, 
a territory occupying the northwestern part of North America, is 
partly in the North Temperate Zone and partly in the North Fngid 
Zone. It was purchased from Russia by the United States, Ex- 
tends from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on 
the west, from the Dominion of Canada on the north to the repub- 
lic of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. The distance 
across the United States from east to west through the center, is 
about 2,600 miles, and from north to south about 1,600 miles. 
The shortest distance between the Dominion of Canada and the 
Gulf of Mexico is about 800 miles. 

The high mountains and plateaus of the United States are in 
the western part. There the mining of gold and silver, and the 
raising of cattle and sheep, constitute the leading occupations of 
the people. 

The plains, prairies, slopes and lowlands extending from the 
great highland region east^vard to the Atlantic Ocean, are remark- 
able for their fertile soil, which produces immense crops of grain, 
cotton, fruits and vegetables. 

The valleys of the Pacific Slope are noted for their mild, genial 
climate and their great yield of wheat, fruits and vegetables. 

Coal and iron are mined extensively in various parts of the 
United States. 

The variety and importance of the products and industries of 
this country are due principally to its vast extent of territory and 
its great diversity of soil, elevation and climate. 

Its increase in population, wealth and power is unsurpassed. 
A century ago there were but thirteen states, containing less than 
4,000,000 inhabitants. Now there are thirty-eight states, ten ter^ 
ritories, and the District of Columbia, with a total population of 
more than 60,000,000. A territory is under the control of the Gen- 
eral Government of the United States, until it is admitted into the 
Union as a state by Congress. The original thirteen states were 
New Hampshire, ^lassachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The first states 
admitted after them were Kentucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio, 
Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi. 

The first colonies in the region now called the United States 
were established by the English, in Virginia, in 1607; by the 
Dutch, in New York, in 1613; and by the Pilgrims, in Massachu- 
setts, in 1620. "^ 

All were subject to Great Britain from 1664 to 1776, when the 
thirteen colonies declared themselves free and independent states. 

Each state has its own constitution, laws, legislature, and gov- 
ernor, while all the states are united under the constitution and 
laws of the United States. A states is entitled to be represented 
in the United States Senate by two senators, and in the House of 
Representatives by one member for every 154,325 inhabitants. 



333 

Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A territory may 
send a delegate to the House but he has no vote. There are at 
present 76 senators and 325 members of the House of Representa- 
tives. The states which have the largest representation in the 
House are New York 34 members, Pennsylvania 28, Ohio 21, and 
Illinois 20. The states and territories of the United States have 
legislatures consisting of two houses similar to those of Congress, 
elected by the people. They are divided into counties, which are, 
in some cases, subdivided into townships. The divisions of Louisi- 
ana corresponding to counties are called parishes. The highest 
officials in a state are the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary 
of State, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Schools. 
Towns and villages are collections of houses and inhabitants. 
Cities have certain rights and privileges not possessed by towns 
and villages. The affairs of a city are usually controlled by its 
mayor and aldermen. A county seat is the chief town in which 
the official business of the county is conducted. 

The general government comprises three departments, the legis- 
lative, the judicial and the executive. It has control of all matters 
pertaining to commerce and treaties with foreign countries, the 
army and navy, the declaration of war, the post-oftices, and the 
coining of money. 

The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of 
the Senate, (composed of two senators from each state, chosen by 
the state legislature, for six years. The Vice-president of th*^ 
United States is the president of the Senate) and House of Repre- 
sentatives. Congi-ess holds its sessions in Washington, The 
session of Congress begins on the first Monday in December of 
each year. A law cannot take effect unless passed by both the 
Senate and the House of Representatives, and approved by the 
President. If, however, he disapprove a measure which has beea 
passed by both houses of Congress, it may become a law on being 
repassed bv two-thirds of each house. 

The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, which 
interprets the laws. The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice 
and eiglit associate justices, all appointed for life by the president 
with the consent 01 liie Senate. 

The executive power is vested in the President, whose duty is to 
execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for four years. The 
President and Vice-President are elected by a number of electors, 
called the electoral college, chosen by the people of the states, or 
their legislatures. Each state is entitled to a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the office of 
President, it shall be filled by the Vice-President. If there be no 
Vice-President, the law of 1886 vests the succession in those mem- 
bers of the cabinet who are constitutionally eligible, in the following 
order: Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of 
War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of the 
Navy, and Secretary of the interior. 



334 

MEXICO. 

Mexico is a republic, composed of twenty-seven states, a federal 
district and the Territory of Lower California. It is situated in 
the North Temperate and the Torrid Zone, and is about one-fourth 
the size of the United States. 

The surface is a high plateau, fringed *by a belt of low, narrow 
coast. Several ranges of the Rocky Mountain System, of v/hich 
the Sierra Madre is the highest, extend through the country from 
north-west to south-east. 

A chain of volcanoes crosses the highest part of tKe plateau. 
The summits of several of these are above the limit of perpetual 
snow. Vol. Popocatepetl is the highest mountain in Mexico, and, 
next to Mt. St. Elias, the highest in North America. 

The lakes are small and unimportant. Most of them are situ- 
ated in the Valley of Mexico. 

The rivers are short, and, excepting the Rio Colorado and 
Rio Grande, not navigable above tide-water. 

The climate is hot and pestilential along the narrow coast, but 
n'ild and healthful in the high interior. In going from Vera Cruz 
to the city of Mexico, one may, within a few hours, experience 
nearly every gradation of climate, and find the productions pecul- 
iar to each zone. There are but two seasons; the rainy, and the 
dry. 

The vegetable productions comprise mahogany, rose-wood, nies- 
quite, various dye-woods, the agave, and cactus. Oranges, 
lemons, pine-apples, olives, and bananas are extensively culti- 
vated. Tobacco, corn, sugar-cane, cocoa, beans, coffee, vanilla, 
and the indigo-plant are also grown. 

The wild animals of Mexico comprise the grizzly bear, puma or 
Mexican lion, and coyote. Venomous reptiles and insects are 
numerous. Cattle, horses, and donkeys, in vast numbers, are the 
principal domestic animals. 

The minerals include gold, silver, tin, quicksilver and marble. 

The leading industries are agriculture, stock-raising, and min- 
ing. Coffee, sugar, cotton, cochineal, vanilla, metals, hides, and 
ornamental woods are exported. Great progress has been recently 
made in the building of railroads; but the unsettled condition of 
the government depresses every kind of industry. 

The people consist chiefly of mixed races. About one-tenth are 
Creoles, or descendants of Spanish colonists. Spanish is the 
language of the country. 

Mexico, the federal capital, is the metropolis. It is in the 
Valley of Mexico, elevation about 7,400 feet above sea-level. 

Guadalaxara and Puebla are manufacturing centers. 
^Vera Cruz is the chief Atlantic sea-port. 

Acapulco and Guaymas are the principal ports on the Pacific 
Coast of Mexico. 



336 
CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Central America forms the most southern part of North 
America. It comprises five republics, and the British colony ol 
Balize. 

The surface resembles that of Mexico, being a high plateac^ 
situated between low coasts. The climate, however, is hotter and 
more moist, and its vegetation more luxuriant. 

It contains several volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes are of 
frequent occurrence. 

The principal products are coffee, dye-woods and sugar. Gold, 
silver, and coal are found in the highlands. 

The inhabitants are chiefl)'^ meztizos and Indians. The white 
people are mainly of Spanish descent. There are many European 
merchants and planters in Balize and Costa Rica. The language 
of the country is Spanisli. 

Guatemala, the largest city of Central America, is the chief com- 
mercial port. 

The West Indies comprise two chains of islands, extending 
southeast from the coast of North America. 

The Bahama Islands, about 600 in number, are low, coral 
formations. Their climate is warm and healthful. 

The sponge fisheries constitute the chief industry. 

Oranges, lemons and pine-apples are the principal fruits. Salt 
is obtained from the lagoons of Turk's Island, by evaporation. 

Nassau, the capital and commercial purt, is situated on Provi- 
dfence Island. 

The Greater Antilles comprise the islands of Cuba, Kayti, 
Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Their surface is mountainous; their 
climate and productions are those of tropical regions. The popu- 
lation is made up of Spaniards, Creoles and Negroes. 

Cuba exports sugar, molasses, coftee, fruits, tobacco and cigars 
Its forests contain ebony, mahogany and rosewood. 

Havana, the capital, is the center of a vast commerce. It is an 
important sugar market. 

Matanzas also is an important city in Cuba. 

The Island of Hayti comprises two independent republics, 
Hayti and Santo Domingo. The people and their rulers are 
Negroes. 

Port au Prince is the capital of Hayti; and Santo Domingo of 
Santo Domingo. 

Jamaica yields allspice, in addition to the products which are 
similar to those of the other islands. Rum is the principal export. 
Turtle-fishing is important. 

Kingston is the capital. 

Porto Rico contains many large and fertile plains. 

The T.esser Antilles extend from Porto Rico to the mouth oi 
the Orinoco River. 



338 
SOUTH AMERICA. 

South America was discovered by Columbus in 1498, near the 
mouth of the Orinoco. The early Spanish discoverers found an 
Indian village near Lake Maracaybo, built over the water on piles. 
As it reminded them of Venice, they called it Venezuela, which 
means Little Venice. 

Balboa, in 1513, crossed the Isthmus, and was the first man who 
saw the Pacific Ocean from the coast of the Western Continent; 
but, long years before this, the ancient Peruvians had lived there. 
They had built strong cities, fine temples, great aqueducts, and 
splendid roads and bridges, ruins of which still remain. Peru was 
invaded by the Spaniards, under Pizarro, who cruelly treated the 
natives, destroying their cities and plundering their temples.^ 

South America was thus conquered and settled by Spaniards, 
except Brazil, which was settled by Portugese, and Guiana, which 
was settled by British, Dutch and French. 

About 300 years afterward the people of the countries of South 
America (except Guiana) declared themselves independent of 
Spain and Portugal. 

Simon Bolivar was the most distinguished general and patriot 
of South America. He was called the " Liberator," also the 
" Washington of South America." 

South America is the Southern part of the Western Continent 

Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In shape it 
is a triangle, which tapers to a point toward the south. The coast 
line has but few indentations. 

Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west and 
east and a vast plain in the center. 

The Andean Plateau, the main axis of the continent, extends 
along the entire western coast. It supports parallel ranges, which 
constitute the Andean System. Its high peaks are always cov- 
ered with snow. The highest measured peak is Mount Aconca- 
gua, which is about 24,000 feet in height. The most celebrated 
volcano is Cotapaxi. 

The plains of South America cover about one-half its area. The 
llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During the rainy season 
they become a vast inland sea. With the disappearance of the 
water comes a profusion of tropical vegetation, which quickly 
withers under the intense heat of the sun. 

The largest lakes in South America are Maracaybo and Titicaca. 
The latter is 12,000 feet above the sea-level. 

The Amazon is the largest and one of the longest rivers in the 
world. Its course is nearly along the Equator- Its highest source 
is within 70 miles of the Pacific Ocean. At its mouth the river is 
nearly 200 miles wide. Its current and the freshness of its water 
are perceptible 200 miles out at sea. 

The soil is fertile in nearly all parts of the continent. The south- 
ern part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate. 

The climate along the sea-coast is generally warm, except in the 
south. In the interior of the lowland plains, the heat is almost 
intolerable. 



339 

The banks of the Amazon produce a wonderful variety of orna- 
mental woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, vegetable-ivory, and 
tortoise-shell wood. The India rubber, cacao, and cocoa-palm 
trees are abundant. 

The lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on the mountain 
slopes are found the cinchona-tree and many kinds of medicinal 
plants. 

The chief cultivated plants are coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, 
tobacco, indigOj manioc, and spices. 

Minerals. — South America is rich in minerals. A large part of 
the silver now in use in the world was obtained from the Andes 
Mountains. Gold is mined in Colombia and Brazil. 

Industries. — The chief industries of the inhabitants of South 
America are herding, agriculture, and mining. 

BRAZIL. 

The Empire of Brazil, the largest country of South America, 
is the only monarchy in the New World. 

It comprises the eastern plateau and the basins of the Amazon 
and the La Plata. The northern and western parts are low» 
swampy, and, during the rainy season, completely inundated. 

Near the coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated. 

The greater part of the country has a tropical climate. 

Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits, nuts, 
and spices are raised in abundance. 

The leading industries are cattle-raising and agriculture. 

The natives live in the interior. The ruling people are the 
Portuguese, or their descendants. 

Rio Janeiro, the capital, is the largest city in South America. 
Its chief exports are coffee and India rubber. 

Bahia is the center of the diamond trade. 

The Andes Republics comprise the United States of Colom- 
bia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili occupy the mountainous 
region along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. 

The coast is very steep, affording few harbors. 

The surface is rugged. The high plateaus are barren, but the 
mountain sides and the valleys afford pasturage, and yield grain 
and other products. 

This region is subject to earthquakes, and it contains some of 
the most celebrated volcanoes in the world. 

The governsnents are republican in form, modeled after our own ; 
but they are subject to frequent revolutions. 

Bogota, although within four and a half degrees of the 
Equator, has a climate of perpetual spring, due to its altitude ot 
neaily 9,000 feet. Its wet seasons are our spring and autumn ; its 
dry seasons, our summer and winter. It is warmest in February, 
and coldest in December, Grain is sown twice a year. Most of 
the houses are built but one story high, owing to the frequency of 
earthquakes. There are, however, many large, splendid buildings. 

Panama, on the isthmus, is the largest and most important city„ 



34^ 

It is connected by railroad with Colon, or Aspinwall. Its climate 
ts tropical and unhealthy, 

Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is situated on a very high plateau, 
surrounded by volcanoes. 

Guayaquil is the chief commercial city. 

Lima, a few miles from the coast, is the capital of Peru. Its 
port is Callao, 

Arequipa was several times destroyed by earthquakes. 

La Paz is the capital and largest city of Bolivia. 

CHILI. 

CJliili is the most powerful and enterprising of the Spanish- 
American republics. 

It is the same in extent from north to south as the United States 
from east to west — about 2,600 miles. 

It is situated on the western slope of the Andes and extends 
from the Bay of Arica to Cape Horn. 

Along the coast are numerous islands, which are rich in guano 
and niter. 

Its climate is temperate and moist. 

The people are chiefly of Spanish origin. They are active, 
industrious and intelligent. 

Santiago is the capital, Valparaiso is the largest commercial 
city on the west coast of South America. 

The Argentine Republic is a broad and level country, com- 
prising most of the pampas. 

The people are engaged in herding a^d in preparing dried beef, 
hides, tallow and horns, for export. 

Buenos Ayres, the capital and largest city, has an extensive 
commerce. 

Paragnay and Uruguay resemble the Argentine Republic in 
surface, products and the occupatipns of the people. 

Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, is an important commercial 
city. 

Asuncion is the capital of Paraguay. 

Venezuela lies almost entirely within the basin of the Orinoco, 
its climate is tropical. 

The people are engaged in cattle-raising and agriculture. 
Hides, meat, tallow, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar and dye-woods 
are exported. 

Caracas is the capital. It has frequently suffered from earth- 
quakes. 

Guiana embraces three colonies — British, French and Dutch. 
Its products are like those of Venezuela, 

Cayenne is the capital of French Guiana , Georgetown of British 
Guiana, and Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana. 



342 

DOMINION OF CANADA. 

The pominion of Canada embraces the provinces of British 
Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova 
Scotia and Prince Edward Island, besides several territories and 
districts. Its area is about equal to that of the United States. 

The surface is mostly a vast plain, bordered by a high plateau in 
the west, on which stand the Rocky mountains and the Cascade 
range. 

A chain of lakes extends from the mouth of the Mackenzie river 
to the Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence, Nelson and Mackenzie 
rivers drain the principal basins. 

The climate of the Pacific Slope is mild, but elsewhere the 
winters are of great severity. The summers are short and in the 
southern provinces hot. 

A belt of timber, mostly pine, extends from the Rocky mountains 
to the Atlantic ocean. The Pacific Slope is covered with forests of 
fir, the valley of the St. Lawrence contains growths of maple, oak 
and elm. 

The central prairie regions are covered with luxuriant crops of 
wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large crops of grain. 

The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf, beaver, 
otter, ermine, mink and marten, most of which are hunted for their 
skins. The coast waters abound in seal, cod and salmon. 

The minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which are mined in 
the west. Copper and iron are found near Lake Superior. Coal 
is mined in Nova Scotia also. 

The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and 
fishing. The central regions are agricultural. The uninhabited 
regions of the north yield valuable furs in great quantities. 

Most of the inhabitants are of English descent. In the eastern 
provinces, however, there are many descendants of the early 
French settlers. 

The government of the dominion is vested in the Governor- 
General and Parliament. The Governor-General is appointed by 
the sovereign of Great Britain. Parliament consists of a Senate 
and a House of Commons. The members of the Senate are 
appointed by the Governor-General. The members of the House 
are elected by the people. Each province has a Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor and a legislature. 

Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion of Canada. It contains 
magnificent public buildings. 

British. Columbia, including Vancouver and other islands, is 
the largest and most mountainous province of the dominion. Its 
nvines of gold and coal are valuable. Lumber, fish, and wool are 
exported. 

Victoria, on Vancouver Island, is the capital and metropolis. 

Manitoba is noted for wheat and furs. Steamers ply on the 
Red River of the North, and on Manitoba and Winnipeg lakes. 

^innipeg, the capital, is the agricultural and commerical center. 

Ontario, the most important province, contains nearly one- 



344 

third the population of the dominion. Grain, fruit, and lumber 
are the principal products. Petroleum, copper, and iron are ob- 
tained near Lake Superior. 

Toronto, the capital of the province, is noted for Its manu- 
factures and educational institutions. It is an important railway 
center and lake-port. 

Hamilton, situated near the western extremity of Lake Ontario, 
is an. important lake-port and manufacturing center. 

Quebec is hilly. Its winters are extremely cold; its summers, 
warm, short, and foggy. 

Its agricultural region is south of the St. Lawrence, and pro- 
duces good crops of oats, potatoes, and hay. The most valuable 
export is lumber. 

The people of this province are, chiefly, descendants of early 
French settlers. 

Quebec, the capital, is the oldest city in the dominion. The 
heights, on which the upper portion of the city is built, are strongly 
fortified. The fortress of Quebec, next to that of Gibraltar, is con- 
sidered the strongest in the world. It was, however, captured by 
General Wolfe during the French and Indian War. The principal 
business part of the city occupies the low ground. 

Montreal, the metropolis, is noted for its magnificent cathedrals, 
and the tubular bridge across the St. Lawrence River. 

New Ilrunswick is noted for lumber and ship-building. 

Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick. 

St. John is the metropolis and largest port 

Nova Scotia has more sea-coast than any other province. 
Ship-building and the fisheries constitute the chief industries. Its 
coal fields are extensive. Gold and gypsum are also mined. 

Halifax, the capital, has an excellent harbor, and Is the chief 
British naval station in North America. 

Prince Edward Island, the smallest province, is the most 
densely populated. Agriculture and fishing are the chief occupa- 
tions. Fish and eggs tho principal exports. 

Charlottetown is the capital. 

Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate and 
dense fogs. 

The dense fogs which prevail in this latitude are due to the 
meeting of the cold Arctic Current with the warm waters of the 
Gulf Stream. During the spring and summer, icebergs and pack- 
ice are brought down by the Arctic Current, and drift about until 
melted. It is for this reason that the steam-ship route between 
America and Great Britain is one of the most dangerous in the 
world. 

Its cod, salmon and seal fisheries give employment to about 
nine-tenths of the inhabitants. 

St. John's, the capital, is the most easterly city in North America, 
south of Greenland. 

The Territories were formerly owned by the Hudson Bay Com- 
pany. 



346 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

One of the thirteen original states. Named for Hampshil) 
county, England, called the **Granite State." Ratified United 
States Constitution June 21, 1788. Union soldiers 33,937. Num- 
ber counties 10. Miles raiC'^oad 660. All elections Tuesday aftei 
first Monday in Nov., number senators 24, representatives 321, ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbere4 years, meeting first 
Wednesday in June. Terms of senators and representatives 2 
years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2, number 
voters 105,138. Paupers excluded from voting. Dartmouth Col- 
lege, at Hanover, founded 1769. Compulsory education law, com- 
mon schools excellent, school age 5-15. Legal interest 6per cent.j, 
usury forfeits 3 times the excess. Population 1880 346,991, male 
178,526, female 176,465, native 300,697, white 346,229, colored 685, 
Indians 63. Extreme length N. and S. 181 miles, extreme width 
92 miles, area 9,005 sq. miles — 5,763,200 acres. Coast line 18 
miles. Highest peak Mt. Washington. Largest lake, Winnipi- 
seogee, 74 sq. miles. General elevation i,:^oo feet. Isles of Shoals 
form part of state. The White Mountains occupy the northern 
portion of the state with unsurpassed scenery. Soil rocky, with 
small fertile districts. Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats and or- 
dinary vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. , Forests largely 
exhausted, except at the north. Cleared lands average $167^ and 
woodland $25 per acre. Mica quarried at Grafton, soapstone 
at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown, granite at Plymouth, Troy,. 
Roxbury, Concord. State ranks high in cotton manufacturing. 
Climate. — Winter average 24, summer 69 deg. Extremes greai 
in White Mountains, Summer short and hot, with violent storms. 
Rainfall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and early in fall. Winter 
begins in Nov., cold till May. Snow lies two-thirds of year in 
mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 days. Health good Principal 
Industries. — Agriculture, manufacture of cotton, woolens, lum- 
ber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. Quarrying mica, granite and 
soapstone. Principal Cities. — Manchester, pop 32,630, Nashua 
i3>397> Concord (the capital) 13,843, Dover 11,687, Portsmouth 
(chief harbor) 969. The harbor of *the latter place. Great Bay, 
never freezes over. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $1,000 

Secretary of State $800 and fees 

Treasurer 1,800 

Attorney General 2,200 

Superintendent Public Institutions 2,000 

Three Railroad Commissioners $2,000 to 2,500 

Adjutant General 1,000 

Secretary Board of Agriculture 1,000 

Librarian 80c 

Chief Justice 2,90c 

Six Associate Justices » 2,700 



348 
VERMONT. 

First State to join original 13. Called the "Green Mountain 
State." Active in war of 18 12. Union soldiers furnished, 33,288. 
Number counties 14. Miles railroad 944. First railroad built 
from Bellows Falls to Burlington 1849. State elections biennial, 
firstTuesday in Sept. ; number senators 30, representatives 240, 
Sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
first Wednesday in Oct. Terms of senators and representatives, 
2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2. Num- 
ber voters 95,651. Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges 2. 
School age 5-20. Legal interest rate 6%, usury forfeits excessive 
interest. Population, 1883, 332,286; male 166,888, female 165,399, 
native 291,327, foreign 40,959, white 331,218, colored 1,057. Length 
N. and S. 149 miles, width 34 to 52 miles, area 0,136 sq. miles, 
5,847,040 acres. Highest Point (Green Mountains; about 4,600 ft. 
Green Mountains run N. and S. through the state and are 3,000 
to 4,600 feet high. The surface is generally hilly. All east of 
mountains drained by the Connecticut, the only navigable river. 
Small streams abundant Soil rocky but goodm narrow strips on 
streams. Potatoes best crop. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hops and 
bbckwheat yield n>oderately if well attended. Forests remain to 
considerable extent, but are cut over or culled. Cleared land 
averages $17.50 and forest land $18 per acre. Dairying profitable. 
Manganese, copper, iron, gold, black, white, red and variegated 
marble and slate are found, the marbles in great abundance. 
State ranks 1st in quarries, 4th in copper. Temperature ranges 
fi-om 15 deg. below to 95 d eg. above, but changes not sudden; 
winter averages 18 deg. to 33 deg. Summer averages 66 deg. to 
75 deg. Summers short. Rainfall greatest at south and east 
where it averages 43 inches; in other sections the average is 35 
inches. ^ Snows hea\^. Frosts early in fall and late in spring. 
Snow lies 80 to 140 days. Health excellent. Death rate very 
low, less than 1^ in the 100. Industries very varied, numbering 
2,900. Principal ones, agriculture, dairying, manufacture of flour, 
furniture, leather, tin, iron and copper ware, and lumber, mining, 
quarrying and finishing marbles and stones, and maple sugar 
making. 

Principal Cities. — Burlington, pop., 1880, 11,365; Montpelier 
(capital), pop., 1880, 4,000; Rutland, pop., 1880, 12,149: Brattle- 
boro and^ Bellows Falls are important and thriving towns and seats 
of large industiies. 

Salaries of State Oflficers. 

Governor, $1,000: Lieutenant Governor, $6 a day; Secretary of 
State, $1,700; Treasurer, $1,700; Auditor, $2,000; Inspector of 
Finances, $500; Railroad Commissioner, $500; Adjutant General, 
$750; Superintendent of Public Instruction, $1,400; Chief Justice. 
$2,500; Six Associate Justices, $2,500; Senators and Representa- 
tives/'-^$3 a day; District Judge, $3,500; Collector of Interna) 
Revenue, $2,650; Collector of Customs, $1,000 and fees. 



349 

KENTUCKY. 

Name Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, because the 
state was the hunting and battle ground of the tribes. Called 
" Corn Cracker State.'* Louisville founded 1780. Admitted as a 
State June i, 1792. State furnished 7,000 troops in war of 1812, 
and 13,700 in Mexican war. Won great credit in latter. Neutral 
at beginning of civil war. State the scene of continuous cavalry 
raids during the war, and some sharp battles at Perryville, Rich- 
mond, etc. Put under martial law 1864. Civil government 
restored 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760. Number coun- 
ties 118. State elections biennial, first Monday in August, in 
odd-numbered years. Number senators 38, representatives 100, 
sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting 
last day of December, holds 60 days. Term of senators 4 years, 
of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 13, number 
congressmen 11, number voters 376,221. Bribers, robbers and 
forgers excluded from voting. Number colleges 15, public school 
system framed 1838, good schools, school age 6-20 years. Legal 
interest 6%, by contract 10%, usury forfeits excess over 10%, Miles 
of railroad 1,887. Population, 1880, 1,648,690, male 832,590, 
female 816,100, native 1,589,173, foreign 59,517, white 1,377,179, 
colored 271,451, Chinese 10, Indians 50, slaves, i860, 225,483. 
Ex-treme length E. and W. 350, width 179 miles, area 40,000 sq. 
miles, 25,600,000 acres. River frontage 832 miles, navigable water 
ways 4, 1 20 miles. Soil fair, except in the famous " Bluegrass 
region," extending for 40 or 50 miles around Lexington, and one 
of the most beautiful sections on the globe. Natural wonder 
Mammoth Cave, greatest in the world. Kentucky ranks high as 
an agricultural and stock state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, 
tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, rye and vegetables, fruits do fairly. 
Famous for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Mules and hogs 
largely raised. At the east in the mountains are immense forests 
of virgin oak, poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumber and 
other valuable timber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone, 
etc., also abound- Iron deposits of immense magnitude are 
known to exist. Cleared land averages $20 and woodland $5 per 
acre. The average of the former is raised materially by the high 
prices, often $100 or more per acre in the bluegrass section. Moun- 
tain lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricultural 
value rate $2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks first in tobacco, and 
fourth in malt and distilled liquors. Climate variable, favorable to 
health and agriculture, healthfulness not surpassed. Thermometer 
ranges from 5 deg. below zero to 98 above, rarely greater extremes 
are known. Temperature averages, summer 75 deg., winter 38 
deg., rainfall 50 inches. Snows fall, but disappear in a few days. 
Sleighing only for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria 
very rare, except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Chief 
Cities. — Louisville, pop. 125,758. Frankfort (capital), pop. 6,958. 
Covington, 29,720. Lexington, former capital, founded 1776, 
pop. 16,656. Newport, connected with CovingtQH by bridge, pop. 
20,433. [Salaries of State Officers page 439.] 



351 
TENNESSEE. 

"Big Bend State." First settled 1754. Became a part of North 
Carolina 1777. Organized as the State of Franklin 1785, but again 
became part of North Carolina 1788. Ceded to United States by 
North Carolina 1789. Admitted as state June i, 1796. Capital, 
Nashville. First railroad part of N. & C, 1853, Nashville to 
Bridgeport. Seceded June 8, 1861. Re-entered Union 1866. 
NuHxber counties 96. State, congressional and presidential elec- 
tions, Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senatori 
33, representatives 99, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting first Monday in January; holds 75 days. Terms of sena- 
tors and representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 12, 
number congressmen 10, number voters 571,244, native white 240,- 
939, foreign white 250,055, colored 80,250, non-payers of poll-tax 
excluded from voting. Legal interest 6 per cent., by contract any 
rate, usury forfeits excess of interest and $100 fine. Schools fair. 
Miles railroad 2,166. Population 1880 1,542,359, male 769,277, 
female 773,082, native 1,525,657, foreign 16,702, white 1,138,831, 
colored 403,151, Chinese 25, Indians 352. Slaves i860 275,519. 
Extreme length E. and W. 430 miles, width no miles. Area 41,- 
750 sq. miles, 26,720,000 2cres. Mountainous at E. where Apala- 
chians separate state from North Carolina. Soil fair, except in 
central basin, where it is very productive. State abounds in coal, 
iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper and other minerals. 
Possesses one of the finest areas of forest in the Union. Principal 
timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, hickory, etc. Staple products, 
mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, wheat, cotton, vegetables of all kinds, 
potatoes, tobacco, hemp, flax, broomcorn, iron, copper, coal, 
marbles, etc. Ranks second in peanuts and third in mules. 
Resources but little developed, 5,000 sq. miles of coal field, with 
3 to 7 workable veins. Cleared land everages $12.50, forest $5 per 
acre. Grape growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world. 
Mild and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very diverse. 
Snow light and lays briefly. Ice rarely more than a mere film in 
thickness. Average temperature winter 38 deg., summer 75 deg. 
Extremes seldom occur. Rainfall 45 to 47 inches. Air bracing. 
Chief Cities. — Nashville capital, pop. 43,350. Memphis pop. 
33>592> Chattanooga pop._ 12,892, Jackson pop. 8,377, Knoxville 
pop. 9,693. Industries chiefly agricultural, mining, lumbering and 
iron making. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $4,000 

Secretary of State $1,800 and fees 

Treasurer $2,750 

Comptroller 2,750 

Attorney General 3,000 

Superintendent of Public Instruction i, 800 

Adjutant General 1,200 

Commissioner of Agriculture 3»ooo 



352 
NORTH CAROLINA. 

One of the thirteen original states. Called "Old North State," 
"Fur State," and "State of Turpentine," Discovered by Lord 
Raleigh, 1584. Settled by English, 1650. State seceded May 21, 
1861. Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Coast section scene of 
sharp fighting during civil war. State re-entered Union June, 
1868. Number of counties, 96, miles of railroad, 1,366. All elec- 
tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number of senators 56, 
representatives 120, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, 
meeting Wednesday after first Monday in January, hold 60 days. 
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Number 
electoral votes 11, number congressmen 9. Convicts are excluded 
from voting. Public school system adopted, 1840, at present over 
2,000 public schools in operation; school age 6-21; separate schools 
for whites and blacks. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by con- 
tract 8, usury forfeits interest. Rate of tax less than 50c. on $100. 
Population. — 1880, 1,399,750, .male 687,908, female 711,842, 
native 1,396,008, colored 531,277, Indians, 1,230, slaves, i860, 
33ij059- Greatest length E. and W. 453 miles; greatest width, 
185 miles, area, 52,240 square miles, or 33,433,600 acres, less area 
water surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors. Much 
forest yet remains. Swamps extensive, most noted of them, the 
Great Dismal, north of Albemarle sound, contains 148,000 acres. 
Small streams abundant, water powers numerous; corn best crop, 
tobacco largest product, other staples are orchard products, sweet 
potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and vegetables in 
tke order named. North Carolina ranks first in tar and turpentine, 
second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco and fourth ill rice. 
Has rich deposits of gold and the baser minerals. Stone, slate, 
coal, marble, mica. Excellent fisheries. Natural resources but 
slightly developed. Ample opportunities for homes, enterprise and 
capital. Cleared land averages $10 and woodland $5 per acre, 
and much of excellent quality in the market below this average. 
Stock thrives. Scenery varied, ordinary, picturesque and grand. 
Wheat harvested June. Corn ripe in Sept. Climate is varied, 
warm and moist in low sections; cool and dry in mountains, with 
all intermediate conditions. Average winter temperature, 49 deg., 
summer 78 deg. to 79 deg. Frosts light and seldom come till the 
end of fall. Rainfall, including some snow in mountains, 45 deg. 
Health good. Chief Cities. — Wilmington, pop. 13,446; Raleigh, 
(capital), pop. 7,790; Charlotte contains assay office, pop. 4,473, 
New Berne, pop. 5,849. Industries. — ^Agriculture principal occu- 
pation. Fishing, manufacture of turpentine and lumber, mining, 
etc. Number of difFrent industries, 3,800. Number boats 
engaged in fisheries, about 3,000. Copper mined, i,640,ooolbs. 

Salaries of State Oflficers. 

Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $3,000, 
Auditor 1,500, Attorney General $2,000, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction $1,500, Adjutant General $600, Commissioner of Agri"- 
culture $1,200, State Librarian $750, Chief Justice $2,500. 



354 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 

One of the thirteen original states, "Palmetto state." Revolu- 
tionary record, brilliant. English seized the territory, but were 
thrashed at Cowpens and Eutah Springs and penned up in Char- 
leston. First railroad in United States using American locomotive, 
1830. First state to secede, Nov., i860. Sumter bombarded 
April 12-13, 1861. Ordinance of secession repealed Sept., 1865, 
and slavery abolished. Re-entered the Union June, 1868. Num- 
ber counties 34, miles of railroad 1,570. State, congressional and 
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in November. 
State senators 35, representatives 124, sessions annual, meeting 
fourth Tuesday in November. Term of senators 4 years, of rep- 
resentatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 9, number congress- 
men 7. Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons. 
United States army and duelists excluded from voting. Number 
colleges 9, school age 6-16, school system fair. Legal interest 7%, 
by contract, any rate. Population, 1880, 995,577, male 490,408, 
female 505,169, native 987,891, white 391,105, Indians 131, slaves, 
i860, 402,406. Greatest length 280 miles, greatest width 210 miles, 
area 30,170 square miles, or 19,308,800 acres, coast line 212 miles. 
Principal river Savannah, navigable 130 miles. Magnificent water 
power, undeveloped. Soil from medium to very rich. Forests 
extensive and valuable. Land, cleared or uncleared, averages $7 
per acre. Rice and cotton, best crops. All other cereals as well 
as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fiber crops grow well. Phosphate 
beds enormous, gold, mica, marbles of all colors, building stones 
found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lumber and oysters 
largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in Abbeville, 
Edgefield and Union counties, first mint deposits, $3,500, in 1827. 
White and variegated marbles found in Spartanburgh and Laurens 
counties. Climate. — Temperature ranges 15' to 96 degrees F. 
Averages, summer 82 degrees, winter 51 degrees. Average rain- 
fall 48 inches, decreasing to the south. Health good. Epidemics 
rare and confined to seaports. Resort for consumptives. Changes 
slight and infrequent, frosts rare. Chief Cities. — Charleston, 
pop. 1880, 49,984, port of entry, seat of a Catholic bishop. United 
States customs districts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. 
Capital, Columbia. Principal Industries. — Agriculture, mining, 
fishing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar making, and 
phosphate digging. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $3,500, Lieutenant Governor $1,000, Secretary of State 
$2,100, Treasurer $2,100, Comptroller General $2,100, Attorney 
General $2,100, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,100, 
Commissioner of Agriculture $2,100, Adjutant and Inspector Gen- 
eral $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000, Associate Justices $3,500, Clerk 
of Supreme Court $1,000, Senators and Representatives $5 per 
day, mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500, Collector of Internal 
Revenue $3,250. 



355 
VIRGINIA. 

One of the thirteen original states. Called the "Old D ominion,* 
and "The Mother of Presidents." First English settlement in 
America, 1607. Active in Revolution and subsequent steps 
toward founding the Union, Virginia won the title of "First of the 
States." British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Richmond 1781. York- 
town sur,rendered Oct., 1781, practically vanquishing England. 
State seceded May 7, 1861, and capital of Confederacy moved to 
Richmond. Scene of gigantic energies of the war. Bull Run, 
the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, Port Republic and 
many other famous battles were fought on Virginia soil. Lee sur- 
rendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, ending the war. State 
returned to the Union Jan. 26, 1870. Number of counties, 100. 
Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Wednesday in December; holds 90 days. Term of senators 
Qo days, representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 12, Con- 
gressmen 10. Lunatics, idiots, convicts, duelists. United States 
army and non-taxpayers of capitation tax excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 7, schools 4,502, school age 5-21, school system 
fair. 'Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract 3 per cent, usury for- 
feits all over 6 per cent. Miles of railroad, 2,894. r Population — 
1880, 1,512,565; male 745,589, female 766,976, native 1,497,869, 
white, 880,858, colored 631,616, Indians 85, slaves, i860, 490,865, 
Greatest length east and west, 445 miles, greatest width, 190 miles, 
area 40, 125 square miles, 25,680,000 acres. Coastline, 130 miles, 
tidal frontage, 1,556 miles. The state is rich in iron, gold, salt, 
coal, marble, slate, zinc, lead, stone, timber and other natural 
resources as yet little developed. Much good farming land is 
untilled. Cleared land averages $10 and woodland $6 to $7 per 
acre. The opportunities for homes and enterprise are inviting. 
All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state ranks first in this crop and 
second in tobacco), fruits, grapes, and vegetables are extensively 
raised. Stock thrives. Climate varies, is genial and healthful, 
cool in mountains and warm in lowlands in summer. Winters are 
seldom severe. Winter averages 44, summer 78 degrees. Rain- 
fall, including snow, averages 44 inches, being heaviest on the 
coast. Chief Cities — Richmond (capital), pop. 63,600; pop. of 
Norfolk, 21,965, Petersburg, 21,656. Hampton Roads one of best 
harbors on coast. Seven ports of entry. Industries — Half popu- 
lation engaged in agriculture, balance in quarrying, ship-building, 
lumbering, the trades, iron working, meat packing, tanning. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $900, Secretary of State 
$2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Auditor $3,000, Secretary Auditor $2,000, 
Attorney General^ $2,500, Superintendent of Public Instruction 
$2,500, Adjutant* General $600, Commissioner of Agriculture 
$1,500, Superintendent of Land Office $1,300, President of Supreme 
Court $3, 250, four Judges of Supreme Court $3,000, two District 
Judges $3,500, Senators and Representatives $540 per year. 



356 
WEST VIRGINIA. 

OriginaHy part of Virginia. Called "Pan Handle State." His- 
;ory up to 1861 same as that of Virginia. Refused to secede 
April 22, 1861. F. H. Pierrepont elected governor June 20, 1861. 
Admitted as state June 20, 1863, and Wheeling made the capital. 
Capital changed to Charleston, 1870. Moved again to Wheeling, 
1875, and to Charleston again in 1884. Union soldiers furnished, 
32,068. State advanced rapidly in wealth. Number counties 54, 
miles railroad 1,026. Governor and state officers elected quadri- 
ennially, and legislature every two years, on second Tuesday in 
October, number senators 26, representatives, 65. Sessions bien- 
nial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45 days. Term.s of senators 
4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 6, 
congressmen 4, number voters, 169,161, native white 123,569, col- 
ored 6,384. Insane, paupers, and convicts not voting. Flourish- 
ing free school system, school age 6-21. Legal interest 6 per cent, 
by contract 6, usury forfeits excess of interest. Population. — 
1880, 618,457, male 314,495, female 303,962, native 600,192, white 
592,537, colored 25,886, Indians, 29, increase in population 1870 to 
1880, 38 per cent, number slaves, i860, 18,371. Topography, 
Area, Soil, Products, etc. — Length N. and S., 241 miles, 
greatest width 158 miles, area 24,645 sq, miles, 15,772,800 acres. 
Surface mountainous with fertile valleys, the Alleghenys principal 
range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine and much visited by 
tourists, t Western part hilly, but gradually descends from 2,500 
feet above the sea toward the Ohio river, where the elevation is 
800 to 900 feet. Much of the state is virgin forest densely clothed 
with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, and other timber trees. Mineral 
springs abound. The soil, where not mountainous, is excellent. 
Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal. Staple 
products include the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat, 
corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum extensively 
produced. The state ranks fifth in salt and coal, seventh in buck- 
wheat, iron and steel. Cleared land averages $22.50. Climate 
moderate, average temperature, winter 30 deg., summer, 70 deg. 
Elevation reduces heat which in the valleys averages 76 to 78 deg. 
Average rainfall 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Chief 
Cities. — Charleston, capital, Wheeling, pop. 30,727, Parkersburg, 
pop. 6,582, Martinsburg, pop. 6,335. Chief Industries, — Sixty 
per cent, of laborers engaged in agriculture, balance in mining. 
iron making, lumbering, manufacturing, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $2,700, Secretary of State $1,000 and fees. Treasurer 
$1,400, Auditor $2,000 and fees, Superintendent of Free Schools 
$1,500, Attorney General $1,000, Presiding Judge of Supreme 
Court $2,250, Associate Judges $2,250, Senators and Representa- 
tives $4 per day, mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500, two 
Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,875. 








^< 


SS5 


05 p. ^. 


S'S"/ 


td> 


;^-s 


^Sh 


ss -^ 


H VI 


■■5 «^ 


>^ 


SS /( 



-^^^ — z:^ r!^*\i -^v> 



358 
ALASKA. 

Discovered by Vitus Behring 1741, and became Russian territory 
by right of discovery. Purchased by United States for $7,000,000, 
1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her course in civil wax. 
Has paid five per cent, on investment ever since, and promises to 
become the source of enormous mineral, fur, agricultural and 
timber wealth. Governor appointed by the president of the United 
States. 

Population. — Whites, 2,000; Indians, estimated, Innuits 
18,000, Aleutian 2,200, Ninneh 4,000, Thlinket 7,000, Hyda 800. 

Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800 miles, 
area (estimated) 531,409 sq. miles. Yukon, chief river, 80 miles 
wide at mouth, navigable 840 miles, length about 1,300 miles; coast 
line 5,000 miles. Fertile land. Good oats, barley and root crops 
are raised without difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley of 
Yukon. Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, being of great 
value for boat-building. Berries plentiful. Fine quality of white 
marble is on Lynn Channel. Coal, amber and lignite on Aleutian 
Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, 
cinnabar and iron are found ; sulphur abundant. Noted for fur- 
bearing animals, the chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, 
otter, squirrel and wolf. The main revenue is the fur seal, taking 
of which is regulated by law. The walrus is of value in furnishing 
ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut and salmon are 
abundant. 

Climate. — Pacific coast modified by Pacific Gulf Stream and 
long summer days. Temperature at Sitlca averages, winter about 
that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious and foggy weather 
common on coasts and islands. Sitka, one of the rainiest places 
in the world outside the tropics : annual precipitation 65 to 90 
inches; rainy days 200 to 285 in year. 

Chief Cities. — Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, and 
headquarters of governor, pop. 995, white 163, Creole 219. 
Thlinket 613. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet, Fort St. Michael 
and Norton's Sound are other main settlements. Harbors at 
Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor. 

Industries. — Fishing, canning, trapping and mining. 

Salaries of Territorial Officers. 

Governor $3,000 

District Judge 3,000 

Clerk of District Court and ex-officio Secretary and Treas- 
urer 2,500 

District Attorney 2,500 

Marshal and Surveyor General 2,500 

Collector of Customs $2,500 and fees 

Three Deputy Collectors 1,500 

One Deputy Collector 1,200 

Two Inspectors, per day 3 



36o 
ALABAMA. 

Name Indian, means "We rest here." Mobile founded by 
French 1702. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 
II, 1861. Montgomery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4, 1861. 
Subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. State re-entered Union 
July 14. Number counties 66, miles of railroad 2,191. State elec- 
tions biennial first Monday in Aug., number senators 33, represen- 
tatives 100, sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered years, 
meeting Tuesday after second Monday in Nov., and holding 50 
days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Num- 
ber of electoral votes 10, congressmen 8. Indians, idiots, convicts 
of crime excluded from voting. Number colleges 4, school age 
7-21, schools good. Legal interest 8 per cent, usury forfeits 
entire interest. Population. — 1880 1,262, 505, male 622,629, 
female 639,876, native 1,252,771, white 662,185, colored 600,103, 
Indians 213, slaves, i860, 435,080, estimated increase, 1885, 8 per 
cent. Length N. and S. 332 miles, width averages 155 .miles, 
area 51,540 sq. miles, 32,985,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, 
extending into Allegheny mountains, gradually descends, forming 
rolling prairies at center of state and flat low stretches at the south. 
Sea coast 68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf, 1,600 miles 
of navigable waterways. Has fair soil and is enormously rich in 
coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and various minerals. 
Middle seccion soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but by 
proper cultivation prolific. Vegetable farming near Mobile very 
successful. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice, tobacco, hay, 
oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much 
forest remains. Cleared land averages $7, and woodland $4 per 
acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, 
sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Climate. — Tem- 
perature mild, cold at north, warm at south, average winter 47 deg,, 
summer 8x deg., July hottest month, range of thermometer 20 to 
95 deg., sometimes for a day reaching 102 deg. Rainfall 50 inches. 
Snow or ice very rare. Trees bloom in Feb. Chief Cities. — 
Montgomery (capital) pop. 16,712, Huntsville pop. 4,977, Selma 
pop- 7*529, Mobile pop. 29,132. Leading Industries. — Agricul- 
ture and kindred pursuits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. 
Number industries 2,070. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor. . . » , $3,000 

Secretary of State 1,800 

Treasurer 2, 150 

Auditor 1,800 

Attorney General i, 500 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 2,250 

Librarian 1,500 

Three Railroad Commissioners $2,000 to 3,500 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Two Associate Justices 3,000 



i ^- o'":y'"° BloW Sprinfff Blouat3vi)lei^'-6"l'ad3den^^,--i>----^ 
loypine Spnngrs Jasper ^^ ^y 75 AVhitney V ^ ^?5^^--iC, • 

// o _o/&a Bolcy T^: "^ 1 "^^^e -<T^V,nVf^rn;/ . .^^haville 



miston / J ^ — 'r^ 

. , Oxford^ 

Oa^idge^ 



; Millport) BirinQhR^^O^&rj^ \ 

^/Buffalo ^ ^J^ 



V. -"'cr^^^i!--^ iroiP..«\ ^^ jjolumbiana 1 
iWloq^T-^ yileraW- ^^ Goodwat^r 

Cthc^^^^^^^'^^'^^i /^ontevallo " " 

.arttiagc-Jj.^^^^^^.^j^ i l- r^„ 

^ I^.LaPjafette 

•adevilleXV , 

Maples\m^ W£verliS>.^ W^Cu^3eta| 

^ V_^ilarJon (PlantersvrtleX ^°^ciL ^\^[Opeli 

-^ >, 1 «-»w..,nn.,^,TT^T>^ -:i::?^Aesaw Lively 
uskeegee Se 

Hurts boro. 



i Sv // '^*'"'''''*'m^ " \ ^lear CreeK Sj^^ifcOy-^ 

^aii^isr/^ "'*^^_j^inciaaati Jp/ Cl\aiit^ S^Rockford ^^ 

■oGreensl^rough 



^mONTGOUlE 



o^V «>,-i >,TuCterJ^°^'S^^^i^AdaJ Union SpV^^TCJ^^^^ 



fe/eenville I'inwoo^ 



Clayton /f^faV ^ 




rt - Troy olCox'sMill 
^ ^ lerce '^ Rutledge / / ' 

.„ River Ridge /^eorgiana / Reeder'sMills 

"'^-^B nt^on/ ^^-^-^^ ^ ^ Z' AbbeVille o ^t.faines 

,_, f 5 Ypeer p4rS? /u o Tensaw /^ x^vergrcci /Qpine ^tlolumbiao) »> 

£a,., 1 Hammocks* /-'o^jj^^^^gj' rj^^^g^j.^^ . /" K^ 

'Brew^U-°LewisJSta. o\'£'^^ V 

-P51W I-ak^ew Genevay'^ick Lynno 



MAP OF 
ALABAMA 

Population _1, 262,505 
Area sq.miles -51,540 



362 
ARKANSAS. 

**Bear State.'j Settled 1685. Arkansas territory organized, 1819. 
Admitted as a state June 15, 1836. Slavery acknowledged. Se- 
ceded May 6, 1861. Considerable fighting during war, but no 
great battles. Re-entered Union 1868. Number counties 75. 
Miles railroad, 1,764. State elections biennial, in even-numbered 
years first Monday in Sept. ; number senators 31, representatives 
^4, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meet- 
ing second IMonday in Jan., holding 60 days, term of senators 4 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 7, con- 
gressmen 5, voters 182,977, natire white, 129,675, foreign white 
6,475, colored 46,827. Idiots, Indians, convicts not voting. Num- 
ber colleges 5, school system progressive; school ap-^ 6-21. Legal 
interest rate 6 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits 
principal and interest. 

Population —1880, 802,525, male 410,729, femais 386,246, na- 
tive 792,175, foreign 10,350, white 591,531, colored 210,606. 

Length N. and S. 240 mi^es, average breadth 212 miles, area 53,- 
845 sq. miles, 44,460,800 acres. The scenery varied and charming. 
Hot Springs (temperature 140 deg.) great natural wonder and 
famous for medicinal properties. Soil varies," but greater portioin 
exceptionally rich and suited to all crops, especially fruits, berries 
and gardening. State especially favorable to agriculture. Mag- 
nificently timbered. Pine, oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, walnut, 
linn, locust chief growths. Cleared land averages $10 and wood- 
land, $3 per acre Coal exists on the Ash river, iron in the Ozarks, 
salt near Ouachita. Oilstone near Hot Springs, kaolin in Pulaski 
county. Staple products, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet 
potatoes, mules, tar, turpentine, lumber, etc. 

Climate. — Genial. Temperature ranges 15 deg. to 95 deg., on 
rare occasions going to 100 deg. Averages winter, 45 deg. ; sum- 
mer 80 deg. Rainfall 44 inches, heaviest in S. E., lightest in 
N. W. Health unsurpassed, especially in N. W. 

Chief Cities. — Little Rock (cap.) pop., 13,138. Hot Springs. 

Industries. — 2,100 in number. Chiefly agricultural. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $3,500 

Secretary of State 1,800 

Treasurer 2,250 

Auditor 2,250 

Attorney General 1,500 

Superintendent of Public Inst 1,600 

Land Commissioner 1,800 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Two Associate Justices 3,000 

Senators and Representatives $6 a day. 

Two District J udges 3, 500 

District Attorney $200 and fees 

Two Assistant District Attorneys $1,200, 1,000 



3t'4 

ARIZONA. 

Explored 1526. Mineral wealth found, no important settlements 
effected because of hostile natives. Organized as territory, Feb. 
24, 1863. Number counties, 11. Miles railroad, 906. All elec- 
tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 12; 
representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even- 
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., holds 60 days; 
terms of senators and representatives, 2 j^ears each; voters, 20,- 
398; native white, 9,790; foreign white, 8,256; colored, 2,352. 
School age, 6-21 years. Legal interest rate, 10 per cent., by con- 
tract, any rate; no penalty for usury. School endowment in lands 
reserved very large. 

Population, 1880, 40,440; male, 28,202; female, 12,238; native, 
24,391; foreign, 16,049; white, 35,160; colored, 155: Chinese, 
1,630. Indians, 3,493. Estimated increase, 21 per cent. Extreme 
length north and south, 378 miles, width 339 miles, area, 113,929 
sq. miles, 72,914,560 acres. Volcanic peaks reach an altitude of 
10,500 feet. Southern portion a plain, dipping occasionally below 
sea level, and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 600 
feet usually), mountains numerous, highest point San Francisco, 
11,056 feet. Colorado river navigable 620 miles. Flows between 
perpendicular walls cut in solid rock in places 7,000 feet high. 
Agriculture possible only in the valleys or where irrigation is 
practicable. Soil in valleys and bottoms very rich and prolific. 
Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, corn, onions are staple field crops, 
corn follows wheat or barley, giving two crops yearly. Oranges 
and all semi-tropical fruits do well where water is obtainable. 
Cattle-raising extremely profitable. Desert tracts of considerable 
area are found. Timber grows on the mountains, foot-hills, and 
along the streams. The varieties include pine and cedar on 
mountains, cotton-wood, walnut and cherry on streams. Size of 
trees fair, and quantity large. Abundant mineral wealth exists, 
which can be developed with profit, owing to completion of rail- 
ways. Nearly all mountain ranges contain gold, silver, copper and 
lead. Superior quality of lime found near Prescott and Tucson, 
beds of gypsum in San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits of pure, 
transparent salt near Callville. Territory ranks second in pro- 
duction of silver. 

Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, except in 
mountains, temperature averages 38 deg. winter, 73 deg. summer, 
much warmer at south, the thermometer reaching occasionally 115, 
and rarely falling below 35 deg. in wmter. In central portion heat 
seldom exceeds 88 deg. to 90 deg., snow in mountains, but melts 
soon. Rainfall on Gila 6 inches, in foot-hills 28 inches. Heaviest 
in July and August. 

Chief Cities. — ^Tucson, pop. 7,007. Prescott, the capital, pop. 
3,000. 

Leading Industries. — Mining, grazing, agriculture, lumbering, 
smelting, etc. 

[Salaries of State Officers page 439.] 



i66 

CALIFORNIA. 

"Golden State." First settled at San Diego, 1768. Gold dis- 
covered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849. State constitu- 
tion, without the preliminary of a territorial organization, framed 
Sept. 1849. Admitted as a state Sept 9, 1850. Number counties 
5a. Miles railroad 2,911. Governor and state officers elected 
quadrennially, and legislature every two years, number senators 
40, representatives 80, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Monday after Jan, i, holds 60 days, 
term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. Number 
electoral votes 8, congressmen 6, white voters 262,583. Idiots, 
Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from voting. School 
system very fair, school age 5-17. Legal interest 7 per cent., by 
contract any rate. 

Population 1880 864,694, male 518,176, female 346,518, native 
571,820, foreign 292,874, white 767,181, colored 6,018, Chinese 75,- 
132, Indians 16,277. Estimated increase 18 per cent. 

Extreme length N. and S., 725 miles, width 330 miles, area 155,' 
980 sq. miles, 99,827,200 acres. Coast line over 800 miles. San 
Francisco Bay {40 miles long, 9 wide) magnificent harbor. Yosem- 
ite in the Sierras, one of the greatest natural wonders of the world 
and the greatest marvel of the state, where scenery is always 
grand. Mt. Whitney 15,000, highest peak. Very rich agricultur- 
ally and in minerals. Soil warm, genial and rich. Two crops 
may be raised in season. Irrigation necessary in parts and 
almost always desirable. Wheat most valuable crop, all cereals, 
root crops and grasses do well, corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, 
silk, hops and oats staples. Mineral deposits include gold, silver, 
iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones, salt, soda, etc. Ranks high 
as a fruit-growing state, fruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical 
fruits and nuts, grapes, north to 41 deg., olives, etc., grow to great 
perfection. Fine sheep-raising country. Ranks first in barley, 
grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver, third in hops, fifth m 
wheat and salt. Noble forests of redwood and other valuable 
growths. Land runs' from $1.25 to several hundred dollars per 
acre. Improved land averages $30, unimproved $7.50 per acre, 
It is the paradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room for men 
with a little something to begin on. 

Climate varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and pleasant 
on coast. Average temperature at San Francisco in summer 63 
deg., winter 50 deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times 100 
deg. Rainfall variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San Francisco. 
Average at S. 10 inches. Melting snow from mountains replaces 
rainfall. Frosts rare. 

Chief Cities. — San Francisco port of entry, regular line of 
steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan, pop. 
233,959, Sacramento (capital) pop. 21,420, pop. Oakland 34,555, 
San Jose 12,567, Stockton 10,282, Los Angeles 11,183, U. S. navy- 
yard at San Pablo Bay. ... * 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, stock raising, fruit culture, 
mining, lumbering, etc. [Salaries of State Officers page 439-] 



o Murghy Linkville 

mwE. / \ k ^^'^^ I.akeo t 





"ligtoga 



^Di^dXNEVADA 

cSbepherds Moh^'eCit^ 
Camp'Cady 

Spanish Ranol 
Cot^nvvbQd__y ro 

ChuckanaU 



a Weim 



e PalmP 



nujgo- 



^^3rtRA3rENt^%irkleev ^ 
M (^Jackronr...>..|^ilK><J> .. 
(XjGajt <^ 'Kridgjportv ^ ;-, - 



ER 
AL.< 







Toll H^^'SIOasis''**^^ 
B^dge ° ^^^ An dependence 
-^ ^'^ ^Tl'lK BllckHock. 

■J'lf^^H^Sageland oWeldX 

AIpineA y „o^„ 

^_Ln gel esV-v^io--i- 

Salvador 
irence ' 



368 

CONNECTICUT. 

'Wooden Nutmeg State." One of the original 13 states ex- 
plored by the Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1615, by whom 
settlement was made, 1633, at Hartford. The state furnished a very 
large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale College 
founded 1701. Union soldiers furnished, 55,864. Number coun- 
ties, 8. Miles railroad 994. State elections yearly on same date 
as presidential election. Elects 24 senators, 249 representatives, 
4 congressmen and 6 presidential electors. State senators hold 2 
and representatives i year. Legislature meets yearly on Wednes- 
day after first Monday in January. Convicts and persons unable 
to read not permitted to vote. School system superior, includes 
3 colleges with 160,000 books in libraries. School age 4 to 16 
years. Legal interest 6 per cenL No penalty for usury. Popu- 
lation, 1880, 622,700, male 305,782, female 316,918, native 492,708, 
colored 11,547, Chinese 123, Indians 255. Area, 4,845 sq. miles, 
average length 86 miles, average breadth 55 miles; seacoast 110 
miles. Surface less rugged than the other New England states. 
Mountain range terminates in this state in a series of hills. The 
coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors. Soil, except in 
valley, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, tobacco and 
vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land averages $40 and 
woodland $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains. Stone ex- 
tensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist. Climate moderate 
and healthy, average temperature, summer 72 deg. and winter 28 
deg. Occasionally the thermometer sinks below zero, considerable 
snow falls, summers warm. Rain fall, including snow, about 47 
inches. Chief Industries. — Manufacture of hardware, clocks, 
silks, cotton, rubber, carpets, woolens, arms, sewing machines and 
attachments, dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total number 
of different industries, 4,488. Principal Cities. — Hartford, cap- 
ital and noted for banking and insurance business, pop., 1880, 
42,015. New Haven, "City of Elms," seat of Yale College, pop. 
62,882. Bridgeport, noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sew- 
ing machines, pop. 27,643. Waterbury, important manufacturing 
city, pop. 17,806. Fairfield, Middletown, New Haven, New Lon- 
don and Stonington are ports of entry. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $2,000 

Lieutenant Governor. 500 

Secretary of State 1,500 

Treasurer 1,500 

Comptroller 1,500 

Secretary State Board of Education 3,000 

Adjutant General 1,200 

Insurance Commissioner . 3,500 

Three Railroad Commissioners 3,000 

Chief Justice, .c... 4,50" 

Four Associate Justices — 4,o<' 



370 

COLORADO. 

"Centennial S.ate." John C. Fremont, "The Pathfinder,** 
crossed Rockies 1842-44. First American settlement near Denver, 
1859. Mining begun. Organized as territory Feb. 1861. Indian 
iroubles 1863-4. Union soldiers furnished 4,903. Admitted as a 
state Aug. i, 1876. Number counties 39. No railroad in 1870. 
Mileage, 1885, 2,842. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
Nov., number senators 26, representatives 49, sessions biennial in 
odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., limit of ses- 
sion 40 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. 
Number electoral votes 3, congressmen i, voters 93,608, native 
white 65,215, foreign white 26,873, colored 1,520. Convicts 
excluded from voting. Number colleges 3, school system fair 
endowment, school age 6-21 years. Legal interest 10 per cent., by 
contract any rate. 

Population, 1880, 194,327; male 129,131, female 65,196, native 
154,537, foreign 39,790, white 191,126, colored 2,435, Chinese 612, 
Indians 154. Estimated increase 12 per cent. 

Length E. and W. 380 miles, width 280 miles, area 103,845 sq. 
miles, 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths unsurveyed. Rocky moun- 
tains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks 
more than 13,000 feet high. Fine grazing grounds. Scenery 
grand beyond words. Much rich soil along streams and wherever 
irrigation is possible. Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, oats, 
hay staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog raising safe and profit- 
able. Dairying pays, as does gardening. Timber resources mod- 
erate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine and other trees. 
Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first in silver, fourth in 
gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, mica, etc., exist in 
large deposits. 

Climate. — Dry and range of temperature comparatively small. 
Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature winter 31 
deg., summer 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June and July, 
averages 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, accompanied 
by heavy snowfall; violent winds common; fogs unknown. Health 
unsurpassed. 

Chief Cities. — Denver, capital and metropolis, and contains 
issay office; pop. 35,650; Leadville, 14,820; Silver Cliffs, 5,040; 
Colorado Springs, 4,226 State University at Boulder; Agricul- 
tural College at Fort Collins ; School of Mines at Golden City. 

Leading Industries. — Mining, smelting ores, agriculture, 
grazing, e*- 

S!>alaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lieutenant Governor 1,000 

Secretary of State 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Auditor 2,500 

Attorney General 2,000" 

Chief Justice S,ooo 



372 
DAKOTA. 

Named for Dakota Indians. First settled at Pembina 1812. 
Organized as territory March, 1861, First legislature met, 1862, 
at Yankton. Immigration became active 1866, Railroad building 
active and systems mammoth in their scale. Application for 
admission made. Number counties 129. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 12, representatives 
24, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second 
Tuesday in Jan. and holding 60 days. Terms of senators and 
representatives 2 years each. Legal interest rate 7%, by contract 
12%, usury forfeits excess. School endowments, when the terri- 
tory shall become a state, magnificent. Miles railroad 2,759. 

Population, 1880, 135,177, male 82,296, native 83,382, white 
133,147, Indians 27,550 (2.300 Sioux). Population, 1885, 413,759. 
Average length N. and S. 451 miles, width 348 miles, area 149,112 
sq. miles, 95,431,680 acres. Indian reservations principally west 
of Missouri river, 42,000,000 acres, one-seventh good farming 
land. Surface high, level plain, 950 to 2,600 feet above the sea, 
traversed byranges of lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an el-e- 
vation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills, The Missouri river trav- 
erses the territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is navigable. 
Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east* Devil's 
Lake is semi-salt. Other large lakes. Soil is very rich and pecul- 
iarly suited to wheat, which is the staple crop. Corn, oats, 
grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit not a good crop. Cattle, and 
especially sheep-raising, favored and growing industries. Timber 
scarce, except along the streams and in some of the hills. Gold 
and silver extensively mined. Black Hills very rich in precious 
minerals. Ranks fourth in gold output. Good coal west of the 
Missouri. Not much developed as yet. Deposits of tin said to be 
of great value exist. Price of land $1.25 to $20 per acre (latter 
improved). 

Climate. — Temperature ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 100 
deg. above. Averages, winter 4 to 20 deg., summer 65 to 75 deg. 
Winters at north severe, with heavy snow. Moderate at the south. 
Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so penetrating as 
in moister climates. Springs late and summers of medium length. 
Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer. 

Chief Cities. — Fargo, northern metropolis; Bismarck (capital), 
Yankton and Sioux Falls important centers. 

Industries. — Almost entire laboring population engaged in 
agriculture and mining. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $2,600, Secretary of Territory $1,800, Treasurer $2,000, 
Auditor $1,000, SuperintendeHt of Public Inst. $1,500, Chief Jus- 
tice $3,000, five Associate Justices $3,000, Senators and Represen- 
tatives $4 a day, mileage 20 cents; ten Indian Agents $1,000 to 
$2,200, Surveyor General $2,500, Chief Clerk $1,800, Chief Drafts- 
man $1,500, Assistant $1,200, Collector of Internal Revenue $2,750, 
four Deputy Collectors $1,600. 




KK;_^__, 



Gaytoni^ La Moureo^ 



N^Deadwood 

Sf^^r-^Rapid CityJ Smftlijili. 



■^ '\. "Wahp^eto^ 

(ft' Yales </ ^ " ^ Ellendale >f Huds(5n 

Frederick^ oilori/T.r^: 
ptella. 



ISSetorij \ INDIAN 

,Westport <} j^folumbia \ REg 



Grand River Agencijrdi^r^^ , Aberdeen j/SGtoton Riff St 

. «/.(!«. »,• • - .>,-^v3^- Georgetown o y7r>>" n^ / 

J~>^ „iV/^Xl 3i^.WH _^ Mellette i/A^ ^^'^Alilba 



Mollette/j.^^ ^^.Milbau 
■Redfield(lk_S2L^''" '''^ 



^C^^^^!^V^ortS^ly^^S^^ V. \U[^C5A^ 



gortJBennett^o ^Jii^^^ii 



Pierr^ 



M' 



^^C-^'l 



^ Hurontt 

i-<^. Corvallis * 



!£erville 



^TC 



cSs'tel-^v^C)^, ^ 
» iJufEalopfap 

H^ifiB^ata -J :,^::- 
^-^ fpfaf Ridge 

_^ ^_ j ^ Agency^ -^ 



SlomgrenSroa . Engr*B. . Chicaga 



^ . Flanu.^ 
^ r^vy-v ^j ^ \\ Siotix Falls Jci 

Crow Cree£S'|Foresfbnrghvtegr^~j — - — fc , 

v<2i2:ej;^ClmmberkinM^^^^^ | 

BijouJHUl^° 

VfirandVjew •ft'li 

^*''fv iiTiSvo Scotland 

ESrt Randalt^Yank'tonS^millioi 

A^ E K^A ElkPo^ 

"6~ 



374 
DELAWARE, 

One of the thirteen original states. "The Diamond State.** 
Settled by Swedes 1658, who bought from Indians. Took vigorous 
part in the revolution. Was a slave state. Slaves i860, 2,000. 
Union soldiers furnished 12,284, the biggest percentage of any 
state. Contains three counties. Miles of railroad, 306. All elec- 
tions Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senators 9, 
representatives 21, legislature meets in odd-numbered years first 
Tuesday in January, holds 21 days, term of senators 4 years, of 
representatives 2 years, number electoral votes 3, number congress- 
men I, idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded fiom voting. 
Celleges at Newark and Wilmington, school age 6-21, schools fair, 
legalinterest rate 6, usury forfeits the principal. Population 1880 
146,608, male 74,108, female 72,500, native 137,140, white 120,160, 
colored 26,442. Length north and south nearly 100 miles, width 
10 miles at north, 36 at south. Area 1,950 square miles, or 1,248,- 
000 acres. Available area large. Northern portion rolling, but 
free from large hills. Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level 
and sandy, with frequent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampy 
with lagoons separated from sea by sand-beaches. Streams flow 
into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches 
to Wilmington. The soil is good r.nd the state of cultivation 
superior. Cleared land averages $45 per acre, and wood-land $40. 
Staple crops, corn, wheat, peaches,* berries, garden vegetables, 
sweet potatoes. Iron is found, but is no longer worked. Climate 
mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average temperature, winter, 
32 deg, to 38 deg. ; summer, 72 deg. to 78 deg. ^ Rainfall 48 to 50 
inches. At north health excellent. Some malaria on the lowlands 
bordering the swamps at the south. Chief Cities. — Wilmington, 
pop. 42,478. Dover, capital. Newcastle, 6,000. Breakwater 
protecting Delaware Bay at Cape Henlopen, greatest work of its 
kind in America, cost the United States $2,127,400, and was over 
40 years in course of construction. Industries. — Agriculture and 
kindred pursuits, manufacture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, 
leather, etc., shipbuilding, fishing, canning and preserving. Total 
number different industries, 750. 

Salaries of State Ofl&cers. 

Governor $2,000 

Secretary of State 1,000 

Treasurer i,45o 

Auditor 700 

Adjutant General , 200 

Attorney General 2,000 

Superintendent of Public Instruction i»5oo 

State Librarian 450 

Chief Justice 2,500 

Chancellor. 2,500 

Three Associate Justices 2,200 

Senators and Representatives $3 per day and mileage 



\ 

^,„— ^eYitreyille 

'ssj/J^ 5'^upon 
Land^burg A< 
^/ \5tant0n /^Vl-Of^^^ ■'^ 



^ -^ — 1. MAP OF 

J??*TX»^-%'» Population ._-146,e- 

■)-«*/' A vi^ P^-Ej \ VV Areasq.miles _ -1,! 



376 
FLORIDA. 

Named for its flowers, "Peninsula State." Pensacola taken 
from England by Gen. Jackson during war of 1812. Entire 
province ceded to United States 1819. Organized as a territory 
1822. Admitted as a state March 3, 1845. State seceded Jan. 10, 
1861, re-entered Union July 4, 1868, Number counties 39, miles 
of railroad 1,324. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
November. Number senators 32, representatives 76, Sessions 
of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday 
after first Monday in January, holds 60 days. Term of senators 4, 
of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 4, congress- 
men 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections and duelists 
excluded from voting. Schools fair, school age 4-21. Legal 
interest 8%, by contract any rate. Population, 1880, 269,493, 
male 136,444, female 133,039, native 259,584, white 142,005, Indians 
180, slaves, i860, 61,745, Estimated increase, 1885, 50%. Four- 
fifths of Florida is in the peninsula, which is about 350 miles N. 
and S. and 105 miles E. and W. Remainder is the narrow strip 
along the Gulf, 342 miles E. and W, and 10 to 50 miles N. and S. 
Area 59,268 sq. miles, 37,931,520 acres. 21st state in size. State 
surrounded by sea except on north. Coast line over 1,200 miles. 
Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf. The northern section is a 
limestone formation, affording a fair soil. In the middle section 
are found tracts of great richness. At the south the soil, when dry 
or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Shores very low, frequently not two 
feet above tide water. Coral growth at south continues. Surface 
dotted with lakes. The staple products are corn (most valuable 
crop), sugar, molasses, rice, cotton, oats, tobacco, vegetables of all 
kinds, peaches, oranges, and all tropical and semi-tropica.1 fruits, 
cocoanuts, lumber, fish, oysters, etc. Poultry and stock raising 
are successful, Cleared land averages $12, woodland $3, swamp 
$1, and school land $1.25 per acre. Much forest remains. Timber 
chiefly pine, of moderate size, free from undergrowth. Game 
abounds. Climate superb. No snow. Frosts rare at north, 
unknown at south. Temperature ranges 30 deg. to 100 deg., rarely 
above 90. "Winter averages 59 deg., summer 81 deg. Breezes 
blow across from gulf to Atlantic and vice versa, temper the heat 
and keep air dry and clear. Average rainfall 55 inches, chiefly 
in summer. Chief Cities. — Key West, good harbor and naval 
station, pop. 9,890. Jacksonville, pop. 7,650, St. Augustine, 
oldest town in United States. Tallahassee, pop, 3,000, capital. 
Pensacola, pop. 6,845.^ Principal Industries. — Almost the 
entire laboring population is engaged in agriculture and fruit 
growing. Fishing for fish and oysters and lumbering largely 
followed. 

Salaries of State Ofl&cers, 

Governor $3,500, Lieutenant Governor $500, Secretary of State 
$2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Comptroller $2,000, Attorney General 
^2,000, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,000, Adjutant 
General $2,000, Land Commissioner $1,200, Chief Justice $3,500. 



378 

GEORGIA. 

One of the thirteen original states, named for King George II. 
of England, called the " Empire State of the South." Originally 
a part of South Carolina and claimed by Spain. Active in the 
Revolution, suffering badly from devastation by English. Severe 
wars with Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790 and 1791. 
State seceded January 19, 1861. Many hard fought battles during 
civil war, including Atlanta, etc. Re-entered Union 1870. Number 
counties 137, miles of railroad' 2,687, state elections first Wednes- 
day in October, number senators 44, representatives 175, sessions 
biennial in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in 
November, hold forty days. Terms of senators and representa- 
tives two years each. Number electoral votes 12, number con- 
gressmen 10. Idiots, insane, criminals and non-taxpayers 
excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, State University at 
Athens organized 1801, public schools excellent, school age 6-18. 
No state license law governing commercial travelers, but Atlanta, 
Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a tax. Legal interest 7%, 
by contract 8%, usury forfeits excess of interest. Population, 1880, 
1,542,180, male 762,981, female 779,199, native 1,531.616, white 
816,906, Indians 124. Greatest length N. and S. 321 miles, great- 
est width 255 miles, area 58,980 square miles or 37,747,200 acres, 
exclusive of water area. Surface diversified. At the north are 
the Blue Ridge, Etowah and other mountains. In the southeast 
is the Okefinokee swamp, 150 miles in circumference. Coast 
irregular and indented, shoreline about 500 miles, three sea-ports. 
Mountain streams are rapid with picturesque cataracts and im- 
m.ense basins. The chief falls are the Tallulah, in Habersham 
county, Toccoa, in the Tugalo, 180 feet high, Towaliga, in Monroe 
county, and the Amicoiah, which descend 400 feet in a quarter 
mile. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
sugar and melons, chief agricultural staples. Fruit; both temper- 
ate and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool-growing 
important. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble exist. 
Cleared land averages $8 and woodland $5. 50 per acre. One-fourth 
area heavily timbered with yellow pine of great value for lumber, 
turpentine, etc. Climate. — At the north mild and extremely 
healthy, hot in the lowlands. Range of temperature 30 deg. to 
105 deg. Average, winter 49 deg., summer V2 deg. Rainfall 
averages 55 inches. Chief Cities. — Savannah, pop. 21,890, 
Brunswick, pop. 2,900, and St. Marj'^'s, pop. 600, ports of entry. 
Columbus contains the largest cotton mill in the South, pop. 
20,123. Atlanta, capital, pop. 37,409. Principal Industries.— 
Three-fourths population engaged in agriculture. Remainder in 
various pursuits. Manufacturing important. Raw materials 
becoming more abundant and cheap. 

[Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 



a 




t„_^ 'Camak ^,-''>^'' 
G7ifiln\ Mon^K:ello[ ^7\.,^^^arta Vaynesborol 
range ^arneW. j.oJsvS'"^%2^ndersyille \f Louisville 

/^ S <5Xhomast^hT(^'"r^ 
"f Talbottk\ Macon^^ordonO^ WrightsviU^ 
/Bostick*Nt_ButfeT ) \ Irwinton ^ o/ ^S 

Rumbus ]p5r>o IV Pnphr-.. olDublm \^ ^-N o Springfield 

Cu^sjeta ^ Oglethorpe ty^^^ )\Cochran C Wd^ 

.,.-_.,.._.. r. 'lawkinsVS/^^ Dubois t-^ N 

^MtVernoa 



[amilton 



Bueaa Vista" 

tUa V. 



LumSkin o ■^'^S^"'' /iiJencua ^*^^' 



<S60-Setowa g^ttj^ji^ o yjenna ^Lumber Cy 
-^"-"^aon( Abbev.lle°^ 
^Ft.6aine., ..K^J^^^^^'-g^ Irwin V. "Baxle: 



Reidsville Way Sta^ 



Gaines Alban; 



hi 



Isabella o ' 



jftlakely 
ilquitt^ 



[Sumner~t>>Q..^^^4, 
Bacon ton Enigma 
Camilla _ Naehxjile 



Douglas 'SJe3up^'"^\pariei 

.Blackshear VTi»''"^Hv 



Moultrie 
)^**''Valdosta 
Qu itman 



o , ^ ^^^ vJVay Cross 

— -^^"RacepondV 
Bu Pout ^, 

Traders^HilL ' 
Staten V. - ^ 





38o 
IDAHO. 

Gold discovered, 1880, in Oro Fine creek. Organized as terri- 
tory March, 1863. Number counties, 14. All elections, Tuesday 
after first Monday in Nov., number senators, 12, representatives, 
24, sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meet- 
ing second Monday in Dec, holds 60 days, terms of senators and 
representatives, 2 years each. Voters, 14,795, native white, 7,332, 
foreign white, 4,338, colored, 3,126. School age, 5-21 years. 
Legal interest rate 10 per cent., by contract, 18 per cent; usury 
forfeits three times excess of interest; miles railroad, 811. 

Population, 1880, 32,610. Males, 21,818, females, 10,792, natives, 
22,636, foreign, 9,974, white, 29,013, Indians, 165. Estimated 
increase, 16 per cent. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc ^Length, 140 to < 
490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,290 sq. miles, 53,944,- j 
600 acres. Surface table land and mountains. About one-twelfdi^ I 
is arable and one-tenth more grazing land. One- third barren, but 
may be reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are found, as well as 
numerous water powers. Forests estimated at 9,000,000 acres. 
The soil, where water can be had, is fertile. Wheat, oats, rye, 
barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and dairying and stock- 
raising profitable. Gold is found in quartz veins in Idaho, Boise 
and Alturas counties, silver in Owyhee county. Some of the mines 
very rich. Wood river district on southern slope of Salmon River 
mountains, at headwaters of Wood or Malad river, gives promise 
of valuable mining operations, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of 
Boise City. Territory ranks sixth in gold and silver. 

Climate severe, with heavy snows in mountains, on plains less 
severe, but cold and bracing. In the valleys it is milder, with 
moderate snowfall. Summers cool and pleasant. Temperature 
averages 20 deg. in winter, 70 deg. in summer. Rainfall small in 
the Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very light at the N. 
andW. 

Chief Cites. — Boise City (capital), Florence, Silver City. 

Leading Industries. — Mining, grazing, agriculture, smelting 
and lumbering. 

Salaries of Territorial Officers. 

Governor . .$2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1,000 

Auditor i,8oo 

Librarian • 250 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Two Associate Justices. 3,000 

Senators and Representatives $4 a day and 20 cents mileage 

Two District Attorneys.... . . .$250 and tees 

Collector of Internal Revenue. .^. . . .^.^.^.w.v..-. . ^ 2,250 

Three Deputy Collectors r.Tr.^r. i^r,T, . . ..r. .'.^-..-.$1,400 to 1,600 



3^2 

ILLINOIS. 

Name derived from Illini tribe of Indians, meaning Superior 
Men. Called "Prairie State" and "Sucker State." Fort Dear- 
born (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawatomies. Admitted as 
State, 1818. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Soldiers in 
Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. Number counties, 
10?. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. ; number 
senators, 51; representatives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., term of senators, 
4 years; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 22; 
congressmen, 20; number voters, 796,847; convicts excluded from 
voting. School system excellent; number colleges, 28; school 
age, 6-21, Legal interest, 6%; by contract, 8%; usury forfeits 
entire interest. Miles of railroad, 8,909, Population, 1880, 3,077,- 
871; male, 1,586,523; female, 1,491,348; native, 2,494,295; foreign, 
583,576 ;_ white, 3,031,151; colored, 46,368; Indians, 140. Esti- 
mated increase 9%. Extreme lengtl N. and S., 386 miles; 
extreme width, 218 miles. Average elevation, 482 feet; elevation 
at Cairo, 340 feet; highest point, 1,140 feet in northwest portion. 
Area, 56,000 sq. miles, 35,840,000 acres; miles of navigable water- 
ways, 4,100. Frontage on Lake Michigan no miles. Among first 
agricultural states of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye, 
barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, potatoes, etc. Fruits and 
grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops cultivated, large. 
Coal area, two-thirds state. First coal mined in America at 
Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable forest of hard- 
woods at south on hills and in bottoms. Superior quality lime- 
stone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead, most important mineral; 
Galena in center of richest diggings in N. W. Rich salt wells in 
Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gallons brine making 50 lbs. salt. 
State ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, 
malt and distilled liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, 
agricultural implements, soap and hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, 
iron and steel, mules, milch cows and other cattle. Cleared land 
averages $28, and woodland or raw prairie, $18 per acre. Climate 
healthful as a rule; subject to sudden and violent changes at 
north. Temperature ranges from 30 deg. below zero to loi deg. 
above. Average temperature at Springfield, 30 deg. winter; 
78 tieg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter; 72 deg. summer. 
At Cairo, 38 deg. winter; 80 deg- summer. Frost comes last of 
September. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall 37 inches. 
Chief Cities. — Chicago, pop. 503^185. Peoria, pop. 29,259. 
Quincy, pop.- 27,2680 Springfield (capital), pop. 19,743. In- 
dustries. — Agriculture, mining, stock-raising, and manufactur- 
ing of all kinds. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $6,000, Secretary of State $3,500, Treasurer $3,500, 
Auditor $3,500, Attorney General $3,500, Chief Justice $5,000, 
Senators and Representatives $=; per day, mileage 10 cents and $50. 



^1 



W I S C O ,N S 



MAP OP 

ILLINOIS 



r , --. arre n -^ ^^ 

Freeport\f — ^^-— ^ 
Population 3,077,871 ^^anari^^^^Rockfor^ 

Area sq.miles 56,000 SavannaM?----^^^N^ 
Clmton„|<ultoa Ropli^ 

lolona Mendpra, iSerens 

New ^^tG^:^ZQ.J''':~^^^^^y \i. 




Joliei 
Morris^/ / ^^t^gi 



Loncl( _ _ 

,Carthage \Cubal/7*ftp/J jy 
n / Lewisv,owj>'^ '^ 
^on /Vermont 

Wafbash/jcy , „iQn X^^aspn Ci 
cllWp'K^C^«:5^ton^f tete^^fergM,^ 



KemptODJ 
Watjeka l 
'orest/T&ilnian | 
^tra^P^ Qfa/a ^Well in 






f«„„«fipldBisinarlc>- 






Han: 

Monro V j nixs. ^ „-,, 

^r lous^anaj "^ 



I^ART'OFCOOKCO. 



Javan^ 

JTolono 
Viond i Tug£2lL 

'Rood fS>AG\t^xy^n$^y-..^\^l 

CaArollfWhite Pall%„j^/?ani 
Jer4eWiHeV^yHJlIs)5^..^i^ShamV/5V>^^ 



■^Ifa 



Robinborf 



'ewtOT 
'^andaU^^^SewoodJ 
isibo^KHignN Oil 
Olouis Pa tokaY >/ ^a\eja Jv^^_^ 
'0> ,.Sandova^^in „ \ -ptV 

-^°*- -to.. 

\C5liprcss Jc. 
Marion y^arri3-(Shawnee 
/iMakaiMla "b'g 

pienna^*gli-j.ai3eth T. 
,1 « /Golconda 



)0li3 



Blomgren 1 



K Y. 



384 

INDIANA. 

"Hoosier State." Settled at Fort St, Vincents, now Vincennes, 
kx 1702, by French-Canadian voyagers. Admitted as a state 
Dec. II, 1816. Sixth state admitted. Soldiers furnished in 
Mexican war 5,000. Union soldiers 196,363. Number counties, 92. 
All elections Tuesday after first Monday ia November; number 
senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature biennial, 
in odd-numbered years, meet Thursday after first Monday, holds 
60 days; term of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2 years; 
number electoral votes, 15; number congressman, 13; number 
voters 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from 
voting. Number colleges 15, State University at Bloomington; 
medical school at Indianapolis, university at Notre Dame, flour- 
ishing common-school system: school age, 6-21. Legal interest 
rate, 6 per cent, by contract 8 per cent, usury forfeits excess of 
interest. Miles of railroad, 5,534. Population— 1880, 1,978,301; 
male 1.978,301, female 967,940, native 1,834,123, foreign 144,178, 
white 1,938,798, colored 39,228, Chinese 29, Indians 246., Esti- 
mated increase 8 per cent. Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles, 
width averages 150 nailes, area 35,910 sq. miles, 22,982,400 acres. 
Surface sometimes hilly. No mountains. Hills 200 to 400 feet 
above the surrounding country. Frontage on Lake Michigan 43 
miles. Riverbottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility, highlands, 
when level, rich, black or sandy soil. All crops and fruits of the 
temperate zone do well both in yield and quality. State highly 
favored for agriculture and manufacturing. ^ Ranks second in 
wheat, fourth in corn, hogs and agricultural implements, fifth in ^ 
coal. Cattle, hogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully | 
raised. Corn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant at j 
south, but in scattered tracts^ Coal fields in southwestern portion { 
of state over 7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3^ workable f 
veins. Kinds of coal, block, cannel and ordinary bituminous, 
cokes well, superior for gas. Building stones varied and of unsur- 
passed quality, including the famous Bedford stone. Supply un- 
limited. Land is cheap, cleared averaging $18, and woodland $14 
per acre. In rich section to southwest cleared land $15, woodland 
$10 to $12. Chances for making homes, comfort and advantages 
considered, not excelled elsewhere. Iron ore is found. 

Climate changeable in winter, but seldom severe; winds from 
north and west; summers moderately long, and sometimes hot; 
temperature averages, winter, 34 deg., summer 78 deg. Trees 
blossom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. Ma- ^ 
laria rapidly disappearing from bottoms before proper drainage. 
Chief Cities. — Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and dumb, 
blind and insane asylums, pop. 75,056, Terre Haute 26,042, Evans- 
ville 29,280, Fort Wayne 26,880. Michigan City lake port. Indus- 
TRIBS. — Agriculture, mining and manufacturing. 

[Salaries of State Officers, page aao.! 



:snz 



LStjiisis,, 



TtH §t^ 



>(StiAnne 
iensseBaei 



^^/«^, 



L Portii^oTJTl ->^kharl I Angela 

La GJtto 



iO^N 



fOjf 



lloch es teptlcol 1 ^ 
Wi namac\.T. v -.r \lT— - 
YJonh Maucheste;> 
Monon \ Denver Vjrf^^j^j. 






abaslt" 



M 



'4 S^iilllA^^emplelli 
OtterCm^ 



Delhhi 
[Flora 



Lafaytitte 



HartfodCity 



X'^dti 



3^J 



RadKe^ 






\ 



bireencastli 

^'-^^'\"^^^V/J=/ankIin)^ ^eWviUe 
'SomSY^Pt^shboro \^^;;7\_,,^x^\ / >< I Laurer^&ookvliUe 
^j^r^ \Spencer^>n3osporrTlat R^k^ ^^^^(^eensbuig 

L/». Sjv- \f:ile>^i]le\ Columbui 



''{^VYWQrthing 
BIoomfi< 

Bedford 



BJoomington 
^Gfuthrie 

Seymoiy 
Medora i 




^t/cers*'^''«d r^ty Leaven worth^^^wAlbaiiy^J^ JttAP OB 

M^^rr"i:u^r''"^^ r-^c«^ydoor^jjST)iAK:A 

ET;;^1Ip /o.<Ay TeJI K V.^ jfe. population,. _1,978,301 

":i"°A*"'* yv-^X^City \ "K" V^//^ Area 8<j.nTne8-. -35,910 

d* ^ ■'^ *U ^Blomgrea Bro«.Engr'»^ Chictgo 



386 

INDIAN TERRITOR.. 

Set apart for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no territorial 
^ovemmenL Government in hands of tribes. Also contains 
Oklahoma and public land strip. Each tribe elects officers, legis- 
latures and courts, and criminals are punished as in the states. 
No laws for collections of debt. All land held in common, and any- 
Indian may cultivate as much as he wants, but one-quarter mile 
must intervene between farms. Whites can hold land only by 
marrying an Indian. Miles of railroad, 353. School system ex- 
cellent, pupils educated and supported by the tribes, half entire 
revenue being set aside for the purpose. Three colleges, 200 
schools. 

Population, 80,000. Cherokees, 20,000, Choctaws, 16,500, Creeks, 
14,500, Chickasaws, 7,000, Seminoles, 2,500, Osages, 2,400, Chey- 
ennes, 3,298, Arapahoes, 2,676, Kiowas, 1,120, Pawnees, 1,438, 
Comanches, 1,475. Two-fifths of entire population can read. Ex- 
treme length east and west, 470 miles, average length, 320 miles, 
width, 310 miles, area, 69,991 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface, 
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Valleys timbered heavily 
w.th hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile, 
vaklcys rich and productive throughout territory, grass rich and 
heavy almost everywhere. Com, cotton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes 
are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but extent 
unknown. Fur-bearing animals numerous. 

Climate. — Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature ^ 
averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall, at east, §0 
inches, center, 36, far west, 22. Health as. good as anywhere in 
Union. 

Chief Cities.— -Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees, Tishomingo, 
capital of Chickasaws, Tushkahoma, of Choctaws, Muscogee, of 
Creeks, Pawhuska, of Osages, Seminole Agency, of Semin(^es, 
Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees, Kiowa and Comanche Agency, <^ 
Kiowas and Comanches. ^ ' 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture and grazing. 

INDIAN AGENCIES. 

ARAPAHOE. OSAGE. 

Agent .-....$ 900 Agent . ,$i;6oo 

Physician .......... ij20o^3 

CHEYENNE, OTOE. ^ 

Agent 2,200 Agent. _. i,5t» 

Physician.... >....... 1,200 Physician 1,000 

KAW. PAWNEE. 

Superintendent../.....-.. 1,600 Clerk 1,200 

Physician, ".* 1,200 Physician 1,000 

KIOWA AND COJklANCHE. ^ PONCA. 

Agent k 1,000 Superintendent 1,200 

Physician .,^^,,.^-«.^ . x,ooo Clerk 720 

OAKLAND^ ^ QUAFAW. SAC AND FOX. 

Supt $r,i566'' Agent. . ..... .^1,500" Agent'.'f. .■.;;. .^1,260 

3 Teachers.. 600 Physician 1,200 2 Physicians. . i.ooo 



Ji 



II 



388 

IOWA. 

"Hawkeye State." Settled first by Dubuque. 1788, a French 
Canadian, for whom that city is named. First settlers mmers of 
lead. Active immigration began 1833. Iowa territory organized 
July 4, 1838. Admitted as stats 1846. Union soldiers furnished 
76242. Number counties 99, miles of railroad 70^0. State elec- 
tions annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October, excepting 
years of presidential elections, when all elections occur together. 
Number senators 50, representatives 100, sessions of legislature 
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday m 
January. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. 
Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11, number voters 416,658. 
Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number col 
leges 19, school age 5-21. School system admirable, endowment 
liberal. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract ^° P^J^^^ij 
JJsury forfeit 10 per cent, per year on amount. State has adopted 

^'f^i^on, x88o, .,624,6x5,male 848.X36, female 776 479^^^^ 
1,362,965, foreign 261,650, white 1,614,600, colored 9016, Chinese 
a/ Indians 466. Estimated increase, 15 per cent 
^^Extreme kngth E. and W. 208 miles, width 208 miles area 
« 470 sT m^les 35,500,800 acres. Surface a most an unbroken 
D^rie witW mountains and with very few ow hills. Natural 
m^dowreve%where and water abundant. M^ny small lakes at 
north Highest point. Spirit Lake, 1,600 feet above the sea. Sod 
?u^erior Corn wheat, oats, potatoes, hay, barley, sorghum rye, 
sWes Apples unsu;passed^ in United States: pears, plums 
cSries. ^apes and berries are excellent crops. Cattle and other 
srocTTnte'^es'is large and thrift,^ I>-^-|,ff ^gaf areata" 
area small— scarcely equal to home requirements. ^ ^-o^l ^^^a latr 
S^er minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active Improved 
land averages $20; unimproved, including railroad and go^ern- 
'x^nt domins, $x2'.5o. s'Ute ranks first in hogs ^^-f^^ ^^^^ 
cows, oxen and other cattle, com, hay and oats, thu-d m horses, 
fifth in barley and miles of railway. .Vo^ Tlr^rt^l 

CmEF CTTtES.-DesMoines, metropolis and capital pop. 22,^. 

"L"±'o'ia?T°;rii&u.re, stodc-raisin, and manu- 

6u:tunng. 

[Salaries of State Officers, page 439- J 



39° 
KANSAS. 

Name Indian, means **Smoky water." Called the "Garden 
State." Kansas Territory organized May, 1854. Law known as 
"Missouri Compromise," forbidding slavery in states formed out 
of Louisiana purchase north of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. repealed, 
and question of slavery left to the territory. At first it was decided 
for slavery. Constitution prohibiting slavery adopted July, 
1859. Admitted as a state, 1861. Union soldiers furnished, 
20,149, number counties 95, miles railroad 4,205, first railroad 
built 1864 40 miles long. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in Nov. ; senators 40, representatives 125, sessions biennial, meet- 
ing second Tuesday in Jan. in odd-numbered years, limit of ses- 
sion 50 days; term of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2 years. 
Number electoral votes 9, congressmen 7, voters 295,714. Idiots, 
insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. Number col- 
leges, 8, number schoolhouses over 8,000, school age 5-21 years; 
school system magnificent. Endowment immense. Legal interest 7 
per cent, by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. 

Population. — 1880, 996,096, male 536,667, female 459,429, 
native 886,010, foreign 110,086, white 952,155, colored 43,107, Chi- 
nese 19, Indians 815. Estimated increase 16 per cent. 

Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles, breadth 210 miles, area 
81,700 sq. miles, 52,288,000 acres. No mountains. There is little 
navigable water. Water powers of fair proportion, irrigation 
necessary in large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins 
usually thin; quality fair. Soil fine. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, 
flax and rye, staples. Castor beans and cotton grown successfully. 
Soil of prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy loam. 
Peculiarly favorable to stock-raising. Prairie rich in grasses. 
Dairying favored. Fruits successful. Forests small. Limestone 
and colored chalk furnish building materials. Value improved 
land averages $12 per acre, woodland $15. Manufacturing grow- 
ing. State ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye. Climate. — Salu- 
brious; winters mild, summers warm, air pure and clear. Tem- 
perature averages winter 31 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 8 deg. 
below to loi deg. above zero ; such extremes exceptional. Rainfall' 
averages 45 inches at east, 33 inches at west. 

Chief Cities. — Leavenworth, pop. 15,546, Topeka (capital), 
pop. 15,542; State_ University at Lawrence, state asylums for 
insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomie: institution 
for education of the blind at Wyandotte; for deaf mutes, Olathe. 

Industries. — Agriculture, stock-raising, manufacturing, etc. 
Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500,, 
Auditor $2,000, Attorney General $1,500, Superintendent of Public 
Inst. $2,000, Secretary Board of Agriculture $2,000, Insurance 
Commissioner $2,500, three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, State 
Librarian $1,500, Chief Justice $3,000, two Associate Justices 
$3,000, Senators and Representatives $3 per day, mileage 15 cents; 
District Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000. 



392 
• LOUISIANA. 

Named for Louis XIV of France Called the "Pelican State'' - 
and the "Creole State." First sugar cane cultivated in United * 
States near New Orleans 1751. First sugar mill 1758. First ship- : ■ 
ment of cotton abroad 1784. Purchased by United States, 1803, \ 
for $15,000,000. Louisiana admitted as a state under present name *| 
April 8, 1812. In the war with England immediately following, | 
the state made a glorious record, and at the battle of New Orleans, 'J 
Jan. 8, 1815, humiliated the British and ended the war. Seceded ; 
Jan. 26, 1861. Some fighting on the river between boats and forts. 
New Orleans captured May i, 1862. 1868, in June, state re- [ 
entered Union. Capital, Baton Rouge. Number of parishes or i 
counties 58, miles railroad 1,316. Legislature and state officers :* 
elected quadrennially, members congress biennially, state elec- -j 
tions Tuesday after third Monday m April, number senators 36, * 
representatives 98, sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, 
meeting second Monday in May, holds 60 days, terms of senators '■ 
and representatives 4 years each. Number electoral votes 8, con- ' \ 
gressmen 6, voters 216,787, colored 107,977, native white 81,777, i. 
foreign white 27,033. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from I 
voting. Legal interest 5 per cent., by contract 8 per cent, tisury , j 
forfeits entire interest. Educational facilities average. Popula- ' | 
TiON, 1880, 939,946, male 468,754, female 471,192, native 885,800, 'f 
foreign 54,146, white 454,954, colored 483,655, Chinese 489, Indians i 
848, slaves, i860, 331,726. Extreme ^length E. and W. 294 miles, , 
breadth 248 miles, area 45,420 sq. miles, 2p,o68,8oo acres. Coast; 
line 1,276 miles, very irregular navigable rivers 2,700 miles. Mis- ; 
sissippi flows in or on the borders of the state. Bays numerous oa 
coast but harbors indifferent. Many small islands m Gulf. Staple . 
products, sweet potatoes, sugar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton^ 
grasses, oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive. ■ 
State ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests 
almost inexhaustible. Timber superior in kind and quality, lum- 
bering important industry. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron 
discovered. Cleared land averages $12.50, woodland $3 to $4 per 
acre. Reclamation of marshes very profitable and beginning to be 
done on a large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and invites more 
attention. Climate. — Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 deg., 
average summer 81 deg., winter 55 deg. Rainfall 57 inches, 
chiefly in spring and summer. Summers long and occasionally 
hot. Health average. Actual death rate lower than in many 
northern sections. Occasional yellow feve^ in the cities. Chief 
Cities. — New Orleans port of entry and largest cotton market in 
the world pop. 216,090, I?aton Rouge (capital) pop. 7,197, Shreve- 
port pop. 8,009, Morgan City port of entry. State institution for 
insane at Jackson, for deaf mutes and blind Baton Rouge. Indus- 
tries. — Three-fifths of laboring population engaged in agriculture. 
Average income of rural population among highest in Union. 
Number industries 1,600. 

* [Salaries of State Officers, page 439.] 



Mftlveru ic^®^ P\ne Bluff^ 






.Clarksdale 
Clac'k Bayou.Homer o \Pt;Umon o^ -, f r, / C \ \ r 



illmore 



.Mansfield 



■nnsboro 



FilWoreYrcadia BoWT 
^nox PtI, Sparta _ -- "r 
..'V •xVeCou'^baita Vernon ^^^k, 

j-MonewaJlA chute \ cGaiisville 

' u.d\ ; Vr>kn^; 

Harnsonbprg ^ 1/ <^l v 

Fafette^ ) ^ 
^-«p>^..-^v,un„uuuig ^ V y^ I v^ jBrookhaven 



arli^\'')lie 7 

_NWinfieIdV J 
itHiU^Y "^ Ai „ 

S>^ T^ite S\ilphur Spr. v.S "pi^ 

Martbavjlteo (V "l*^'^ V "" Vidalia 

^,> . NV^HaxCottohburg, \ 
;^cE.Pendletoa"^^,^ ^ X.'""?^^' ^ 
'' (^Mill Creek 
Toledo Kisatfibie 
/Lecsville 



jtchez-< 

\Turner8 






MaVkavilleD f I oWoodvilley hsylti \ 

\CbeneyTiM J -J /^ -9 -^ ^ 

^pe BayXW cVnSfi I .^1^3"'^° /Arcolk/ "'"^"v 



394 

MAINE. 

Called the" Pine Tree State," or "Lumber State"; originally 
included New Hampshire; settled by English 1607, b>r French in 
1613. Number counties, 16; Union soldiers, 70,107; miles of rail- 
road, 1,142. State elections second Monday in Sept.; number 
senators, 31; representatives, 151; sessions biennial in odd -num- 
bered years, meeting first Wednesday in Jan. ; terms of senators 
and representatives, two years each. Number electoral votes, 6; 
congressmen, 4; number voters, 187,323; paupers and Indians not 
taxed excluded from voting. Number colleges, 3; system of com- 
mon, high and normal schools excellent; school age, 4-21 years, 
legal rate interest 6, by contract, any rate. Population, 1880, 
648,936, male 324,058, female 324,878, native 590,053, foreign 
58,883, white 646,852, colored 1,451, Chinese 8, Indians — Penob- 
scots 625, Passamaquoddies 502. Extreme length north and south 
298 miles, width 210 miles, shore line about 2,480 miles, area 
33,056 sq. miles, Ian ;1 2^,885 sq. miles, 21,155,840 acres, 37th of 
states and territories i< tize. Surtace hilly, mountainous toward 
center. Highest point, iCatahdin 5,400 feet; largest island. Mount 
Desert, 92 square miles. Area of lakes and streams, one-thirteenth 
entire state. The soil is medium only, except on some of the 
streams, where it is rich. Hay the best crop. Wheat, oats, com, 
hops, potatoes, buckwheat and the ordinary vegetables grow. Cat- 
tle do fairly, dairying pays. Half the state is forest of excellent 
timber. Cleared land averages ^^15 and forest land $14 per acre. 
Slate, copper, granite are found in large quantities. Winter aver- 
age 29 deg., summer 67 deg., rainfall 45 inches; snow lies 80 to 130 
days. Climate excellent, except for pulmonary troubles. Death 
rate low. Chief industries— Agriculture and kindred pursuits, 
lumbering, fisheries, $3,620,000 yearly, quarrying, ship-building 
(380 establishments). Principal cities — Portland (seaport) popu- 
lation 31,413, Lewiston 19,083, Bangor, port of entry, 16,856, Bid- 
deford 12,651, and Augusta, the capital, 8,665. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $2,000 

Secretary of State 1,200 

Treasurer — 1,600 

Attorney General 1,000 

Adjutant General ,.... 900 

Superintendent Common Schools 1,000 

Secretary Board of Agricultirre 600 

State Librarian ; 600 

Chief Justice .... . /i 3,000 

Seven Associate Justices. 3,000 

Sexiators and representatives .$150; mileage 20 cents. 

District Judge. -••/• • • 3>500 

Collector Internal Revenue > ..^^ 2,500 

Collector Customs . . . ... . . ........ .p._., t .j,_^,^j,._._^^,^^^.. . . . . . 6,000 

Surveyor Customs I .*». «^«.. . . .C ^ 4,^00 

Pension Agent; ; .". . ; . ." . . iv.it'-:ff'?tTSVff?Trf^^T!^T':7T?TT7T^ . 4,006 



396 

MARYLAND. 

One of the thirteen original states. Baltimore laid 1730. Fed- 
eral congress met at Annapolis 1783, when Washingion resigned 
command of army. Federal constitution ratified April 28, 1778. 
Fredericktown and other places burned in war of 181 2, and Fort 
McHenry bombarded. First blood ot civil war shed at Baltimore 
April 19, 1861. Legislature opposed war April 26, 1861, butpassed 
resolutions favoring the South. Battle of Antietara Sept. 16 and 
17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. Union soldiers furnished, 46,- 
638. No. counties, 23. Miles railroad, 1,082. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 26, repre- 
sentatives 91, sessions biennial in even-numbered years, meet first 
Wednesday in Jan. and hold 90 days, term of senators 4 years, of 
representatives 2 years. Number of electoral votes 8, congressmen 
6. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from voting. Number 
colleges II, school age 5-20, school system fair. Legal interest 6 
per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. Population. — 1880 
939,943, male 462,187, female 472,756, native 852,137, colored 210,- 
230. Slaves, i860, 87,189. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, 
Etc. — Length e^st and west 196 miles, width 8 to 122 miles. Area, 
9,860 sq. miles. Acreage of state 6,310,400, water surface large. 
Western and northern sections mountainous and broken. Chesa- 
peake bay almost divides the state. Tide-water coast nearly 500 
miles. Chief navigable rivers, Potomac, Susquehanna, Patuxent, 
Patapsco, empty into the bay. At the west is the Youghiogheny. 
Soil varies from very poor to very good. Cleared land averages 
$22.50, and woodland $14 per acre. The average value of latter 
lowered by mountain sections. Considerable good timber remains. 
Enormous coal fields west. Copper is found in Frederick and 
Carroll counties, iron ore in Allegany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, 
Baltimore, Frederick and Prince George's counties. Greatoyster, 
fish, fruit and vegetable producing state. Oyster beds most valu- 
able in Union. Wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple 
crops. Opportunities for capital are yet excellent. Climate. — 
Mild, agreeable and healthful, some little malaria in lowlands. 
Temperature softened by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg., sum- 
mer 78 deg. Rainfall, 42 inches. Chief Cities. — Baltimore, 
port of entry, pop. 332.313. Annapolis, capital, contains United 
States Naval Academy, pop. 5,744. Cumberland, pop., 10,693. 
Chief Industries. — Agriculture and fruit growing, oyster and 
other fishing, canning, coal, iron and copper mining, maT"'factur- 
ers of cotton goods, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $4,500, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500* 
Comptroller $2,500, Attorney General $3,000, Chief Justice $3,500* 
Seven Associate Justices $3,500, District Judge $4,000, Senators 
and Representatives $5 per day and mileage. Two Collectors 
Internal Revenue $2,625 to $4,500, Collector of Customs $7,000^ 
Two Collectors $250 and $1,200 fees. Auditor $2,500, Naval Officer 
i5,ooo. Surveyor $4,500. 



39S 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

" Old Bay State." One of the 13 original states. First settle- 
ment 1602, abandoned the same year. Explored 1614 by Captain 
John Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. Pilgrims landed 
on Plymonth Rock Dec. 22. Boston settled 1630. First Ameri- 
can newspaper Boston, 1690. Massachusetts was active in bring- 
ing on Revolution. Boston massacre March 5, 1770. Destruction 
of tea Dec. 16, 1773. Boston port bill passed March, 1774. Battle 
of Lexington first blood of Revolution. Ratified U. S. constitu- 
tfon Feb. 6, 1788. Union soldiers, 146,730, besides sailors. Num- 
ber counties 14. Miles railroad, 2,399. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in Nov. Number senators, 40; representatives, 
240; meeting first Wednesday in Jan.; yearly terms of senators 
and representatives, I year. Number electoral votes, 14; congress- 
men, 12. Number voters, 502,648. Paupers, persons under 
guardians, non-taxpayers, and men unable to read and write, 
excluded from voting. School system excellent; attendance com- 
pulsory; age 5-15 years. Seven colleges, including Harvard. 
Legal interest, 6 per cent. ; by contract, any rate. Population — 
1880, 1,783,085. Females outnumber males. Indians 369. 
Length, N. E. to S. W., 162 miles; breadth, 47 miles in western 
and 100 in eastern part; area of 8,040 square miles, 5,145,600 acres. 
Coast extensive and irregular, with numerous good harbors. The 
Merrimac only large stream entering sea within the state. The 
Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the state at the west. Saddle 
mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The east and northeast 
divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low and sandy. 
Scenery very beautiful, especially in Berkshire hills; soil generally 
light; hay best crop; wheat, oats, corn and vegetables grown. 
Forests practically exhausted. Cleared land averages $80 and 
woodland $45 per acre. Stone is found. No minerals mined. 
Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller 
islands to the south belong to the state. Winters severe and pro- 
tracted, summers short and warm, thermometer ranges from 10 
deg. below to 100 deg, ; averages summer, 73 deg., winter 24 deg. 
Snow falls October to April. Rainfall, including snow, 44 inches. 
Chief Industries. — Agriculture and kindred callings. Fishing 
for cod and mackerel f half the fishing vessels of the Union owned 
here.) Manufacture of cotton, woolen, worsted, silk, iron and 
steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. Principal Cities.— 
Boston, 362,830. Lowell, pop. 59,475. Lawrence and Fall River, 
famous for cotton manufactures, pop. 39,151 and 48,961. Worces- 
ter, railroad and manufacturing center, pop. 58,201. Cambridge, 
seat of Harvard College, pop. 52,669. Lynn, famous for manu- 
facture of boots and shoes, pop. 38,274. New Bedford, greatest 
whaling port in the world, pop. 26,845. Springfield contains 
greatest arsenal in the United States, pop. 33,340- Ports ^of 
entry, 9. 

[Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 



400 

MICHIGAN. 

Called "Wolverine State." First settlement by Father Mar- 
quette, 1668, at Sault Ste. Marie. Admitted as state Jan. 26, 
1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper peninsula i; 
as compensation for disputed territory same year. Capital, Lan- i! 
sing. Union soldiers furnished 87,364. Number counties 79. ? 
Miles railroad 5,233. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in f 
November. Number senators 32, representatives 100, sessions of f 
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednes- | 
day in January; terms of senators and representatives 2 years .| 
each, number electoral votes 13, number congressmen 11. Num-' | 
ber voters 467,687. Duelists excluded from voting. Number col- f 
leges 9, efficient public schools, school-age 5-20 years. Legal t 
interest 7 per cent., by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits excess of | 
interest. Population, 1880, 1,636,937; male 862,355, female j 
774,582, native 1,248,429, foreign 388,508, white 1,614,560, colored f 
15,100, Indians 7,249. Estimated increase 11 per cent. Extreme f 
length lower peninsula north and south 278 miles, breadth 260 ^ 
miles. Extreme length upper peninsula east and west 320 miles, 
width 24 to 165 miles, area 57,430 sq, miles, or 36,755,200 acres. ;C 
Length shore line 2,000 miles. Lower peninsula consists of plains i 
and table lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and [ 
small prairies. Soil generally good, but patches of sand occiir. « 
Fruit raising, especially apples, peaches and grapes, very success- ; 
ful. AH cereals make good crops, except corn at north. Staples, ^^ 
wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper penin- I 
sula broken, rocky and almost mountainous, rising at west to 2,000 '^ 
feet above sea. Western portion mining region, eastern portion f 
favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and small lakes numerous. 
Water good and well distributed. Copper, valuable iron, coal and 
salt abundant- Timber yet in immense tracts of virgin pine and 
hardwoods. State ranks first in copper, lumber and salt, second 
in iron ore, third in buckwheat, fifth in sheep, hops and potatoes. 
Cleared land averages $20 per acre, forest $10. Climate. — Tem- 
perature averages at Detroit winter 30 deg., summer 7odeg., at 
Sault Ste. Marie, winter 23 deg., summer 65 deg. Rainfall at 
Detroit 30 inches, at Sault Ste. Marie 24 inches. Health excel- 
lent. Temperature at Marquette averages about 3 deg. lower 
than at Sault Ste. Marie. ^ 

Chief Cities. — Detroit, pop. 116,340; Grand Rapids, pop. 
32,016; Lansing (capital) pop. 8,310; Bay City, pop. 20,693; East 
Saginaw, 19,016; Jackson, 16,105; Muskegon, 11,262; Saginaw, 
10,525. Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron, Grand Haven ports of 
entry. 

Chief Industries.— Lumbering, mining, farming, fruit raising, 
manufacturing, fishing, etc. 

[Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 




IstantonJc. f» 






Blomtjrtn Bt4s., lingr's, ChicSpi 



402 

MINN ESOTA. 

" Gopher state." Explored by Fathers Hennepin and La Salle, 
1680, via Mississippi river to Falls St. Anthony. Admitted as state, 
1858. Foreign immigration immense. Number Union soldiers fur- 
nished, 25,052. Number counties, 80. Miles railroad, 4,193. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number sen- 
ators, 47; representatives, 103; sessions of legislature, biennial, in 
odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in Jan- 
uary : holding 60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; representatives, 
2 years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters, 
213,485; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. Number colleges, ; 
5; school age, 5-21, school system, first-class. Legal interest 
rate, 70; by contract, 10%; usury forfeits excess over 10%. 

Population, 1880, 780,773; male, 419,149; female, 361,624; native, 
513,097; foreign, 267,676; white, 776,884; colored, 1,564; Indians, , 
2,300. Estimated increase, 20%. Length N. and S., 378 miles, aver- 
age width, 261 miles, area 79,205 sq. miles, 50,691,200 acres. Surface . 
rolling plain 1,000 feet above sea level, except atN. E., where are a . 
series of sand hills called " Heights of Land," 1,600 feet high. Itis 
the state of small lakes, including over 7,000, varying from a few rods 
to 32 miles across. In one of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises 
and flows 800 miles through the state. The other principal rivers 
are the Minnesota, Red River of the North, and the St. Louis. 
Small streams and lakes make water plentiful. The scenery is 
picturesque and beautiful. The soil is splendid, as a rule, and the 
accessibility to market and general attractions render the state 
especially favored by agriculturists. The forests of the state are 
small (2,000,000 acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two- 
thirds of the state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12.50 
per acre and woodland $8. Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, , 
barley, hay and dairy products are also staples. State ranks ' 
fourth in wheat. 

Climate. — Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm, ' 
averaging 68-70 deg. ; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rainfall 
36 inches, chiefly in summer. Snowfall medium. The dryness 
mitigates the cold in winter. 

Chief Cities. — Pembina, port of entry on Red river. St. Paul, 
capital, pop. 41,473. Minneapolis, pop. 46,887. 

Chief Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers, 

Governor $3,800 

Lieutenant Governor 600 

Secretary of State 1,800 

Treasurer 3>5oo 

Auditor 3,000 

Attorney General .• 2,500 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 2,500 

Adjutant General 1,500 

Public Examiner. .* ^ .■ ^3,000 

Insurance Commissioner ^2,000 



MISSISSIPPI. 

Indian name meaning Father of Waters. "Bayou State." 
Visited by De Soto 1542, by LaSalle 1682. Settled Biloxi, 1699, by 
M. de Iberville. Formed a part of the territory of Louisiana, and 
belonged to France. Admitted as a state Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh 
state admitted. Capital fixed at Jackson, 1822. State active in 
war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded 1861. Shiloh the most 
notable battle of the rebellion in the state. State re-entered Union 
1870. Number counties 74, number miles of railroad 1,844. State 
officers elected quadrennially, and leo;islature every two years, all 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., sessions of legisla- 
ture biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first 
Monday in Jan., number senators 37, representatives 120, term of 
senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years, number electoral 
votes 9, congressmen 7, voters 238,532, colored 130,278, foreign 
white 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 3, school age 5-21, school system fair. Legal 
interest 6 per cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits excess of 
interest. Miles railroad 1844, 26. Population 1880 1,131,597, male 
567,177, female 564,420, native 1,122,388, foreign 9,209, white 479,- 
398, colored 650,291, Chinese 51, Indians 1,857, slaves 1860, 436,631. 
Estimated increase 1885, 9 per cent. Greatest length N. and S. 
364 miles, average width 143 miles, area 46,340 sq. miles, 29,657,600 
acres. Coast line, including islands, 512 miles. Harbors, Biloxi, 
Mississippi City, Pascagoula and Shieldsburg. Surface undula- 
ting with a gradual slope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W. 
and S. to the Mississippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet 
above surrounding country. From Tenn. line S. to Vicksburg, 
Mississippi bottoms wide, flat, with more or less swamp, and 
covered with cypress and oak. Soil an inexhaustible alluvium.,- 
Soil light but productive, at south sandy with pine growth. Cotton 
prolific. Staple crops, cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco, com, 
sweet potatoes, grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are splen- 
did crops, but are neglected. Forest area large, pine, oak, chest- 
nut walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed 
pine on islands and in sand. Lumbering important industry, 
mules raised with great success. State ranks second in cotton, 
fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. Cleared land 
averages $7.50 per acre, woodland $3. Climate mild, snow and 
ice unknown. Summers long and warm, July and August hottest 
months. Temperature averages summer 80 deg., winter 50 deg. 
Rainfall 46 in. at north, 58 in. at south. Highlands very healthy. 
Malaria in bottoms. Chief Cities. — Jackson (capital), pop. 
5,204. Natchez, pop. 7,058. Vicksburg, pop., 11,814. . Leading 
Industries. — Agriculture, lumbering, fishing and canning. 

Salaries of State OflBcers. 

Governor $4,000, Lieutenant Governor $800, Secretary of State 
$2,500, Treasurer $2,500, Auditor $2,500, Attorney General $2,500, 
Superintendent of Public Education $2,000, Commissioner of 
Agriculture $1,000, Land Commissioner $1,000. 



tinkley^ 

/Claredon 




D 

ACoriDtlW^ J 



<A.8hlandl 

^Ncw Albanj I \ j 

vBaldw^ 
9 Oxford 



PontotocS 



•jpcl6 j 



ippcio j 

iokojona | 



Muldon^ 
West pointy 



« 



_ Grenada 

ts > 1 Duck\ Walthall 
QreenwcSdy Hill I ol . 

^ ^ Vinon a Stark rii;^ 

larrolltoa I 
« J5^v,lle Vaiden jyChe8ter?>-^rtesiaV 
Cenlyville 
Louisville 



/ 



<■ 



Jlacji 



Lexington 

tolling FpVk /Kosciusko Jc. \ 

^Ymoo // / Phiiad^tphia 

> CityJ/ CarthWT o^ DeKalb" i^ ^/ 
\^^ /^iUDaleo { NarkeetaZ,' H^ 1 

V^(J%\ -oCanloa ^ Launderdale Sta, / 

^ \ f /^ , Harpers _,\ ^ /^'^''^^orkx 

YMekshurg^'Z.^'-''''^ 3?^r^?t ■^'w^yMeridian 

-^ Brandoar | /TSEnterprise j 

y-* (©Montrose/ "N | ^ 

Raleigh^ \ ^^ / >>o Quitman ^t 

5.Gil}3on / kGeorgCtown /Pauldiug / II | 

..S.& w/V^TO„=*„:ii» J I / ctShubuta 




MAP OF 

MISSISSIPPI 

Population 1,131,597 
Area sq.milea 46,340 



I 



4o6 
MISSOURI. 

Name Indian, means "Muddy River. Settled first at St. Gene- 
vieve, Organized as territory undtr present name 1812, included 
Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted March, 1821. Eleventh 
state admitted. Admission aroused much discussion. "Missour 
Compromise" effected and state permitted to retain slavery. State 
divided on secession and was scene of perpetual internal warfare. 
Martial law declared Aug. 1862. Union soldiers furnished, iog,iii. 
Number counties, 115. Miles railroad, 4,710. State officers 
elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years. All elec- 
tions Tuesday after first Monday in November, number senators 
34, representatives 141, sessions of legislature biennial in odd- 
numbered years, meeting Wednesday after January i, holds 70 
days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years. Number 
electoral votes 16, congressmen 14, number voters 541,207. 
United States army and inmates of asylums, poorhouses and 
prisons excluded from voting. Number colleges 17, school age 
6-20, school system good, endowments large. Legal interest rate 
6 per cent., by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits entire interest. 

'Population 1880, 2,168,380, male 1,127,187, female 1,041,193, 
native 1,956,802, foreign 211,578, white 2,022,826, colored 145,350, 
Chinese 91, Indians 113. Estimated increase 12^ percent. 

Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 miles. Area 
68,735 sq. miles, 43,990,400 acres. Soil generally good. South 
the surface is broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high . The 
most noted. Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of _ Ozarks 
is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Entire area 
well watered by small streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches 
especially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved land 
averages $12, unimproved, $7 per acre. Coal, iron, marble, gran- 
ite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous deposits. Lead 
area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth walnut, pop- 
lar, oak and the hardwoods, grazing a leading business both in 
extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. State 
ranks first in mules, third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper, fifth in 
iron ore. 

Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally pleasant 
and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not enervating. 
Winters moderate, with occasional severe days. Average tem- 
perature, summer 76 deg., winter 39 deg. Rainfall greatest in 
May, averages 34 inches. 

Chief Cities, — St. Louis, largest city west of the Mississippi, 
port of entry and great commercial and manufacturing point, pop. 
350,518, Capital, Jefferson City, pop. 55,785. Pop. St. Joseph 
32,431, Kansas City 55,787- 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, mining, manufacturing, 
quarrying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing, lumbering, etc, 
[Salaries of State Officers, page 439.] 



n 



4o8 
MONTANA. 

Gold discovered i860. Formed part of Idaho, organized 1863. 
Organized as territory May, 1864. Custer massacre June 25, 1876, 
350 men of the 7th United States Cavalry annihilated by Sioux 
under Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river. Number coun- 
ties 14. Miles of railroad 1,046. All elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in Nov. Number senators 12, representatives 24. Ses- 
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting sec- 
ond Monday in Jan., holds 60 days, terms of senators and repre- 
sentatives 2 years each. Voters 21,544, native white 12,162, for- 
eign white 7,474, colored 1,908. School age 4-21 years, graded 
schools in Deer Lodge City, Virginia City and Helena. School 
lands reserved for sale when territory becomes state valuable ^nd 
extensive. Legal interest 10 per cent, by contract any rate. 

Population. — 1880, 39,136, male 28,177, female 10,982, native 
27,638, foreign 11,521, white 35,385, colored 346, Chinese 1,765, 
Indians 1,663, Indians on reservations 19,791. Estimated increase, 
24 per cent Extreme length E. and W. 540 miles, average width 
274 miles, area 145,310 sq. miles, 92,998,400 acres, two-fifths good 
farm land, of which about 4,000 acres is cultivated. Three-fifths 
of territory rolling plains, rest mountainous. Surface fairly sup- 
plied with small streams. Timber supply ample. Soil good. 
Immense area of arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes, 
hay, also staples. Too cold for corn. Area grazing land, over 
two-thirds territory. Grazing interests great. Splendid grazing 
grounds yet untaken. Mineral wealth great. Ranks fifth in sil- 
ver and in gold. Climate dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. Warmer ' 
than same latitude farther east. Snows heavy in mountains, light 
in valleys and on plains. Temperature averages summer 62 deg., 
winter 18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent. 

Chief Cities. — Three United States districts, court held twice 
a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, pop. 2,000, and three 
times at Deer Lodge, pop. 1,500. Helena pop. 4,000, capital and 
most important town. 

Leading Industries. — Mining, lumbering, grazing, agriculture, 
smelting, etc. 

Salaries of Territorial Oflacers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary i,8op 

Treasurer. 1,500 

Auditor 1,500 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 1,200 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Two Associate Justices 3,000 

Senators and Representatives. . . .$4 per day and 20 cents mileage li 

Surveyor General , . 2, 500 1 1 

Chief Clerk 1,800 ' 

Chief Draftsman - , 1,600 

Collector of Internal Revenue 2*500 



4IO 

NEBRASKA. 

Name Indian, means "Shallow Water.'* Nebraska Territory 
organized May, 1854. Few settlements till 1864. Idaho cut off 
March, 1863, and present boundaries fixed. Bill to admit July, 
1866, unsigned by President Johnson, and another Jan. 1867, 
vetoed. Bill passed over veto Feb. 1867. Admitted that year. 
Lincoln capital. Union soldiers furnished, 3,157. Number 
counties 74. Miles of railroad 1865 172, 1885 2,794. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number senators 33, repre- 
sentatives 100, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Tuesday in Jan., holding 40 days, terms of senators and 
representatives 2 years each, number electoral votes 5, number 
congressmen 3, number voters 129,042. U. S, army, idiots and 
convicts excluded from voting. Number colleges p, school age 
5-21, school system superior, school endowments liberal. ^ Legal 
interest 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent., usury forfeits interest 
and cost 

Population 1880 452,402, male 249,241, female 203,161, native 
854,988, foreign, 97,414, white 499,764, colored 2,385, Chinese 18, 
Indians 235. Estimated increase 25 per cent. 

TopoGRAPV, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme length E. 
and W. 424 miles, width 210 miles, area 76,185 sq. miles, 48,755,- 
000 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating gently, and principally 
»rairie with a few low hills. At extreme northwest are spurs of 
the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill country begins, general 
slope from W. to E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, Republican and 
Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by numerous smaller streams. 
Southern portion of state peculiarly favorable to all kinds of crops, 
western half magnificent series of pastures and best suited to graz- 
ing. Whole eastern two-fifths a great natural garden. Corn the 
great crop ; wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, 
apples, plums, grapes, berries, staples and flourish. Cattle rais- 
ing of vast importance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No 
important minerals. Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Im- 
proved land averages $9, unimproved $5, and woodland $18 per 
acre. 

Climate dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temperature 
averages, summer, 73 deg., winter 20 deg. Rainfall east of looth 
meridian, including snow, 25 inches, heaviest in May. At west, 
precipitation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually increasing. 

Chief Cities. — Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, commercial 
center, pop. 30,518, Lincoln contains State University, pop. 13,003,' 
Plattsmouth, pop. 4,175, Nebraska City 4,183. 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairying, 
manufacturing, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $2,500, Lieutenant Governor $6 a day. Secretary of 
State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, Auditor of Public Accounts $2,500, 
Attorney General $2,000, Superintendent of Public Ins. $2,ooa 



412 

NEVADA. 

"Sage Hen State." First settlements in Washoe and Carson 
valleys 1848. Gold discovered 1849, silver 1859. Territory orga- 
nized March, 1861. Admitted as state Oct., 1864, Number coun- 
ties 15. Miles railroad 948. Governor and state officials elected 
quadrennially, and legislature every 2 years, on Tuesday after 
first Monday in Nov. ; number senators 20, representatives 40, 
sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
first Monday in Jan., holding 60 days. Term of senators 4 years, 
of representatives 2 years. Voting population 31,255, native white 
11,442, foreign white 14,191, colored 5,622. Idiots, insane and 
convicts excluded from voting. School age 6-18 years. Legal 
interest rate 10 per cent., by contract any rate. 

Population, 1880, 62,266, male 42,019, female 20,247, native 
36,613, foreign 25,653, white 53,556, colored 488, Chinese 5,416, 
Indians 2,803. 

Extreme length N. arid S. 485 miles, width 320 miles, afea log,- 
74osq. miles, 70,223,000 acres. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 10x22 
miles in area and 9,000 feet above sea, temperature year round 57 
deg. Many mineral springs, warm and cold. Great part of 
surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable areas of grazing 
land ; many valleys, rich, easily worked and prolific soil. Corn, 
wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, mules, 
cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valuable. Mineral 
resources enormous. Comstock lode supposed to be richest silver 
mine in the world; Eureka one of the most productire. Rich in 
jead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, plumbago, man- 
ganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. Extensive deposits of borax. 
Coal and iron. Ranks second in gold, fourth in silver. Kaolin, 
building stones, slate, soda and salt are obtained. Little land 
improved. 

Climate mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains. At 
north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air bracing, 
health good. Extremes of cold unknown. Summer heat occa- 
sionally reaches above 100 deg. Temperature averages, summer -. 
71 deg., winter 36 deg. Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring. 

Chief Cities. — Virginia City, chief commercial center, pop. 
10,917. Carson City (capital), and contains a branch mint, pop. 
4,229. 

Leading Industries. — Mining, reducing ores, lumbering, agri- 
culture, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lieutenant Governor 3,000 

Secretary of State 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Comptroller 3,000 

Attorney General 3,000 

Superintendent of Public Inst 2,400 



"V 



ra" . c(. — -) 

• ^ Spring §'^Ft.Mc/Dermitt- 



Spring' 



I r« fHlU-IVI B O L n'^ ^f^arora^ Taylor V J 7 ..-^Z:! 





i <\ Logan 
\ \ Buffalo Spr. \^!#^ ^^-P VX^ I 



MAP OF 



\ j Buffalo Spr. : «j-<g-- ~«> ^ ^ 

\ Belted Mt.o° fl^^^^'^^V 

\ V pSpr. ^Coyote; Spr o i 

\ ^ \V Kin^s !£l^#!#St.JoUh 

v6 WHO o'^m A» Ranchf V \Salt We 

Ji^ (I \ ^ O i- 

^V \ Forlorn Hope Spr.o 



Independence 



NEVADA 

Population 62,266 g 

Area Sq. miles 109,740 

Blomgren Bros.,Engr%Chi^ag, ^«"0"^««d 



\ 



EldMo Cy 



414 

NEW JERSEY. 

One of the thir«-een original states. Battles of Trenton, Prince* 
ton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders during the 
Revolution. State Constitution adopted 1776, revised 1844, and 
amended in the present decade. United States Constitution 
unanimously adopted Dec, 1787. Capital established at Trenton 
1790. A slave state till i860, when but eighteen slaves remained, 
and it was counted a free state. Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. 
State contains 21 counties, and has 1,890 miles railroad. State 
elections annual, same date as congressional and presiden- 
tial. Number of senators 21, lepresentatives 60, meeting of legis- 
lature 2d Tuesday in January. Term of senators 3 years, repre- 
sentatives I year. Number of electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. 
Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. Num- 
ber colleges 4, schools good, school age 5-18, Legal interest 6%, 
usury forfeits entire interest. Population, 1880, 1,131,116, male 
559,922, female 571,194, native 909,416, foreign 221,700, white 
1,092,017, colored 38,853, Chinese 170, Indians 74. Length north 
and south 158 miles, width 38 to 70 miles, area 7,455 square miles, 
or 4,771,200 acres Fort>^-third state in size. Atlantic coast 128 
miles, Delaware Bay coast 118 miles. The famous Palisades of 
the Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Toward center 
state slopes to a rolling plain, and at south becomes flat and low. 
Hudson river forms the eastern border. Delaware Water Gap 
and Falls of Passaic are the natural wonders of the state. Cleared 
land averages $80 and woodland $60 per acre. Hay the best crop. 
Other staple crops are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, 
cranberries, fruit and garden produce. Little woodland valuable 
for timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant. 
Climate variable; temperature averages, summer 68 deg. to 75 
deg,, winter 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of temperature from about 
zero to 100 deg. Rainfall, including snow, 46 inches, reaching 50 
inches in the highlands, and falling to 40 inches at the south. 
Highlands and seashore healthy. Ague and malarial fevers in 
the lowlands. Principal Cities. — Newark, Perth, Amboy, 
Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are 
ports of entry. Newark pop. 136,508, Jersey City 120,722, Trenton 
(capital) 29,910, Paterson 51,031, Elizabeth 28,229, Hoboken 30,999, 
Camden 41,659. Chief Industries. — Manufacture of fabrics, 
jewelry, clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, oyster fish- 
ing, gardening, agriculture, marl and iron ore digging, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $6,000, Treasurer $4,000, 
Comptroller $4,000, Attorney General $7,000, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction $3,000, Adjutant General $1,200, Librarian 
1,500, Chief Justice 7,500, Eight Associate Justices $7,000, Chan- 
cellor $10,000, Senators and Representatives ^500 a year. District 
Judge $3,500, Superintendent of Life Saving Service $1,800^ 
Thirty-nine Keepers $700. 



4i6 

NEW MEXICO. 

Name supposed to be of Aztec god. Settled earlier than any 
fttlier part U. S. Permanent settlement, 1596. Santa Fe, then 
an Indian town, chosen as a seat of Spanish government. The 
natives were enslaved and forced to work in the fields and mines. 
Organized as Territory, 1850. Santa Fe captured by Confed- 
erates, 1862, but soon abandoned. Number counties, 13. All 
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 
12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in even 
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., hold 60 days. 
Terms of senators and representatives, 2 years. Voters 34,076, 
native white 26,423, foreign white 4,558, colored, 3,095. School 
age, 7-18 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent., by contract 12 
percent. Miles railroad, 1878 to 1885, 1,191. 

Population, 1880, 119,565. ^ Male 64,496, native 111,514, white 
108,721, Indians 9,772. Estimated increase, 1885, 21 per cent. 
Average length N. and S., 368 miles, width 335 m.iles. Area 122,- 
000 sq. miles, 78,400,200 acres. Elevation, 3,000 to 4,tK)0 feet. 
Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. The Staked Plain, an elevated 
region, unwatered and without wood, extends into the south- 
eastern part of the territory. No streams are navigable in the 
territory. Timber scarce, except in few sections. The mountains 
are clothed with pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows in foot-hills, 
and Cottonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich where water 
can be had for irrigation or on streams. Corn, wheat, oats, 
alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially onions and root crops and 
semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raising very profitable. 
Grazing interests extensive. Gold found in Grant, Lincoln, Col- 
fax and Bernalillo counties, rich copper mines in Bernalillo county, 
and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quicksilver, lead, manganese 
and large deposits of coal have been found. Irrigable surface, 
7,000 sq. miles. 

Climate varies with different elevations. Temperature averages, 
summer, 70 deg., winter, 33 deg. Range of temperature, 4 deg. 
below zero to 90 deg. above. It is much warmer than the average 
in the lower altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air dry, rarefied 
and pure. Rainfall, 9 to 11 inches. 

Chief Cities. — Santa Fe, capital, pop. 6,635. Las Vegas, 
Silver City and Albuquerque. 

Leading Industries. — Mining, stock-raising and agriculture. 

Salaries of Territorial Officers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer 1,000 

Auditor 1,000 

Commissioner of Immigration 900 

Librarian 600 

Chief Justice 3>o^ 

Two Associate Justices 3>o*^ 



r 



I 



Silverton o 



"Wagon "Wheel Gap 



oPagosa Spr. 



r 



/ /^ Antonito/ 1 ElMoroV \ ^ 

as '^ V Oteroi^ Billon Jc. -r^^ ^ 

A c\oJl f^a X I 

and^zjDorsey o Chico Spring^ 



, 77"! 

Iron.Sjrings 
j Durango 

ji^^l^TOip^ Tres 7 

I TnJ^ ""l^^-^-^'^^^fO^ I ® S fPiedras,' 

'"^ I — jjj^g„^gM®Ternan(L.^, . ^r—b- 

-i-J O A R p EmbudoV/ fle^Taos JSpringer^oAbbottJ 

'• [-^^ere_asJlanAo 3:spaLla/^^y^IoT;^^ A I 

J,^ ;?CasaSala/a / •'^■'"- SANTAB..)Z_t - A^ 4 

^J±ry_^ A, o^ -w/llace 

^ \:BerulniIl0;f I lo. 

^^ ^ uewater \ <^;. I ^ /^"^ 

rndian '^ J )l "^ujque Xas_^.___...- 

jj^5 -q San Jo^e^^^^'^ __L U 5 ^ Puerto de Xuna' 

imca3_Kanch '^ nij Q I A. I ^ ^^^ Canadinas I 

Sal.i„aW\ olo^itas !T'''''''\^ort Sumner^ 

-Alamillo^°^* ^«ya I °Pue-blo:Bla,^o 77 ~ I 



raJC^^OldPue^lo'^s^^^^^ajVadia^l: -"' 
• -''^ TTort HutlerJtes 



el! 



j ^oAlma KcontaratiT/p-avaSta. J^.-S-tonfon^o^^incoln 

jJoXonePiW^^^^^ JBe^^ /Eagle 'in^^^'^ 

I Gilao-^os Paloft^oscf i Cutter Staf^ JZcse^e 

I Q-j „n ^ ^1 o\ £\iPt>an TPresidio 

^ Silvers J^.ThomkJ^^^^^^ 

R A X f^Selderi^ 

O qi^^JTesilla 



^^" Grahoria I ^^Vesquite Slaagter'sIlaacTa , ) ^ 'n 

o , Oamt)ray\c^\U— »———«—.. » ■— ■■4("»» "— Tli 



i-r -. , o "Carizillo X 

iJLaXacha ;—»-—-—». ..I... a 

(A.lamo Viejol l — '^ 



^IPaso 
1 



E//X 



/ 



Blomgren Bro».. Ungr'a Chicago, 

' 2 3 




E ^ 

_^SierraPlanca 

MAP OP 

]S^EW MEXICO 

-Area square miles \'2i,i 
Population 119,565 



4i8 

NEW YORK. 

One of the thirteen original states, "Empire State." Explored by- 
Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609. Samuel de Champlain discovered 
and named Lake Champlain. olland owned the territory. The 
Dutch settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called "New 
Netherlands." Manhattan Island purchased from Indians for $24, 
1626. Indian troubles 1640-45. Swedish settlements on the 
Delaware incorporated with the New Netherlands, 1655. England 
claimed the country as part of Virginia, captured Manhattan) 
New Amsterdam) Aug., 1664, and named it New York. ' 
New Yrok the battle-field of the French-English war 
i754> was prominent in the Revolution. West Point fortified 
1777-78. New York city capital 1784 to 1797. Slavery 
abolished 1817. Union soldiers furnished, 448,850; num- 
ber counties 60, custom districts 10, first railroad Albany to Sche- 
nectady 1831, miles of railroad 7,812, miles canal 900. State 
officers elected every 4 and senators (32 in number) every 2 years, 
representatives (125 in number) yearly, on same day as presiden- 
tial election. Legislature meets first Tuesday in Feb. yearly, 
congressmen 34, presidential electors 36. Election betters and 
bribers and convicts excluded from voting. School system 
superior, includes 28 colleges. School age 5 to 21 >ears. Legal 
interest 6 per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest. Popula- 
tion 1880, 5,082,871, male 2,505,322, female 2,577,549, native 3,871,- 
492, Indians 819, white 5,016,042, Chinese 907. Extreme length E. 
and W. 410 miles, extreme width 311 miles, area 47,620 sq. miles, 
30,476,800 acres, water frontage 900 miles, surface varied. The 
Hudson, rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 300 
miles to New York bay, is the chief stream. The Allegheny and 
its tributaries drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern 
central division. " The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson. 
The state is noted for the beauty of its lakes. Long, Manhattan 
and Staten Islands form important divisions of the state. The 
soil is also varied, and agriculturally the state is very rich. Cleared 
land averages $60 and wooded $40 per acre Considerable forests 
yet remain. The production of corn, wheat and dairy products is 
very large. The state ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, 
printing and publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, buckwheat and milch - 
cows, second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles 
railway and barley, third in agricultural implements, iron ore, iron ^ 
and steel, oats and rye. Climate diverse, mean annual tempera- 
ture for the state 47 deg. In the Adirondacks the annual mean is 
39 deg., in the extreme south it is 50 deg., average rainfall 43 in. 
including snow, the fall being greatest in the lower Hudson valley, 
and smallest (32 in.) in the St. Lawrence valley. Range of tem- 
perature 10 deg. below to 100 above zero. Principal Cities. — 
New York City pop. 1,206,299, Brooklyn pop. 566,633, Buffalo 
"Queen City of the Lakes" pop. 155,134, Rochester pop. 89,366, 
Syracuse pop. 51,792, Albany (capital) pop. 90,758. Leading 
Industries. — Manufacturing of all kinds, agriculture, dairying, 
the trades, etc. [Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 



420 

OHIO. 

"Buckeye State." Explored by LaSalle 1679. Ohio Territory 
organized May 7, 1800. Admitted as a state April 30, 1802. Num- 
ber Union soldiers furnished 313,180. Number counties 88. State 
and congressional elections second Tuesday in October. Number 
senators 33, representatives 105, sessions biennial, but " adjourned 
sessions " practically amount to annual meetings ; assembles first 
Monday in January. Terms of senators and representatives 3 
years each. Number electoral votes 23. Number congressmen 21. 
Number voters 826,577. Insane and idiots excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 35, school age 6-21, school system first-class. 
Legal interest rate 6%, by contract 8%, usury forfeits excess. 
Miles of railroad 7,276. Population, 1880, 3,198,062, male 1,613,- 
931, female 1,584,126, native 2,803, 119, foreign 394,943, white 3,117, 
920, colored 79,900, Chinese 109, Indians 130. Extreme length E. 
and W. 225 miles, Ijreadth 200 miles, area 40,760 sq. miles, 25,686,- 
400 acres. Includes Kelley's and Bass islands in Lake Erie. 
Lake frontage 230 miles, Ohio River frontage 432 miles. Entire 
state vi^ell watered. Valleys extremely productive. Uplands fer- 
tile as a rule. Ohio ranks first in agricultural implements and 
wool, second in dairy products, petroleum, iron and steel, third in 
wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth in printing 
and publishing, salt, miles railway and soap, fifth in milch cows, 
hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. Coal, building stones, 
iron ore and salt are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, 
corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, apples, 
and the hardier fruits. Cleared land averages $45, woodland $40 
per acre. Little forest valuable for lumber remains, except in 
small reserves. Climate as healthful as any in the United States. 
Warmest on Ohio River. Temperature for state averages, winter 
35 deg., summer 77 deg., range of temperature 16 deg. below zero 
to loi deg. above. Snowfall considerable. Average rainfall, 
including snow, 42 inches; decreases to 37 inches at north and 
increases to 47 inches at south. Chief Cities. — Cincinnati, 
"Queen City of the West," pop. 255,139. Cleveland, pop. 160,146, 
Columbus, capital, pop. 51,647. Chillicothe, Zanesville, Toledo, 
Sandusky, Cleveland and Cincinnati ports of entry. Le.\ding 
Industries. — Agriculture, dairying, mining, quarrying, iron 
making, pork packing, manufacturing. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $4,000 

Secretary of State 3,000 

Treasurer 3,000 

Auditor 3,000 

Attorney General 2,000 

School Commissioner 2,000 

Superintendent of Ins. Department 1,800 

Railroad Commissioner 2,000 

Secretary Board of Agriculture 1,800 




Jellairerjf;^ 






Vd/erpeck'.j ^^-fiu^ing 
^';^c\nn:»ti Hill^ljorough \^' 



HaiAilto 




. ARichmond,^ Hamersville 
a\tov\ \ 



.^*1 L/Dundaa 'v.-^Xi^ >* 

t ,. Y~-r^ . / T I — -f Cairo 

\;-' - . W \-A\'^^T -^^^s ^ • /Ritchie Mi 




r 






,><\ , (Farmers 

fxiiigton ___— *^ 



^t Sterling 



0*^ 



^ 



-^ 



-j^ '^ Map of 

^ OHIO 

Population 3,198,062 
Areasq.miles 40,750 



Slomgren Br-o».,Engr'», Chicago 



3 



422 

OREGON. 

Name means "Wild Thyme." Oregon territory organized 
August, 1848. Indian troubles, 1844, '47 and '54. Oregon admit- 
ted as a state 1859. Number counties 25, miles railroad 1,165. 
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two 
years; number of senators 30, representatives 60, sessions of legis- 
lature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in 
Jan., holds 40 days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 
years. Number electoral votes 3, congressmen i, voters 59,629, 
mcluding women. United States army, idiots, insane, convicts 
and Chinese not voting. Number of colleges 7, school age 4-20, 
school system good. Legal interest rate 8 per cent, by contract 10 
per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest. 

Population, 1880, 174,768; male 103,381, native 144,265, ^yhite 
163,075, Chinese 9,510, Indians 1,694. Estimated increase 11 per 
cent. 

Average length E. and W. 362 miles, average width 260 miles, 
area 94,560 sq. miles, 60,518,400 acres. Two-thirds entire state 
mountainous, with wide rich valleys. Columbia river 1,300 miles 
long, navigable 175 miles, full of cascades and runs through en- 
trancing scenery. Soil generally superior. Wheat the best crop, 
superior in yield and quality; other crops do well, as do also fruits 
and vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable to cattle and sheep. 
Rich in minerals, gold in Jackson, Josephine, Baker and Grant 
counties, copper in Josephine, Douglas and Jackson, iron ore 
throughout the state, coal along coast range. Timber resources 
«normous, and but little touched. Salmon fisheries among best in 
-world. Improved land averages $17.50, unimproved $4. Aroa 
arable two-fifths state, forest one-sixth state. 

Climate. — In western Oregon moist, equable, rainfall 59 inches. 
In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, though 
subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east do not suffer, 
however, from drouth. At west snow and ice unknown, except on 
peaks, where it fs perpetual. Frosts on high lands. Average 
temperature summer 65 deg., winter 45 deg. 

Chief Cities. — Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay ports of entry, 
Rosenburgh, Portland pop. 17,577, Salem capital. 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, grazing, mining, fishing, 
lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $1,500 

Secretary of State, Auditor and Comptroller 1,500 

Treasurer 800 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 1,500 

State Librarian 500 

Chief Justice 2,000 

Two Associate Justices 2,000 

Senators and Representatives $3 a day and 15 cents per mile 

District Judge 3,500 



424 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

One of the thirteen original states, named for Wm. Penn, the 
** Keystone State." State invaded three times by confederates, 
1862, 1863, when battle of Gettj'sburgh was fought, and 1864, when 
Chambersburg was destroyed. Union soldiers furnished, 337,930. 
Number counties 67, miles railroad 7,546. State elections annual, 
same date as presidential. Number senators 50, representatives 
201, sessions biennial, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., hold 150 
days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years, number 
electoral votes 30, congressmen 28. Non- taxpayers and bribers 
excluded from voting. Number colleges 26, school age 6-21, 
school system good. Legal interest 6%. Usurj^ forfeits excess of 
interest. Population. — 18S0, 4,282,891, male, 2,136,655 female, 
2,146,236, native 3,695,062, colored 85,535, Chinese 464, Indians 
184. Topography, Area, Soil, Products, etc. — Length east 
and west3oomiles, width 176 miles, area 44,985 sq. miles, 28,790,400 
acres. Surface very diverse. Level at the southeast, hiily and 
mountainous toward the center, and rolling and broken at the 
west and southwest Soil varies from barren hills to sections of 
great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared land averages $45, 
woodland $30 per acre. IMuch good timber remains. Farms 
average 100 acres- Oil, coal [anthracite at east, bituminous at 
west,), iron, copper, kaolin, building stone.s, salt abound. Rye, 
corn, wheat, buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco 
are staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. Climate in moun- 
tains severe in winter, with much snow, summers pleasant. 
Summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100 deg. Summers long 
in Susquehanna valley. West of mountains summers hot and of 
moderate length, %\-inters cold. Average winter temperature 34 
deg., summer 74 deg., rainfall^ including snow, averages 42 inches. 
Climate healthy. Chief Cities. — Philadelphia, second city in 
L'nited States, contains mint and navy yard, pop. 846,984. 
Pittsburg, extensive manufacturing city, pop. 156,389. Harris- 
burg, capital, pop. 30,762. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are 
ports of entrv'. Industries — Pennsylvania is the great iron, oil 
and coal state. The other industries include agriculture and 
kindred pursuits, lumbering, manufacture of paper, woolens, 
liquors, implements, machinery, etc. 

Salaries of State OflScers. 

Governor , $10,000 

Lieutenant Governor 3,000 

Secretary of State 4,000 

Treasurer 5,000 

Auditor General 3,000 

Attorney General 3oOO 

Chief Justice ^ 8,500 

Six Associate Justices * 8,000 

Senators and Representatives, $i,oqq for 100 days; $10 per day; 
mileage 5 cents. 






426 

RHODE ISLAND. 

One of the 13 original states. Called "Little Rhody." First 
settled at Providence, 1636, by Roger Williams. Island of Aquid- 
jeck (Rhode Island) bought from Indians, 1638, and Newport and 
Portsmouth founded. Lands of Narragansett Indians acquired ; 
by purchase, 1709. R. I. seamen distinguish themselves in the 1 
Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in the Revolution. UuioQ 1 
soldiers furnished, 23,236. Number counties, 5. Miles railroad, ! 
147. State elections first Wednesday in April. Elects 72 repre- j 
sentatives, 34 senators, 3 congressmen and 4 presidential electors, i 
Legislature meets annually on last Tuesday in May, at Newport, 
and holds adjourned session annually at Providence. Terms of 
senators and representatives one year. Persons without property 
to the value of $134 excluded from voting. Brown's University at 
Providence founded 1764. Common school system excellent. 
School age 5-15. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract any 
rate. Population, 1885, 297,531, three-fourths native, females pre- 
dominate, Indians 74. Area 1,088 sq. miles, or 696,320 acres. 
Length N. and S. 46 miles, width 40 miles. Narragansett bay 
divides the state unequally, the western and larger part extending 
N. from the ocean some 27 miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide, 
and contains several islands, of which Acquidneck, Canonicut and 
Prudence are largest. Block Island, at the western entrance of 
the bay, also belongs to this state. Surface of state broken and 
hilly. Small rivers unfit for navigation are numerous, and afford 
valuable water powers. Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, 
entering Narragansett Bay, and Pawcatuck, falling into Long Isl- 
and Sound. The state contains numerous small lakes, some of 
great beauty. Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling quality. 
Hay best crop. Potatoes) corn and oats are the next most impor- 
tant products. No forests. Dairying profitable. Land high- 
priced. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to nearness to sea, 
moderate. Average temperature — winter 24 to 42 deg., summer 
44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches. Snow lies 60 to 100 days. Health 
good. Chief Industries. — Manufacture of fabrics of cotton, 
flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry, 
etc., agriculture, dairying. Rhode Island, in proportion to size, is 
the largest manufacturing state in Union, Principal CixrES. — 
Providence, capital and seaport, pop., 1880, 104,857. Newport, 
capital, seaport finest in the world, and great pleasure resort, pop. 
15,693. Bristol, seaport. Warren, seaport. Lincoln, pop. 13,765, 
Pawtucket, pop, 19,030. Woonsocket, pop. 16,050. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor, $1,000; Lieutenant Governor, $500; Secretary of 
State, $2,500; General Treasurer, $2,500; State Auditor, Insurance 
Commissioner, $2,500; Railroad Commissioner, $500; Attorney 
General, $2,500; Adjutant General, $600; Commissioner Public 
Schools, $2,500; Chief Justice, 4,500; Four Associate Justices, 
$4,000; Senators and Representatives, $1 per day, mileage Scents; 
i)istrict Judge, $3,500; Appraiser of Customs, $3,000. ' "' 



428 
TEXAS. 

" Lone Star State.'* Settled first by French under LaSalle 1685, 
was a part of Old Mexico. Independence declared Dec. 20, 1835. 
Houston inaugurated as president Oct., 1836. Independence of 
the republic recognized by United States March, 1837, by 
European powers 1839 and '40. Continued wars with Mexico, 
embarrassed finances. Proposition for union with United States 
1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by 
United States for all lands outside present limits 1850, Seceded 
Feb. 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, deposed. Military 
operations small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande May 13, 
1865. Re-entered Union 1870. Number counties 228, miles of 
railroad 6,198. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 
number senators 31, representatives 106, sessions of legislature 
biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in Tan., 
holds 60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 yeas.r 
Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11, voters 380,376. Unitde 
States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded from 
voting. Number colleges 10, school age 8-14. School endow- 
ment enormous, includes 23,470,377 acres yet unsold. Legal 
interest 8 per cent., by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits entire 
interest. Population, 1880, 1,591,749, male 837,840, fem.ale 753,909, 
native 1,477,133, foreign 114,616, white 1,197,237, colored 393,384, 
Chinese 136, Indians 992. Estimated increase 25 per cent. 
Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme length 
E. and W. 830 miles, extreme width 750 miles, area 167,865,600 
acres, largest of the states and territories. Coast line 412 miles, 
Galveston bay largest, has 13 feet of water, 35 miles inland. Rio 
Grande (navigable 440 miles). Lands extremely fertile, except in 
the N. W., where water is scarce. Lands on Rio Grande and at 
south require irrigation for good results, although crops will grow 
to some extent without. Entire state covered with rich grasses, 
afiording pasture the year round. All cereals, root crops, vege, 
tables, fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples- 
sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and fruits. 
Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising on mam- 
moth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec, corn planting middle of 
Feb., grain harvest May, corn harvest July. Ranks first in cattle 
and cotton, second in sugar, sheep, mules and horses. Coal area 
6,000 sq. miles, quality good. Iron ore and salt deposits extensive. 
Other minerals found, but extent unknown. Improved land 
averages $8, and unimproved $3 to $4 per acre. Uncultivated and 
timber land seven-eighths of area, timber area one-fourth. Cli- 
mate varies, temperate at North, semi-tropical at south. Health 
everywhere most excellent. Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98 
deg., but seldom rises to the latter temperature. At Austin avera- 
ges winter 56 deg., summer 80 deg. Rainfall averages at Austin 

15 inches, increases on coast and to the south, decreases to 13 

iches in N. W. 

[Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 



^, 



430 
UTAH. 

Settled 1848 at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois. March, 
1849, state of " Deseret" organized. Congress refused to receive 
constitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept., 1850, 
Troubles with government till 1858. Federal officers driven from 
territory 1856. Number counties 24, miles railroad 1,134. Terri- 
torial elections annual, first Monday in Aug. Number senators 
12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holds 60 days. 
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. Voting pop. 
32,773, native white 15,795, foreign white 18,283, colored 695. 
School system fair, school age 6-18 years, number colleges i. Legal 
interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. 

Population, 1880, 143,963, male 74,509, female 69,454, pativC 
99,969, foreign 43,994, white 142,423, colored 232, Chinese 501, 
Indians 807, Estimated increase 10 per cent. 

Average length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 82,190 miles, 
52,601,600 acres. Surface rugged and broken, with some rich 
valleys. Traversed by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra 
Lasal, Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches and Tushar 
mountains. Southeast portion elevated plateaux, western portion 
disconnected ridges. Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in area. 
In N. W. a large area of desert land. Soil in valleys very pro- 
ductive. Yield fine crops of cereals and vegetables. Wheat best 
crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important interest. Dairying 
profitable and interest is growing rapidly. Forests sufficient for 
home purposes. Gold, copper and silver in Wahsatch mountains. 
Silver predominates. Coal in valley of Weber river. Salt found 
in large deposits and the lake supply inexhaustible. Territory 
ranks third in silver. 

Climate mild and healthy. Warmer W. of Wahsatch mountains. 
Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall averages 16 inches at S. 
and 17 at N., chiefly in Oct. and April. Spring opens in April, 
Cold weather begins late in Nov, In mountains winters severe and 
snows heavy. Temperature at Salt Lake averages, winter 35 deg., 
summer 75 deg. 

Chief Cities, — Salt Lake City, capital, pop. 20,768. Ogden, 
pop. 6,069. 

Leading Industries.^ — Mining, stock-raising and agriculture. 

Salaries of Territorial Officers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary - 1,800 

Treasurer 600 

Auditor 1,500 

Superintendent of Public Ins 1,500 

Librarian 250 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Two Associate Justices 3,000 

Senators and Representatives $4 a day, mileage 20 cents 




S iLTWiliJ'lL'TS^VW'"'^ ''' ^U/^^M ■">M;;^V/4:t>,V/, ; Brown's Park"^ 
rdani ^"l ^...,k<'*^J!' X-^'MiS^/Ps l^^^.^iVrfi'l o^*?"!!' :> 






•...--. J:l_LeaMnStonJ37Afr. JM^\^S^£(i " . .^'-^^^^ ^ 
r j,'^ T/'^'^^ )=^v^ScofieJd,^rice\) m,^S^ >vl'--V-*^ / 

I II Riverside^TTy^T ^^^^ \sif5fy)5de = ^^iti^ 

?<« f^^Cij^stle Dale 4, VTw^^*^"^ /^l ^ 
„ J>ahua I .-..^^^s^ ,^ f^:^^.,^^--^ i 
Jt ,.T> ,.a^/- j>illm«re Cy.^E iV I E R AT^m^l^aleratus Spring " } • 

^ack Rock Spongy j„,e^.9^-,cl.flolrt::f-«!^X' -;...-- Q. / | 

j, •'-J.Frisco r,.„ ^ cTSifwj^li o-^^'-*o% ^V ^\f7— y^=^ 1^ 

" ^"-^9 ^Milford V\3% ^Fremont ^ _ •>^' ,j^ -^ 



i •■/* ^1 
i 

Black Rock S 

[•'/, Frisco f^,.,, ;, G^^-i^h^o^'^o^^- 

A if ■5!-jfe 9 iMilford V\>7> ^Fremont 

• *"' Minersville° Beaver ;^^0>U'l ion >r; 



I Paragenah ^ I^TeUTSadale'i 

I Hebron . V„^ J.^.^^-^lr^-^^^ J ") f V 

Montezuma j-r^ 




Cave Dwellings 



\i 



432 
WASHINGTON 

Named for George Washington, First settlement 1845, pre- 
ceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts. Organized 
as territory 1853. First legislature assembled at Olympia Feb- 
ruary, 1854. Indian wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discoveied 1855. 
Island San Juan in dispute between United States and England 
1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Co.'s pur- 
chased. Number counties 33. Miles railroad 675. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 12, repre- 
sentatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered 
years, meeting first Monday in October. Terms of senators and 
representatives -:> years each. Voting population 27,670, native 
white 15,858, foreign white 8,393, colored 3,419. Number colleges 2, 
school age 4-21 years, school endowment reserved large. Legal 
interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. 

Population, 1880, 75,116; male 45,973, female 29,143, native 
59,313, foreign 15,803, white 67,199, Chinese 3,186, Indians 4,405. 
Estimated increase 14 per cent. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme length 
E. and W. 341 miles, width 242 miles, area 66,880 square miles, 
42,803,000 acres. Coast line 200 miles. Columbia river navigable 
175 miles. Excellent harbors in Puget Sound, Admiralty Inlet 
and Hood's canal. Scenery, especially on Columbia, grand. 
Columbia river current overcomes tide at the mouth, and water in 
the bar drinkable. Cereals flourish but corn not successful. 
Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate climates, except peaches, 
are staple. Grazing region entire section east of Cascades, cov- 
eren with inexhaustible supply of bunch grass. Stock raising and 
dairying growing industries. Lumber resources unsurpassed. 
Coal on Bellingham bay and at Seattle, area of coal-bearing strata 
20,000 sq. miles. Gold-bearing quartz and silver lodes in Cascade 
and Coast ranges. Copper, cinnabar, lead and other minerals 
are found. 

Climate.— On coast dry season April to November, rest of 
year rainy. Rainfall averages at north 96 inches, for entire section 
54 inches. Winters mild, little snow or ice. Summers cool with 
sea breezes. Temperature averages winter 39 deg., sunimer 61 
deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90 deg. Eastern section dry, rainfall 10 
inches. 

Chief Cities.— Olympia capital, Walla Walla, pop. 4,000; 
Seattle, pop. 4,000. 

Leading Industries. — Agriculture, lumbering, grazing, 
mining, etc. 

Salai-ies of Territorial Officers. 

Governor $2,600, Secretary $t,8oo. Treasurer $1,200, Auditor 
$1,200, Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,000, Librarian 
$400, Chief Justice $3,000, three Associate Justices $3,000, Sena- 
tors and Representatives $4 a day and 20 cents mileage. Surveyor 
General $2,500, Chief Clerk $1,800, Chief Draftsman $1,700. 



434 

WISCONSIN. 

"Badger State," Settled first by French at Green Bay, 1669. 
Formed part of Northwest territory. Included in Indiana terri- 
tory, 1800. Became part of Michigan territory, 1805. Wisconsin 
territory organized 1836. Present boundaries fixed, 1838. Madi- 
son made capital, 1838. Admitted as state. May, 1848. Seven- 
teenth state to join Union. Number Union soldiers furnished, 
91,327. Number counties, 66; miles railroad, 4,289. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. ; number senators 33, repre- 
sentatives 100, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting 
second Wednesday in Jan., term of senators 4 years, of represen- 
tatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 11, number congressmen 9, 
number voters 340,482; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, betters 
and duellists excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, number 
public schools 6,588, school age 4-20 years. Legal interest 7 per 
cent., by contract 10 per cent,, usury forfeits entire interest. 

Population, 1880, 1.315,497; male 680,069, female 635,428, native 
910,072, foreign 405,425, white 1,309,618, colored 2,702, Chinese 16, 
Indians 3,161. Estimated increase 12 percent. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. — Extreme length 
N. and S. 298 miles, width 260 miles, area 54,450 cq. miles, 
34,848,000 acres. Besides the great lakes Michigan and Superior 
the state contains Green Bay, Winnebago, Geneva, Devil's lake 
and innumerable other lakes in the central and northern sections 
of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making the state a favorite 
place of summer resort. Much of state prairie, but enormous 
stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers remain un- 
touched. Soil excellent and adapted to farming, dairying and 
stock raising. Fruits grow and berries are a fine crop. Cran- 
berries largely raised. Wheat the best crop, flax, buckwheat, hay, 
corn, oats staples. Extensive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette 
and Iowa counties, native copper in the north, in Crawford and 
Iowa counties. Iron ores in Dodge, Sauk, Jackson and Ashland 
counties. Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, 
fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricultural imple- 
ments. Improved land averages $18 and unimproved 'Jio per 
acre. Much government and railroad land yet untaken. 

Climate. — Temperature averages winter 20 deg., summer 71 
deg., ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 31 inches, 
including snow. Snows h&ctvy, especially at north; spring late, 
summers short, falls pleasant. Milwaukee river frozen over an 
average of 105 days in year. ^:- 

Chief Cities. — Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork-packing 
and beer-brewmg center, grain and wheat market; pop. 125,000 
Madison (capital), pop. 12,063. Eau Claire, pop. 21,653; Fonddu 
Lac, pop. 13,094; Oshkosh, 21,947; La Crosse, 21,212. 
•^ Leading Industries. — Lumbering, farming, mining, manufac- 
turing, brewing, pork-packing, dairying, etc. 

[For salaries of state officers, see page 439.] 




Eyota 



C^inona^^', . Fall; 



^W oS^^oc |]M i n ne.< 



'HSon 



UnioaS 



Falls . Nc^twaas/aiiiia /Uancocic e5^vi«fiSs,rt\ ^7^:^^^^ H 
< ^ Tomah ftf Valfcy Jc. jL Osh]iOsl>3mA:4Manitfl^^^^^ 

->!rt La CroVs?''^^! > V Pnnfceto^^*'^'^'^ — ~^^^^ Ml\ i?^) 

ii 



LaJjicasterT 



Tiroq/ua^^^°^ ^ 

3 Irontoitr-^ rx^-srsi 
.. DeSota Barab^t)J^rra| 
DecorahURichland Cea. g^uk Cif* 

^, ^ ^Mineral Pt. ^OrVoBgRv'^^i-^Ottawa fmvVv^^ 

■Waterloo "C '. C >— ^ 

^^ /^onticell( 

^^^ -QJ^^'^s^lt^-r^t — PHTDi — ^^S^igii 

Rochelle 




43^ 
WYOMING. 

First settlement Ft. Laramie, 1867. Organized as a territory 
from 1868. Number counties 9, all elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in Nov., number senators 12, representatives 24, sessions 
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in 
Jan., hold 60 days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years 
each; voters 10,180, native white 6,042, foreign white 3,199, colored 
939. Good school system started, school age 7-21. Legal interest 
rate 12 per cent., by contract any rate. Miles of railroad 616. 

Population. — 1880, 20,789, male 14,152, female 6,637, native 
14,939, foreign 5,850, white 19,437, colored 298, Chinese 914, 
Indians 2,400. Estimated increase 29 per cent. 

Length 350 miles, width 275 miles, area 97,575 sq. miles, 62,438,- 
000 acres. Surface traversed by Rocky Mountains, forming the 
continental divide, and is high and mountainous, varying in eleva- 
tion from 4,800 to 12,000 feet. At the N. W. is the Yellowstone 
National Park, 3,600 sq. miles in area, and one of the greatest 
natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over 
12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama. 
Along the streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands 
which may be made to produce prolifically with irrigation. Moun- 
tains, covered with forests of considerable extent, contain precious 
and base minerals in great deposits. Soil, where water can be 
had, is good, soil chiefly suited to grazing. Half the territory 
grazing land. Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, frost too fre- 
quent for corn. Water plentiful, game and fur-bearing animals 
numerous, iron ore abundant, mainly red hematite. Copper, lead, 
plumbago and petroleum found, gold in the Sweetwater country 
and near Laramie City, valuable deposits of soda in valley of the 
Sweetwater. Coal abundant and of good quality at Evanston, 
Carbon, Rock Springs and other points. Climate cold, severe in 
mountains, milder in valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and brac- 
ing. Rainfall, 15 inches. Temperature averages, summer 66 deg., 
winter 18 deg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July 
warmest month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg. 

Chief Cities. — Cheyenne (capital), pop. 4,500, Laramie City, 
pop. 3,800. 

Chief Industries. — Grazing, mining and agriculture, but little 
is done in manufacturing. 

Salaries of Territorial Officers. 

Governor $2,600 

Secretary 1,800 

Treasurer. .$800 and com. 

Auditor 1,000 

Superintendent of Public Inst 400 

Librarian 400 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Two Associate Justices 3,000 

Senators and Representatives $4 a day and 20 cents mileage 



438 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Named for Columbus. Fixed as seat of U. S. government 1790 
by act of Congress. Formed out of Washington Co., Md. (64 sq. 
miles). Government removed to District 1800. Captured by 
British 1814, and capitol, executive mansion and congressional 
library burned. Governed by Congress till 1871, when a legislative 
body of 33 (11 appointed by the president and 22 elected) was 
created. Executive officers still appointed by president. Officers 
appointed are paid by the United States, those elected by the Dis- 
trict. Citizens of District have no vote for national officers. 
Schools superior. Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract 10, more 
forfeits entire interest. Population, 1880, 177,638. Miles railroad, 
18. Surface made up of flats and hills. Similar in all features and 
products to Southern Maryland. Cities.— Washington (capital 
U.S.), pop. 147,307, Georgetown, pop. 12,5700 

THE WHITE HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 

The White House, at Washington, D, C, is 170 feet long by 86 
feet wide. The largest apartment, known as the east room, is 
80 by 40 feet in dimension and 22 feet high. The adjoining, blue 
room, finished in blue and gold, is devoted to receptions, diplo- 
matic and social. The green and red rooms, so called from their 
finishing, are each 30 by 20 feet. The rooms on the second floor 
are occupied by the executive office and the apartments of the 
President's family. 

THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 

The corner-stone was laid by President Polk, July 4th, 1848, 
and December 6, 1884, the cap-stone was set in position. The 
foundations are 126)^ feet square and 36 feet 8 inches deep. The 
base of the monument is 55 feet i^ inches square, and the walls 

15 feet ^ inch thick. At the 500 foot mark, where the pyramidal 
top begins, the shaft is 34 feet 5% inches square and the walls are 
18 inches thick. The monument is made of blocks of marble 
2 feet thick, and it is said there are over 18,000 of them. The 
height above the ground is 555 feet. The pyramidal top termin- 
ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high and weighs 100 
ounces. The mean pressure of the monument is 5 tpns per square 
foot, and the total weight, foundation and all, is nearly 81,000 
tons. The door at the base, facing the capitol, is 8 feet wide and 

16 feet high, and enters a room 25 feet square. An immense iron 
framework supports the machinery of the elevator, which is 
hoisted with steel wire ropes two inches thick. ^ At one side begin 
the stairs, of which there are fifty flights, containing eighteen steps 
each. ^ Five hundred and twenty feet from the base there are eight 
windows, 18x24 inches, two on each face. The area at the base of 
the pyramidal top is 1,187^ feet, space enough for a six-room 
house, each room to be 12x16 feet. The Cologne Cathedral is 
525 feet high; the pyramid of Cheops, 486; Strasburg Cathedral, 
474; St. Peter's, at Rome, 448; the capitol at Washington. 306, 
and Bunker Hill monument, 221 feet. The Washington, monu- 
ment is the highest structure in the world; total cost, $1,500,000. 



439 
Additional L.tst Salaries of State OflScers. 

[For States not given in this list see Atlas Descriptive Matter.] 

Arizona. — Governor $2,600, Secretary $1,800, Treasurer $i,ooOj 
Auditor $1,000, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,000, Li" 
brarian $600, Chief Justice $3,000, Two Associate Justices $3,000,, 
Senators and Representatives $4 per day and 20 cents mileage. 
Three District Judges $3,000, Collector of Internal Revenue $2,250, 
Two Deputy Collectors $1,600 to $1,700, Clerk $1,100, Surveyor 
General $2,500, Chief Clerk $2,400, Land Clerk $1,600, Land 
Copyist $i,2c5o, Spanish Translator $2,500. 

California. — Governor $6,000, Secretary of State $3,000^ 
Treasurer $3,000, Comptroller $3,000, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction $3,000, Attorney General $3,000, Surveyor Gen, $3,000, 
State Librarian $3,000, District Judge $5,000, Senators and Rep- 
resentatives $8 per day, mileage 10c, , and $25, Two Collectors 
Internal Revenue $3,125 to $4,500, Collector of Customs, San- 
Francisco, $7,000, Pension Agent $4,000, Superintendent of 
Mint $4,500, Assayer $3,000, M'^lter and Refiner $3,000. 

Georgia. — Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treas- 
urer $2,000, Comptroller General $2,000, Attorney General $2,000, 
Commissioner Agriculture $2,500, Chief Justice $2,500, Associate 
Justices $2,500, Senators and Representatives $4 a day and 
mileage, 3 District Judges $3,500, District Superintendent Rail- 
way Service $2,500, Collector of Internal Revenue $2,500 ta 
$3,125, 24 Deputy Collectors $300 to $1,700, Customs Surveyor 
$T,ooo and fees. 

Indiana. — Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $8 a day. 
Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer 3,000, Auditor $1,500, Attor- 
ney General $2,500, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,500, 
Secretary Board of Agriculture $1,200, Librarian $1,200, Five 
Judges $4,000, Senators and Representatives $6 a day and 20 cents 
per mile, District Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000, Six Col- 
lectors Internal Revenue $2,375 to $4,500, Surveyor Customs $1,000 
and fees. 

Iowa.— Governor $3,ooo,'Lieutenant Governor $1,100, Secretary 
of State $2,200, Treasurer$2, 200, Attorney General $1,500 and ^5 
a day. Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,200, Three Rail- 
way Commissioners $3,000, Librarian $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000 
Four Associate Justices $4,000, Senators and Representatives $550 
per year. Two District Judges $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000, 4 
Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,500 to $4,500, Auditor $2,200. 

Kentucky. — Governor $5,000, Secretary of State, $1,500, Treas- 
urer $2,400, Auditor $2,500, Attorney General $500 and fees, Reg- 
ister Land Office $2,400, Commissioner of Agriculture $2,000, In- 
surance Commissioner $4,000, Three Railway Commissioners, 
$2,000, Chief Justice $5,000, Three Associate Justices, $5,000, 
Senators and Representatives $5 a day mileage 15 cents. District 
Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000, Six Collectors Internal 
Revenue $4,500, 60 Deputy Collectors $300 to $2,000. 

Liouisiana. — Governor, $4,000, Lieutenant Governor $8 per 
day, Treasurer $2,000, Secretary of State $1,800, Auditor $2,500^ 



440 

Attorney General $3,000, Adjutant General $2,000, Superintendent 
of Public Instruction $2,000, Commissioner of Agriculture and 
Immigration $2,000, Chief Justice $5,000, Four Associate Jus- 
tices $5,000, Senators and Representatives $4 per day and mile- 
age. Two District Judges $3,500 to $4,500, Collector of Customs 
New Orleans, $7,000. 

Massaclivisetts. — Governor $5,000, Lieutenant Governor $2,000 
Secretary of State $3,000, Treasurer $4,000, Auditor $2,500, Attor- 
ney General $4,000, Chief Justice $6,500, Six Associate Justices 
$6,000, District Judge $4,000, Senators and Representatives $650 
per year. Pension Agent $4,000, Three Collectors of Internal Rev- 
enue $3,000 to $4,500, Collector of Customs, Boston, $8,000, Naval 
Officer $5,000. 

Micliig'an. — Governor $1,000, Lieutenant Governor $3 a day. 
Secretary of State $800, Treasurer $1,000, Auditor General $2,000, 
Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,000, Adjutant General 
$1,000, Secretary Board of Agriculture $1,500, Insurance Com- 
missioner $2,000, Railway Commissioner $2,500, Immigration 
Commissioner $2,000, Chief Justice $4,000, Senators and Repre- 
sentatives $3 a day and loc, per mile, 2 District Judges $3,500, 
Pension Agent $4,000, Four Cols. Int. Rev. $3,875 to $2,625. 

I^Iissouri. — Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $3,000, Treas- 
urer $3,000, Auditor $3,000, Attorney General $3,000, Adjutant 
General $2,000, Superintendent of Public Schools $3,000, Reg- 
ister of Lands $3,000, Three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, Supt. 
Insurance Department $4,000, Chief Justice $4,500, Senators and 
Representatives, $5 a day and mileage and $30, Two District 
Judges $3,500, Five Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,250, to 
$4,500, Surveyor of Customs, St. Louis, $5,000. 

New York. — Governor $10, 000 and house, Lieutenant Governor 
$5,000, Secretary of State $5,000, Treasurer $5,000, Comptrol- 
ler $6,000, Attorney General $5,000, Chief Justice $7,500, Sena- 
tors and Representatives $1,500, mileage 10 cents. Three District 
Judges $4,000, Postage Stamp Agent $2,500, Dep. Superintendent 
Railway Service $2,500, 12 Collectors Internal Revenue $2,750 to 
$4,500, Collector Customs, New York, $12,000, Superintendent 
Assay Office $4,500, Pension Agent $4,000, 

Texas. — Governor $4,000, Lieutenant Governor $5 a day. 
Secretary of Sate $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, Attorney General 
$2,000, Adjutant General $2,000, Land Commissioners $2,500, 
Railroad Commissioners $3,000, Chief Justice $3,500, 2 Associate 
Justices $3,500, Senators and Representatives $5 a day and 
mileage. Three District Judge $3,500, Collectors of Internal 
Revenue $2,500 to $2,750, 17 Deputy Collectors $300 to $1,850. 
^TVisconsin. — Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $5,000, Treas- 
urer $5,000, Attorney General $3,000, Railroad Commissioner 
$3,000. Chief Justice $5,000, Four Associate Justices $5,000, Two 
District Judges $3,500, Senators and Representatives $500 per 
year and loc. mileage. Pension Agent $4,000, Indian Agent $1,500, 
Four Collectors Internal Revenue $4,500 to $2,750, 23 Deputy Col- 
lectors $1,800 to $300, Collector of Customs $1,000 and fees. 



1 



1 



,,!7',^'1*.!i!y...9f. CONGRESS 

IIHII 



029 514 497 A 












. "^^ 









■^ 




> 


^ 




^ 


'"^ 


^Ht V 


^'^s^'' 


' 


^ ^ 


^- >?^ 


^" \' ^."-^ 


\ 


^S 


K^ 


■ti 












^- 


\ 


^ 




V..k-\ 






V •! s 


v^'li 



